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PubMed2006

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis does not increase pregnancy rates in patients at risk for aneuploidy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) as a method for increasing pregnancy success rates in patients at high risk for aneuploidy. DESIGN: Literature review and discussion of current evidence. CONCLUSION(S): Preimplantation genetic diagnosis selects euploid embryos for transfer in assisted reproduction. Some investigators argue that it might be used to increase pregnancy rates in patient populations at high risk of aneuploidy, such as those with advanced maternal age (AMA), recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and recurrent IVF failure. Although analysis with PGD confirms a high rate of aneuploidy in patients with AMA, RPL, and recurrent IVF failure, its use in these patient populations has not been consistently shown, in the literature, to increase pregnancy rates. Randomized controlled trials with large patient populations, performed in programs with expertise in PGD technology, are needed before PGD can routinely be recommended as a means for increasing pregnancy rates in patients with AMA, RPL, and recurrent IVF failure.

Aneuploidy↗

PubMed2006

Idiotypic and anti-idiotypic elastin autoantibodies: Implications for IVIg and pregnancy loss.

PROBLEM: The aim of this study was to investigate anti-elastin and anti-anti-elastin autoantibodies in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) lots as an attempt to further explain the effect of IVIg in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). METHOD OF STUDY: Serum samples of 10 female patients with RPL and 10 healthy subjects were tested for anti-elastin autoantibodies and used in competitive inhibition studies. A total of 44 IVIg lots (ZLB Behring, Switzerland) were tested for anti-elastin and anti-anti-elastin idiotypes. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD method) were used for statistical analysis of differences between the lots. RESULTS: Serum anti-elastin IgG autoantibodies were significantly higher in the study group, compared to the controls. In all lots anti-elastin IgG antibodies were identified. All lots (except two of them) showed similar dose-dependent inhibition of serum anti-elastin activity by anti-elastin anti-idiotypes in IVIg. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-elastin IgG autoantibodies were increased in patients with RPL - a finding which needs further explanation. Anti-elastin and anti-anti-elastin idiotypes were identified in different IVIg lots. The presence in IVIg of anti-idiotypes against anti-elastin autoantibodies from patients' sera could be an additional mechanism of the beneficial effect of IVIg in reproductive failure.

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMed2000

Ethnobotanical survey in the Palestinian area: a classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants.

An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the West Bank to evaluate the relative efficacy of the plants used to treat skin diseases and prostate cancer. A total number of 102 informants, 30 years and older and either native born or had been living in the West Bank for more than 30 years, were interviewed using a previously prepared questionnaire. Of about 165 plant species mentioned by the informants, 63 (38.1%) were mentioned by three or more informants. On the basis of their primary uses, 21 of these plants were reported to relieve skin disorders, 17 for urinary system disorders, 16 for gastric disorders, nine for cancer and prostate disorders, eight for arthritis, five for respiratory problems, and five for other ailments. Indices on fidelity levels (FLs), relative popularity level (RPL), and rank-order priority (ROP) were calculated. Plants were classified in two groups: 'popular' (RPL=1) or 'unpopular' (RPL<1). The following plant species were classified as popular in this study: Teucrium polium, Matricaria aurea, Urtica pilulifera, Paronychia argentea, Petroselinum sativum, and Salvia fruticosa. The remaining 57 species were classified as 'unpopular'. Fifty-nine plants were claimed to be effective against cancer and prostate disorders, which include Arum dioscorides, U. pilulifera, Allium sativum, Viscum cruciatum, and Allium cepa.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Different antiphospholipid antibody specificities are found in association with early repeated pregnancy loss versus recurrent IVF-failure patients.

PROBLEM: Patients having in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) failures show an increased incidence of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies; but controversy exists whether aPL can induce IVF-failure. This study was designed to compare aPL specificities between recurrent IVF-failure patients versus repeated early pregnancy loss (RPL) patients. METHOD OF STUDY: Anticardiolipin (aCL), lupus anticoagulant (LA), antiphosphatidylserine (aPS), antiphosphatidylethanolamine (aPE), and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were measured in 74 recurrent IVF-ET failure patients and compared with 273 early RPL patients ( < 10 weeks). RESULTS: An increased incidence of IgG-aPE and ANA was observed for both groups in comparison with controls. Patients with recurrent IVF-ET failure showed a significantly higher prevalence of IgG-aPS (P = 0.02) and IgG-aCL (P = 0.02) when compared with early RPL patients or controls. CONCLUSIONS: IgG-aPS and IgG-aCL may be responsible for some IVF-failures. Additional studies are needed to clarify the pathogenic role of IgG-aPS and IgG-aCL on IVF-ET failure.

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMed2002

Role of red cell selenium in recurrent pregnancy loss.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for normal human health and reproduction. In recent years selenium deficiency in humans has been implicated as a risk factor for recurrent pregnancy loss. So far the selenium status in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has been evaluated only in plasma and serum samples showing discrepancies of selenium deficiency as a cause for RPL. The present pilot study from India has evaluated selenium status in red cells (as they are the better indicators of selenium levels) in 20 women with three or more unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses compared to similar number of controls. The mean+/-SD red cell selenium levels in the study group was found to be 119.55+/-32.94 ng/ml (range 55-170 ng/ml), which was significantly lower compared to the control group with a mean+/-SD of 150.85+/-37.63 ng/ml (range 87-225 ng/ml). The difference was statistically significant at the 1% level ( P <0.01). Since selenium supplementation resulted in successful pregnancy outcome in veterinary practice, we conclude that large randomised studies are needed to assess the contribution of selenium in the aetiology of RPL and the potential benefits of its supplementation.

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMed2006

Reproductive outcomes in recurrent pregnancy loss associated with a parental carrier of a structural chromosome rearrangement.

BACKGROUND: Reproductive outcome studies of couples with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) associated with a maternal or paternal carrier of a structural chromosome rearrangement are limited. Correlation of carrier status and cytogenetics of miscarriage specimens is critical to estimate subsequent pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Couples found to have a structural chromosome rearrangement were followed prospectively in a tertiary academic centre. Descriptive analysis and subsequent pregnancy outcomes were tabulated and compared to historic controls. RESULTS: In 1893 RPL couples, 51 carriers of a structural chromosome rearrangement were identified (2.7%). Overall, this cohort had a total of 273 documented pregnancies. Prior to evaluation, the mean maternal age at the time of delivery or miscarriage was 29.8 years and the live birth rate was 15%. Following evaluation and treatment of concomitant factors, there were 58 monitored pregnancies, with a live birth rate of 71%. Amniocentesis was performed on 22% of the ongoing pregnancies; all were diploid or balanced structural chromosome rearrangements. Thirty-six per cent of the miscarriages were found to have an unbalanced structural chromosome rearrangement. CONCLUSIONS: Following evaluation and management of RPL, the live birth rate for carriers of a structural chromosome rearrangement is highly encouraging at 71%, without the addition of assisted reproductive technology.

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMed2004

Study and presentation of a fast neutron and photon dosemeter for area and criticality monitoring using radiophotoluminescent glass.

This paper describes the results of a study performed on a mixed field neutron/gamma (n/gamma) area dosemeter incorporating radiophotoluminescent (RPL) glass detectors. RPL glass is known to be virtually insensitive to neutrons. The aim of the study was therefore to determine the neutron response of a dosemeter designed to combine n/gamma conversion with RPL detection capability. Monte Carlo calculations as well as measurements using monoenergetic beams and isotopic neutron sources showed this response to be constant, to within 30% in terms of H*(10), and independent of neutron energy from 250 keV to 10 MeV. For area monitoring, tests carried out in nuclear facilities (around PuO2 glove box and shipping casks containing PWR, MOX spent fuels or vitrified fission product) demonstrated that dosemeter response was accurate to within 15%, where the gamma component of the mixed n,gamma field remained below 1 MeV. When exposed in the Silene reactor simulating a criticality accident (10(17) fissions-liquid 235U--e.g. 1 Gy neutron and 1 Gy photon), the dosemeter exhibited good correlation with reference values and other measurement technologies (again to within 30%), for both neutron and gamma absorbed dose.

Fast Neutrons↗

PubMed1990

Mutations affecting the stability of the fushi tarazu protein of Drosophila.

We present a molecular analysis of four dominant alleles of the pair-rule gene ftz. Three of these, the ftzUal alleles, cause anti-ftz segmentation defects and homeotic transformations of the first abdominal segment to the third. These alleles are shown to be missense changes affecting two nearby proline codons. Embryos homozygous for these mutations accumulate higher levels of ftz protein than wild type and show strong persistence of ftz protein, but not RNA. These effects appear to result from stabilization of the ftz protein, since ftz stripes decay much more slowly in mutant embryos than in wild type after injection of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. We trace the origin of segmentation defects in ftzUal embryos to repression of the pair-rule gene even-skipped by excess ftz protein during stripe sharpening. Homeotic transformations are shown to be correlated with ectopic expression of the abd-A gene of the bithorax complex. A 12-amino-acid sequence containing the proline residues altered in the ftzUal mutants appears to be conserved in the proteins encoded by other segmentation genes and the vertebrate oncogene myc and may target these proteins for rapid degradation. The fourth allele examined, T(2;3)ftzRpl(Rpl), also causes homeotic transformations and is a translocation broken within the ftz-coding region. Both ftz transcript and protein stripes are persistent in Rpl embryos, suggesting that the Rpl RNA is stabilized relative to wild type.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Right precordial leads and lead aVR at exercise electrocardiography: does it change test results?

BACKGROUND: A recent study on exercise testing (ET) suggested that ST-segment changes in the right precordial leads (RPL) may increase its sensitivity substantially. However, this study looked at a highly selected population of patients who all underwent thallium-201 scintigraphy and coronary angiography. The present study evaluated the clinical utility of ST-segment changes in the RPL and lead aVR in an unselected population of patients undergoing ET. METHODS: A total of 906 consecutive patients who received ET were included in the study. ET was done using the Bruce Protocol with a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) substituting V(4)R and V(6)R for V(1) and V(6). Leads V(1) and V(6) were selected for omission as these two leads hardly ever manifest changes in isolation. Substituting two leads would obviate the need for a more complex recording system, thus improving clinical utility. RESULTS: On the basis of horizontal/downsloping ST-segment depression (STD) of 1.0 mm or more (the usually accepted criterion for a positive ET), 159 (17.5%) patients had a positive ET. In those patients with a negative ET (545 patients), 4 patients (0.7%) manifested STD and 5 patients (0.9%) manifested ST-segment elevation (STE) in leads V(4)R and/or V(6)R, respectively. Of note, 44.7% of the positive ET group had STE in lead aVR. CONCLUSION: The use of ST-segment changes in RPL during exercise stress testing does not appreciably change the test results of a standard ET. If one was to consider an additional marker, STE in aVR may be more useful, as it shows a stronger correlation with positive tests and does not require the recording of additional leads.

Electrocardiography↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of maternal tolerance to fetal alloantigens by RANTES production.

PROBLEM: Previous studies have demonstrated a requirement for RANTES (regulated on activated normal T-cell expressed, and secreted) at immune privileged sites; we have investigated the role of RANTES in the induction of maternal-fetal tolerance. METHOD OF STUDY: Endometrial and peripheral T lymphocytes were obtained from women with recurrent pregnancy losses (RPLs) and fertile women. RANTES modulation by progesterone or paternal alloantigens was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS: Progesterone significantly increased intracellular RANTES expression in CD4+ and CD8+ endometrial T cells. Moreover, alloreactive lymphocytes from RPL patients produced lower RANTES levels when compared with those from fertile women. At the local level, treatment with recombinant RANTES induced a decrease in CCR5 and CXCR4 messenger RNA that correlated with an increase in T-bet expression. RPL patients and normally fertile women express RANTES similarly, but differ in their patterns of RANTES receptor expression. CONCLUSION: RANTES may be implicated in the local induction of a Th1-type response necessary for successful implantation. Altered response to RANTES stimulation among some RPL patients may be responsible for poor pregnancy outcomes.

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMed2005

Acquired factor XII deficiency in a woman with recurrent pregnancy loss: working on a differential diagnosis in a single case.

BACKGROUND: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been often associated to RPL since 1980 and some reports in the Literature rarely described antibodies to factor XII in patients with APS. CASE HISTORY: We report the case history of 34-year-old caucasian women with recurrent fetal loss and persistent prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. Haemostatic tests revealed persistent light decrease of clotting factor XII with normal values of IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies and transient positivity for lupus anticoagulant (LA). Few reports in the Literature described antibodies to factor XII in patient with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and transient LA. So, once other causes of RPL were excluded, the patient was diagnosed an unusual form of APS associated to antibodies to factor XII, reduced factor XII plasma levels, transient LA and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. DISCUSSION: We suggest to consider also antibodies directed to clotting factors (e.g. factor XII in our case) as second step of thrombophilia screening in RPL, in particular if a persistent prolonged aPTT is present without an apparent cause.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1977

The role of estrogen in the regulation of luteal progesterone secretion in the rat after day 12 of pregnancy.

Pregnant rats, hypophysectomized-hysterectomized on day 12 (day 1=insemination), secreted progesterone (P) at about 50% of the day 12 level for 3-5 days. Daily treatment with estradiol 100 microng (E100) but not with E25 or E50, from day 12 to day 20, of such rats, restored P secretion until day 16 to that of intact pregnant rats; on day 17 a drastic permanent fall occurred. E100 had no effect after ovariectomy, and did not change the metabolic clearance rate of P. This E100 effect was absent in decidual tissue (DT)-bearing, or hysterectomized pseudopregnant (PSP) rats, and in pregnant ones before day 11. When pregnant rats were hypophysectomized-hysterectomized on day 10, and were treated with rat placental luteotrophin (rPL) (in the form of day 12 pregnant rat serum: "PRS-12") on days 10 and 11, however, E100 increased P secretion above that found with either PRS-12 or E100 alone. DT-bearing PSP rats, similarly operated on on day 12 and treated with PRS-12 on day 12, responded in the same way to E100. In these rats also the E100 effect lasted for four days. In the day 12 hypophysectomized-hysterectomized pregnant rat, the E100 effect could not be prolonged by single treatments with PRS-12 on either days 13, 14 or 16, but when PRS-12 was given daily from day 12 to 19, P was secreted until day 20 only slightly below the day 12 level; this treatment plus E100 raised P secretion, prolonged it to day 18, and led to a marked fall by day 20 similar to that of the intact pregnant rat at term. The marked increase in P secretion between days 12 and 15 of normal pregnancy may thus be a response to intraluteal estrogen; the pattern of P secretion from day 12 to term may reflect the effects of both estrogen and rPL. rPL probably induces this effect by generating luteal estrogen and LH receptors. The placenta may also secrete an LH-like hormone (rCG?) which, through the LH receptors, could stimulate intraluteal estrogen production.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

De novo synthesis and secretion of prolactin-like protein-B by rat placental explants.

Mid- to late-gestation rat placenta expresses three PRL-related mRNAs, rat placental lactogen-II (rPL-II), rat PRL-like protein-A (rPLP-A), and rat PRL-like protein-B (rPLP-B). The protein product of rPL-II mRNA has been characterized, and the protein products of the rPLP-A mRNA were recently identified. The mol wt of a nonsecreted nonglycosylated rPLP-B protein would be 27,145 based on the mRNA sequence. The present study is the first to report the identification of the rPLP-B protein. Antiserum was generated against a chemically synthesized oligopeptide inferred from a specific region of the rPLP-B cDNA. Three or four distinct proteins synthesized and secreted by rat basal zone explants (day 15 gestation) showed cross-reactivity with the rPLP-B antiserum. The relative mol wt of these immunoreactive proteins is approximately 30,000, with a pI varying from 6.1-6.6. De novo synthesized rPLP-B proteins were not secreted by the explant tissue in the presence of tunicamycin, suggesting that the proteins are glycosylated. These data are consistent with the presence of one potential N-glycosylation site derived from the rPLP-B mRNA sequence. The rPLP-B antiserum showed no cross-reactivity with proteins identified using antisera against rPLP-A, rPL-II, or human pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein. Immunocytochemical studies were carried out using paraffin sections from placentas of day 14 and 17 pregnant rats which were treated with anti-rPLP-B, followed by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. These experiments show perinuclear staining, which was localized in basophilic cytotrophoblast cells, confirming previous in situ mRNA hybridization studies. Although no physiological role has been established for rPLP-B, the synthesis and secretion of this protein by cells in contact only with maternal circulation suggest a hormonal role.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Adaptation of islets of Langerhans to pregnancy: increased islet cell proliferation and insulin secretion correlates with the onset of placental lactogen secretion.

To elucidate the temporal profile of adaptive changes of the islets of Langerhans to the increased insulin demands of pregnancy, we have studied islet cell proliferation and insulin secretion during gestation in the rat. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into dividing islet cells was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased over age-matched controls by day 10, rose continuously to a peak at day 14, and then returned to control levels by day 18. By day 20, cell division was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.05). The pattern of changes in insulin secretory profiles observed with perfused pancreata of pregnant animals was similar to that obtained for islet cell proliferation. Both the threshold of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the amount of above threshold insulin secretion began to diverge from controls by day 10. By day 12, the glucose-stimulation threshold was significantly decreased from 5.7 mM glucose to 3.3 mM (P less than 0.05), remained at this low level through day 15, and returned toward normal by day 20. Concomitant with the increased sensitivity of B cells to glucose, the above threshold insulin secretion was significantly increased by day 12 (P less than 0.05), peaked at day 15, and returned to control levels by day 20. This insulin secretory data demonstrates that the increased sensitivity of B cells to glucose is an important component of the adaptation of islets during pregnancy to the increased demand for insulin at physiological concentrations of plasma glucose. To correlate the above changes in islet cell proliferation and insulin secretion with levels of placental lactogen (PL), serum lactogenic hormone activity was measured by Nb2 lymphoma cell replication assays. This analysis revealed the expected biphasic pattern: a midpregnancy peak at day 12, followed by a nadir at day 14, and then continuously elevated levels until term. The bioassay data agreed with the known secretory profiles of rat (r) PL-I (midpregnancy) and rPL-II (late pregnancy). Our results provide the first systematic evaluation of changes in islet function during pregnancy in the rat. In addition, they provide evidence that rPL-I may be the critical hormonal signal which triggers the primary adaptive changes in islet function characteristic of pregnancy. The return to normal values of insulin secretion and inhibition of cell division observed at day 20 in the presence of high concentrations of rPL-II suggests that other inhibitory influences become dominant in the later stages of rat pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphism and changes in homocysteine concentrations in women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy losses.

Because they have been described as strong risk factors for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy losses (RPLs), we assessed the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) C677T and A1298C and hyperhomocysteinemia in Tunisian women with idiopathic RPL. Study subjects comprised 200 patients with more than three consecutive RPLs, and 200 age-matched parous control women. C677T and A1298C SNPs were analyzed by PCR-RFLP analysis, and fasting serum homocysteine was measured with ELISA. The frequency of MTHFR 677T/T (30.0 vs 7.0%) and 1298C/C (13.5 vs 4.0%) genotypes was significantly higher in patients. While it was similar among patients and controls (P = 0.095), higher homocysteine was seen with the T/T (but not 1298A/C and 1298C/C) genotype among patients and controls compared with non-T/T carriers (P < 0.05), and in patients vs controls. Higher prevalence of MTHFR 677T/T was seen in late (P < 0.05) and early-late (P < 0.001) RPL, while higher prevalence of 1298C/C genotype was seen only in early-late RPL (P < 0.001), and the prevalence of double heterozygotes was statistically not significant between patients and controls (P = 0.10; odds ratio = 2.73). Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for all variables, homozygosity for MTHFR C677T was associated with late (P < 0.001), and combined early-late (P < 0.001), while homozygosity for A1298C was associated only with combined early-late (P = 0.026), as was secondary-level education, which was associated with early (P = 0.005), late (P = 0.026) and combined early-late (P = 0.004) abortions. Homozygosity for MTHFR C677T (late and early-late) and A1298C (early-late) are risk factor for RPLs, irrespectively of total homocysteine levels.

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMed1983

Examination of rat placental lactogen and prolactin at 6-hr intervals during midpregnancy.

The Nb2 node lymphoma cell bioassay was verified in our laboratory as a sensitive, reproducible, and accurate bioassay for measurement of serum rat placental lactogen (rPL). Blood samples taken every 6 hr during pregnancy showed a significant peak of rPL secretion in the late afternoon on Day 11. The inverse relationship between rPL and nocturnal prolactin (PRL) surges is shown.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Rat placental luteotropin: initial secretion and luteolytic quality.

The secretion of placental lactogen begins early in pregnancy. Previous studies indicate that rat placental lactogen (rPL) is secreted from Day 8 of pregnancy and that it is luteolytic as well as luteotrophic. This study establishes the onset of both the luteotrophic and the luteolytic effects of placental lactogen in pregnant rats subject to timed hypophysectomy. Pregnancy was preserved in all groups with the administration of dydrogesterone (9 beta, 10 alpha-pregna4,6-diene-3, 20 dione), a progesterone analog, and diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen analog. Plasma progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one (20-OHP) were measured in serial serum samples by RIA. The data indicate that rPL is secreted as early in pregnancy as the seventh day. Rats hypophysectomized on Day 6 of pregnancy or later had ovaries that contained corpora lutea that secreted increasing quantities of progesterone during pregnancy. On Day 16 serum progesterone values were lowest in animals operated on Days 4 and 5 compared to animals operated on Days 6 or 8. The 20-OHP serum values from animals operated on Days 4 and 5 declined steadily from Day 8 to Day 16. These findings indicate progestational incompetency, which was confirmed morphologically. Thus, rPL secretion begins by Day 7 and it is both luteotrophic and luteolytic.

20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone↗

PubMed2005

The mutation that makes Escherichia coli resistant to lambda P gene-mediated host lethality is located within the DNA initiator Gene dnaA of the bacterium.

Earlier, we reported that the bacteriophage lambda P gene product is lethal to Escherichia coli, and the E. coli rpl mutants are resistant to this lambda P gene-mediated lethality. In this paper, we show that under the lambda P gene-mediated lethal condition, the host DNA synthesis is inhibited at the initiation step. The rpl8 mutation maps around the 83 min position in the E. coli chromosome and is 94 % linked with the dnaA gene. The rpl8 mutant gene has been cloned in a plasmid. This plasmid clone can protect the wild-type E. coli from lambda P gene-mediated killing and complements E. coli dnaAts46 at 42 degrees C. Also, starting with the wild-type dnaA gene in a plasmid, the rpl-like mutations have been isolated by in vitro mutagenesis. DNA sequencing data show that each of the rpl8, rpl12 and rpl14 mutations has changed a single base in the dnaA gene, which translates into the amino acid changes N313T, Y200N, and S246T respectively within the DnaA protein. These results have led us to conclude that the rpl mutations, which make E. coli resistant to lambda P gene-mediated host lethality, are located within the DNA initiator gene dnaA of the host.

Bacterial Proteins↗