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PubMed1982

Hydration and percutaneous absorption III: Influences of stripping and scalding on hydration alteration of the permeability of hairless mouse skin to water and n-alkanols.

The influence of hydration on the permeability of stripped and scalded skins of hairless mice was investigated in vitro using water and n-alkanols as test permeants. Irrespective of pretreatment, the permeation rates of water, methanol, and ethanol were unaffected by aqueous immersion of skin sections in a diffusion cell, consistent with earlier data on unprocessed skins. The permeation rates of butanol and hexanol also were insensitive to hydration, differing from earlier studies on normal, intact skin in which both solutes' rates doubled after 10 hr of soaking. Following both pretreatments, the permeability of octanol declined over the first 5-10 hr of maceration, but remained invariant thereafter. The decline was most pronounced for the scalded skins. With untreated skin, octanol permeability initially increased and then declined before assuming a constant value. This study indicates that the barrier properties of the epidermis and dermis are not particularly sensitive to extended hydration except in the case of octanol. Scalding at 60 degrees for 60 sec rapidly hydrates the skin, altering tissue permeability to about the same extent as a 10-hr (or longer) immersion in water at 37 degrees. Octanol's unique hydration profile is explained by locating the origin of permeability decline in tissue beneath the horny exterior of the skin.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2005

AB-QTL analysis in spring barley. I. Detection of resistance genes against powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald introgressed from wild barley.

The objective of this study was to map new resistance genes against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei L.), leaf rust (Puccinia hordei L.) and scald [Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. Davis] in the advanced backcross doubled haploid (BC2DH) population S42 derived from a cross between the spring barley cultivar 'Scarlett' and the wild barley accession ISR42-8 (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). Using field data of disease severity recorded in eight environments under natural infestation and genotype data of 98 SSR loci, we detected nine QTL for powdery mildew, six QTL for leaf rust resistance and three QTL for scald resistance. The presence of the exotic QTL alleles reduced disease symptoms by a maximum of 51.5, 37.6 and 16.5% for powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald, respectively. Some of the detected QTL may correspond to previously identified qualitative (i.e. Mla) and to quantitative resistance genes. Others may be newly identified resistance genes. For the majority of resistance QTL (61.0%) the wild barley contributed the favourable allele demonstrating the usefulness of wild barley in the quest for resistant cultivars.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1982

Repression of fibrinolysis in scalded rats by administration of Serratia protease.

The oral administration Serratia protease (SP), an antiinflammatory oral drug, to scalded rats markedly repressed the activation of fibrinolysis induced by the scalding. The repression was most effective when SP was given 3 hr prior to scalding, and a statistically significant repression was observed at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The repressive effect of SP was dependent on its proteolytic activity and was far stronger than those of other proteases tested. The repression was observed also by the intravenous injection of SP at a dose as low as 0.2 microgram/kg, which corresponded to a blood concentration of about 4 ng/ml. In this case, too, the proteolytic activity was essential. In rat blood, SP existed as a complex with a plasma protease inhibitor, alpha 1-macroglobulin (alpha 1 M), with a molar binding ratio of 1:1, still retaining about 20% of its original caseinolytic activity. This ratio, together with the alpha 1 M concentration in rat plasma and the molecular weights of SP and alpha 1 M, enabled the estimation that at the effective SP concentration (4 ng/ml) only 1 out of 20,000 parts of alpha 1 M molecules in plasma took part in the complex formation.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The epidemiology of childhood scalds in Brisbane.

Scald injuries in Brisbane have shown a stable pattern over the past 5 years which is similar to that of other Australian cities. The great majority of scald accidents occur to children between 1 and 2 years of age, between the hours of 1600 and 1900, in the home of the average Australian family while both parents are in attendance. The kitchen and bathroom are the sites of most scalds, with the hot cup of tea the greatest offender.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed1986

Scalds in the very young: prevention or cure?

Childhood scalds are a regrettable, but common cause for admission to the McIndoe Burns Centre. A survey of the recent literature confirms that this is not a local but an international problem, and furthermore that the majority of scalds affect children less than 2 years of age. With hindsight, it is possible that a sizeable proportion of these scalds could have been prevented. Taking into account a survey carried out at Waikato, New Zealand, we should like to propose a scheme for public health education; this will be carried out by medical and nursing staff from the unit and will form the basis for a prospective study.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed1993

Clenbuterol, a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, reverses muscle wasting due to scald injury in the rat.

The effects of clenbuterol, a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, on body weight, tissue masses, and protein and RNA contents were studied following scald injury (30 per cent TBSA) in the rat. While the masses of heart, liver and epididymal fat pads remained unaffected, significant reductions in gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus muscle masses (approximately 11 per cent; P < 0.01) were observed following injury, none of which were mimicked by pair-feeding or could be attributed to dehydration. This muscle wasting was accompanied by significant reductions in protein and/or RNA content. Oral administration of clenbuterol (4 mg/kg diet) had no anabolic effects, either in the scalded animals or their pair-fed controls. While clenbuterol (12 mg/kg diet) did not affect the masses of heart and fat pads, increases in the wet weights (approximately 20 per cent), RNA (approximately 30 per cent) and protein content (approximately 20 per cent) of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were observed in all animals; the magnitude of these effects was greater (P < 0.05) in the scalded animals than in their pair-fed controls. Clenbuterol had no effect on body weight but increased (P < 0.001) carcass water content. These data indicate that there is a selective mobilization of muscle protein and sparing of fat in the early phase following burn injury, and that beta 2-adrenergic agonists, such as clenbuterol, may be of therapeutic value in inhibiting or reversing muscle atrophy associated with thermal injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Respiratory distress secondary to scalds in children.

Respiratory distress secondary to scalds in children is rare. We report 13 children (six girls and seven boys) with a mean age of 19 months who sustained this injury, who were admitted to a major referral hospital during a 5.5-year period. Associated scalds usually to the face were always present and the mean total burn surface area (TBSA) was 14.4 per cent (range 3-30 per cent). Stridor was the most common presenting symptom with a variable time of onset. Bronchoscopy was performed in 11 children and in nine the injury was confined to the supraglottic area. Five children were treated with epinephrine nebulization and the symptoms resolved in 3-4 days, one child had a prophylactic tracheostomy. Seven children required intubation and ventilation. Three children died, two of whom sustained burns to both the upper and lower respiratory tract. Respiratory distress secondary to scalds may not be recognized or the progressive nature of the injury not appreciated. In three-quarters of our patients the injury was confined mainly to above the glottis. Children with inspiratory stridor can be managed with epinephrine nebulization but more marked respiratory distress requires intubation and ventilation. Mortality was due to direct thermal injury to the respiratory tract and secondary bronchopneumonia.

Burns↗

PubMed2006

The cost of a hot drink scald.

Approximately 6400 children per year are admitted to UK hospitals for treatment of burns [National Burn Care Review Committee Report (NBCRC). Standards and Strategy for Burn Care: a review of burn care in the British Isles. 2001.]. This paper investigates the financial costs involved in the management of uncomplicated, minor paediatric scalds. Three cases (2-4% TBSA scalds) were studied to quantify consumables used, services required during management and costs obtained from appropriate Purchasing Departments and Directorate Accountants. Management in all cases involved a general anaesthetic for cleaning of wounds, application of BioBrane (Bertek Pharmaceuticals) and dressings, observation on Children's Ward and discharge following wound review at 48 h. The calculated mean average cost per case was pound1850. In the period 01/12/2002-30/11/2003, 144 children were admitted to Frenchay hospital, Bristol, for treatment of a minor burn or scald (less than 10%TBSA). This caseload is therefore estimated to currently cost pound266,400 per year. These findings may facilitate improved planning for future resource allocation and could also contribute evidence towards the cost effectiveness of prevention strategies.

Beverages↗

PubMed2006

Evidence for the link between healing time and the development of hypertrophic scars (HTS) in paediatric burns due to scald injury.

The relationship between burn depth, healing time and the development of hypertrophic scarring (HTS) is well recognised by burn surgeons but is seldom mentioned in the published literature. We studied 337 children with scalds whose scars were monitored for up to 5 years. Overall HTS rates were found to be: under 10 days to healing=0%, 10-14 days=8%, 15-21 days=20%, 22-25 days=40%, 26-30 days=68% and over 30 days=92%. In the conservatively treated group the HTS rates are: under 10 days=0%, 10-14 days=2%, 15-21 days=20%, 22-25 days=28%, 26-30 days=75% and over 30 days=94%. If skin grafting is undertaken there is a much higher incidence of HTS in the 10-14 days group: 10-14 days=33%, 15-21 days=19%, 22-25 days=54%, 26-30 days=64% and over 30 days=88%. We conclude that there is a low risk of HTS formation in scalds healed before 21 days, and that surgery should be reserved for scalds likely to take more than 21 days to heal.

Burns↗

PubMed2006

Bath-water scalds in children and thermostatic mixer valves.

BACKGROUND: Scalds in children caused by hot bath-water have been virtually eliminated in countries where thermostatic mixer valve (TMV) devices have been introduced. We aimed to determine the frequency and severity of these injuries in our region and estimate reduction in workload and cost if TMVs were introduced in the future. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of case-notes for all bath-water scalds patients aged under 16 years, admitted to the Northern Regional Burn Centre from the 1 January 1997 until 1 January 2005. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five patients were admitted over this period. Their average+/-S.D. age was 35.7+/-27.23 months. Scalds ranged from 0.5 to 45% total burn surface area (mean 9.3+/-9.15%). These patients stayed in hospital for an average of 6.3+/-5.58 days and 18 (14.4%) required tangential excision and split skin grafting. DISCUSSION: These injuries are: painful, psychologically disturbing and potentially preventable. The care of these children has significant cost implications, which could be reduced with the introduction of proposed legislation to enforce the installation of TMVs into all newly built houses. We are in favour of such legislation to prevent any further unnecessary suffering and cost arising from these accidents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The danger of scald burns during hair braiding.

The cases are presented of three patients who sustained scald burns after placing their braided hair in boiling water to set the braids. Caretakers and cosmetologists should be warned of the potential danger from scald burns when setting hair braids. Emergency physicians should be aware of this mechanism of injury for scald burns to the scalp, face, back, and neck regions.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2000

Stripped corn oil controls scald and maintains volatile production potential in golden supreme and delicious apples.

Effects of stripped (alpha-tocopherol < 5 mg L(-)(1)) corn oil on flesh firmness, skin color, acidity, soluble solids content (SSC), scald, and fruit volatiles during 6 months at 0 degrees C were studied using Golden Supreme and Delicious apples. Treatment with 10% oil emulsion reduced production of ethylene, alpha-farnesene, and major volatile esters in the first 3 months of storage, but this trend reversed after 5 months. After 6 months at 0 degrees C plus 7 days at 20 degrees C, oil-treated fruit were firmer and greener and had higher levels of titratable acidity than the controls. In addition, control fruit developed 27% and 42% scald in Golden Supreme and Delicious apples, respectively, whereas oil-treated fruit were free from scald. Soluble solids content and ethanol production were unaffected by oil treatment.

Corn Oil↗

PubMed2001

Does teaching scald burn prevention to families of young children make a difference? A pilot study.

This article reports a pilot project designed to ascertain what scald burn prevention practices parents of young children used and whether teaching would lead to implementation of burn-related home-safety practices. The sample (n = 49) was followed up longitudinally, and participants completed a survey during two home interviews conducted at 4-week intervals. There was a statistically significant change in the number of scald burn prevention measures (p <.001) implemented by parents after public health nurses provided teaching. Changes in parental behavior were correlated with ethnicity (p <.05). The results have implications for teaching families effective scald burn prevention strategies.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed2004

Follow-up study of a school-based scalds prevention programme.

This paper describes the follow-up evaluation of a school-based scalds prevention programme designed to teach children about scalds hazards and encourage safe family practices. It involved two classroom sessions and a homework exercise that targeted five safety practices. The programme was taught to 28 classes in 14 schools in Waitakere City, New Zealand by Public Health Nurses (PHNs). Children (n = 116) aged 10-11 years from three of the schools in ethnically diverse, low/middle-income areas were assessed for their knowledge of scalds hazards 1 year after the programme. They recalled a mean of 7.46 out of 10 hazards, which was almost equivalent to children in an earlier evaluation who recalled 7.62 hazards immediately after the teaching. Altogether, 65-79% of children reported that each of the four safety items provided were at least temporarily used as intended, with 29-55% reporting that they were still in use 1 year later. Interviews with children's parents (n = 18) indicated that the majority of their hot water practices were not optimally safe prior to the programme and that many had adopted the suggested practices. While the PHNs were positive about the programme, they suggested teachers could deliver it as part of the school curriculum.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Mixing of dye in a model scald tank.

A model scald tank was constructed to study the mixing pattern of water in a poultry scalding system. Tank dimensions were approximately 6 m long by 10.5 cm wide with a water depth of 18 cm. Water was vigorously agitated with compressed air delivered through a 1.9-cm polyvinyl chloride pipe on the bottom of the tank. Food coloring was added to the tank at a single point, and water samples were taken at distances of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5 m every 30 s for 10 min, with 0 or 10 L/min water flow through the tank. Dye concentration was determined spectrophotometrically. A chain drive was then installed above the tank with aluminum paddles (area about 25% of tank cross-sectional area) attached to the chain every 15.2 cm to simulate the movement of carcasses through the water at 140 carcasses per minute. Food coloring was added to the tank, and water samples were taken every 15 s for 2.5 min, with 0 or 13.5 L/min water flow through the tank. A computer program based on perfect mixing of water in small slices or cells within the tank was adjusted until predicted dye movement matched sampling data, with correlations of 0.91 or better at all sampling points. For scalder designs with uniform mixing of water, the computer model can predict mixing patterns, including counterflow conditions in a single tank, well enough to yield realistic residence time patterns for bacteria suspended in scald water.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Scald injury of the respiratory tract: an unusual occurrence.

An unusual case of tracheobronchial scald associated with head and neck scald is reported. A five-month-old infant, lying on his back with his face under the hot water tap, not only sustained head and neck scalds, but also swallowed and aspirated hot water. Burns of the mouth, pharynx, trachea, major bronchi, and bronchides ensued.

Burns↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Outcome and socioeconomic aspects of suspected child abuse scald burns.

Fifty-two children suffering from abuse-related scald burns were admitted between January 1, 1986, and June 30, 1991. Their clinical and socioeconomic aspects were compared with those of 50 nonabused scalded children. Patients were matched for age, total body surface area burn, and percentage of full-thickness burn. Patient characteristics and initial nutritional parameters were similar except for race; a higher percentage of black children were in the abused group. A significantly longer length of hospital stay was found in the abused children after using analyses of covariance to control for percentages of total and full-thickness body surface area burn. The number of operations and frequency of complications were increased in the abused group, but not significantly so. Several significant differences were found in the socioeconomic characteristics of the two groups. Children suspected of being scalded intentionally were more likely to be part of a broken home, belong to a single parent, and have a younger mother than were children in the control group. The majority of the parents of abused children were unemployed, and all but two earned less than $20,000/year. All but one of the abused children were discharged with a person other than their parents, and compliance with rehabilitation follow-up was significantly worse than with the control group. The person suspected of performing the abuse was always a family member, except in cases where the baby-sitter was the suspected abuser. Child abuse hurts not only the child but also society by increasing the need for resources to pay for extended hospital admissions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Black or African American↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Differential neutrophil traffic in gut and lung after scald injury.

Neutrophil recruitment to the lung after thermal injury has been reported by various laboratories. Changes in neutrophil populations in the gut and lung have not been examined simultaneously after burn injury. Mice aged 8 to 10 weeks were anesthetized and subjected to 15% topical scald injury. Animals were sacrificed at 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 hours after injury with harvesting of terminal ileum and lung for myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. Lungs were evaluated after bronchoalveolar lavage and lavage of the vascular bed to remove neutrophils in these compartments. Myeloperoxidase activity was compared between groups of sham-injured and burned animals. Although pulmonary neutrophil recruitment was obvious after scald burn; in the ileum, burned animals showed diminished MPO activity. Histology and bronchoalveolar lavage revealed no evidence of gross organ injury apart from obvious changes in cellular content in the lung. Thermal injury is associated with differential neutrophil movement in the lung and the gut in this model. Pulmonary neutrophil recruitment is confirmed, whereas the gut seems to lose neutrophils as indicated by diminished MPO activity in the initial hours after dorsal scald injury.

Animals↗