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PubMed1983

Dilution technique for isolation of Haemophilus from swine lungs collected at slaughter.

A total of 307 lungs obtained from a slaughterhouse were cultured by a dilution technique for the isolation of Haemophilus spp. The technique consisted of performing serial (10-fold) dilutions of the tissue samples to a dilution of 10(-5). Two selective media were used. L broth consisted of a basal brain heart infusion broth containing 5% horse serum, 5% yeast extract, and 100 micrograms of NAD and 0.5 microgram of lincomycin per ml. L-B broth was identical to L broth, except 1.5 microgram of bacitracin per ml was included. The broths were incubated overnight and then plated onto blood agar. A total of 83 (27%) isolates were obtained, and both media proved to be necessary, as a proportion of isolates grew in one of the media employed but not in the other. Of the isolates, 66.3% were urease positive and most of these (98%) were classified as "minor group" strains. Urease-negative strains (27.7%) were classified as Haemophilus parasuis.

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PubMed1981

[Working conditions and psycho-physical predisposition of the personnel of the Veterinary Sanitary Inspection on detection of cysticercosis in cattle in the slaughterhouses].

Investigations were carried out in 8 industrial slaughter-houses and 19 co-operative slaughter-houses in Wielkopolska regional districts. Environmental conditions concerning the work of the personnel of the Veterinary Sanitary Inspection directly occupied on the posts of investigation of cattle after slaughter were estimated. The mentioned veterinary workers were subjected to general-medical, ophthalmic and psychological examinations in the co-operative of Provincial Specialistic Dispensaries in Poznań. Furthermore, during the period of 2 1/2 years in a selected industrial slaughter-house the influence of individual personal features of veterinary workers on the detection of Cysticercus bovis in investigations on cattle after slaughter was studied. On the ground of the investigations presented a distinct correlation between the obtained results of ophthalmic and psychological investigations and the general sanitary condition of veterinary workers as well as the quality and intensity of lighting in slaughter-houses and the effectiveness of investigations on cattle after slaughter on the presence C. bovis was found. The percentage of the detected cases of the cattle cysticercosis was 7 times higher in industrial slaughter-houses than in co-operative slaughter-houses in regional districts. The performed investigations on the influence of individual personal features of veterinary workers on the detection of C. bovis in selected industrial slaughter-houses--have shown essential differences concerning the effectiveness of these investigations after slaughter carried out by individual persons, who detected cysticercosis during the investigation of heads from 0,40 to 3,58%, inner organs (hearts, lungs and so on) from 0,08 to 1,71% and carcasses of cattle from 0 to 0,08%. From the above observations it appears, that a proper selection of persons as well as a current individual estimation of the work of the sanitary-veterinary supervision are also essential elements stimulating the detection of cattle cysticercosis.

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PubMed2005

Bovine tuberculosis in Burdur, southern Turkey: epidemiological, pathological and economic study.

SETTINGS: Burdur is the most important dairy cattle breeding and milk production area of Turkey, and Burdur slaughterhouse is one of the biggest slaughterhouses in the southern part of the country. No scientific information is available on the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle in Burdur. A survey was therefore undertaken to determine the prevalence of disseminated TB infection in cattle in this district. OBJECTIVES: To implement a disease monitoring system in Burdur slaughterhouse to estimate the annual prevalence of disseminated TB in cattle slaughtered and inspected in 2003-2004. DESIGN: Epidemiological survey. RESULTS: Prevalence of bovine TB was investigated in Burdur slaughterhouse from January 2003 to December 2004. All of the affected animals were Holstein breed. The prevalence of disseminated TB in all slaughtered cattle was 0.38% in this period. The value of the condemned meat and organs was calculated to establish economic loss. CONCLUSION: Despite a strict eradication programme, bovine TB is still an important health issue among cattle and remains one of the greatest threats to cattle and human health in southern Turkey. Veterinarians and cattle producers in this region are encouraged to develop and work on herd plans aimed at controlling and eradicating TB.

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PubMed2004

Phenotypic and molecular typing of Salmonella strains reveals different contamination sources in two commercial pig slaughterhouses.

This study aimed to define the origin of Salmonella contamination on swine carcasses and the distribution of Salmonella serotypes in two commercial slaughterhouses during normal activity. Salmonellae were isolated from carcasses, from colons and mesenteric lymph nodes of individual pigs, and from the slaughterhouse environment. All strains were serotyped; Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serotype Derby isolates were additionally typed beyond the serotype level by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antibiotic resistance profiling (ARP); and a subset of 31 serotype Typhimurium strains were additionally phage typed. PFGE and ARP had the same discriminative possibility. Phage typing in combination with PFGE could give extra information for some strains. In one slaughterhouse, 21% of the carcasses were contaminated, reflecting a correlation with the delivery of infected pigs. Carcass contamination did not result only from infection of the corresponding pig; only 25% of the positive carcasses were contaminated with the same serotype or genotype found in the corresponding feces or mesenteric lymph nodes. In the other slaughterhouse, 70% of the carcasses were contaminated, and only in 4% was the same genotype or serotype detected as in the feces of the corresponding pigs. The other positive carcasses in both slaughterhouses were contaminated by genotypes present in the feces or lymph nodes of pigs slaughtered earlier that day or from dispersed sources in the environment. In slaughterhouses, complex contamination cycles may be present, resulting in the isolation of many different genotypes circulating in the environment due to the supply of positive animals and in the contamination of carcasses, probably through aerosols.

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PubMed1991

Yersinia in effluents from the food-processing industry.

Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are current sources of pathogenic strains in humans and animals. Yersiniae infections occur throughout the world, but are most prevalent in regions with moderate and subtropical climates. In Australia, Central Europe and North America, cases of human infections with Yersinia enterocolitica now rank in third place. The food-processing industry may influence the epidemiological situation in different ways. Effluents which contaminate the environment may originate from slaughterhouses; e.g. from sewage contaminated with faeces from the lairage or contaminated effluents from the actual slaughter areas. The carcasses may serve as carriers of the organisms to the food-processing plants where they eventually contaminate the processed foods. Rodents and pests may also be carriers. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis strains mainly occur in swine and pork. The ability to multiply under refrigeration and in vacuum-packaged products means that pathogenic Y. enterocolitica can cause foodborne diseases. If a plant harbours any pathogenic Yersiniae, transfer of the contaminant to the sewage is possible. Although pathogenic Yersiniae from infected animals can survive in sewage and in surface waters, the role of properly treated sewage in the transmission of yersiniosis seems to be of minor importance. If the recommendations for modern slaughter techniques are properly followed, the spread of pathogens in the slaughterhouses and, subsequently, into other food-processing plants can be minimised.

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PubMed1990

Effect of preslaughter experience on behaviour, plasma cortisol and muscle pH in farmed red deer.

Three groups of farmed red deer were shot in the field, three groups were slaughtered on the farm and three groups were transported to commercial slaughterhouses. The behaviour of the animals was observed and peripheral plasma cortisol concentrations were measured immediately after slaughter and neck muscle pH was measured 24 hours after slaughter. The deer could be handled and herded without agitation when only one unhindered direction was open to them and nothing in the environment caused alarm. Shallow angled loading ramps were preferable. Deer shot in the field and deer penned without handling had low average plasma cortisol concentrations (less than 7 ng/ml) and a muscle pH less than 5.74 whereas deer which had been herded on the farm, or transported to a slaughterhouse, had high cortisol concentrations (greater than 20 ng/ml) and a muscle pH above 5.74. However, only four of 66 male deer transported to a slaughterhouse had a muscle pH above 6.0, the pH associated with dark cutting meat in red deer.

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PubMed1996

Microbiological contamination of carcasses related to hygiene practice and facilities on slaughtering lines.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between the hygienic practice of slaughterhouse workers and the microbiological contamination level of carcasses. In 5 Finnish slaughterhouses the workers' hygienic practice was observed and the carcasses were sampled by the swabbing method. The overall means (log10 cfu cm-2) of the aerobic plate count in pork and beef carcasses were 3.23 and 2.65, respectively. Hygienic practice was found to be associated with the carcass contamination level, especially the disinfection frequency. In those slaughterhouses, where the disinfection frequency was low, the contamination level of carcasses was high. Designing slaughtering lines so as to make hygienic working possible is evidently very important. However, the enforcement of hygienic practice, such as the regular disinfection of working tools, is also important in reducing the microbiological contamination of carcasses.

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PubMed1994

Slaughterhouses and humane treatment.

Man has the moral obligation to respect all animals and also to safeguard animals which are destined for slaughter from unnecessary suffering. Each country should establish regulations to secure humane conditions of slaughter for the various animal species. Unloading, lairaging, moving, stunning and bleeding of animals are all important for animal welfare; training and sensitivity of personnel are also essential. Ethological principles should be applied to the handling of animals and the design of slaughterhouse facilities. Efforts should be made to improve existing slaughter methods and/or develop new systems which ensure animal welfare, meat quality and work safety, while reducing costs and human labour, if possible. Animal welfare will probably be maximised if economical, ethical and qualitative considerations coincide. The role of the veterinarian is fundamental in supervising personnel, slaughterhouse facilities and the slaughter process, and in ensuring prompt care and humane treatment for animals.

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PubMed2003

Cross-contamination with Salmonella on a broiler slaughterhouse line demonstrated by use of epidemiological markers.

AIMS: To investigate contamination of surfaces on a poultry slaughter line from infected poultry and subsequent cross-contamination of non-infected poultry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A broiler slaughterhouse was investigated for the presence of Salmonella on 17 defined points over two 1-week periods. Flocks supplied to slaughter and neck skin samples from processed chicken were likewise investigated. Salmonella was detected in 10 out of 18 flocks at ante-mortem inspection, while seven flocks tested positive in the finished products. Equipment at all but one control point at the slaughter line tested positive at least once during the study. The chicken receiving area was the most contaminated. By comparison of typing results from serotyping, plasmid profile typing and phage typing, direct evidence for cross-contamination with Salm. serotype Typhimurium, Salm. Serotype 4.12:b:- and Salm. serotype Virchow on the slaughter line was obtained for four of the flocks. The cleaning procedure in place did not remove all Salmonella from the contaminated areas. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for contamination of equipment on a slaughter line and subsequent cross-contamination to non-infected chicken was provided by typing methods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study has provided detailed information on cross-contamination on a slaughter line by the use of phage typing and plasmid profiling. The study stresses the importance of controlling Salmonella in the primary production, as contamination of the equipment on the slaughter line will act as a vehicle to contaminate finished products. Cleaning procedures on slaughter lines cannot be expected to control this problem with the current equipment.

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PubMed2005

Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from Turkish cattle.

The objective of this study was to collect rectal swabs from the cattle in a slaughterhouse located in Hatay (Turkey) immediately after slaughter for the isolation and characterization of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in each month during a 1-year period. The rectal swab samples were analyzed for the isolation of E. coli O157 through pre-enrichment, immunomagnetic separation and selective plating on CT-SMAC agar. E. coli O157 was isolated from 77 (13.6%) of the samples. The presence of E. coli O157 changed during a 1-year period, in that the occurrence of E. coli O157 was the highest in July and November and lowest in February. A total of 66 isolates out of 77 were serotype O157:H7 and 11 were serotype O157:NM. PCR analysis of E. coli O157 virulence genes revealed that all O157:H7/NM were positive for rbf(O157), 74 positive for EhlyA, 72 positive for eaeA, 62 positive for vtx2, and 3 positive for both vtx1 and vtx2. It was presented by cytotoxicity tests that many of E. coli O157 isolates showed high cytotoxicity on Vero cells. All of the isolates containing EhlyA showed enterohaemolysin production.

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PubMed1999

Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus infection in stray dogs and herbivores in Shiraz, Iran.

One hundred and five stray male and female dogs in different age groups were autopsied and their small intestines examined for Echinococcus granulosus. Thirty eight dogs (36.19%) harbored two-to-several thousand E. granulosus in their intestinal content. The prevalence rate was higher in males (44.83%) than in females (25.53%). Livers and lungs of 3245 sheep, 2576 goats, 756 cattle and 25 buffaloes slaughtered for meat purposes at different Shiraz slaughterhouses were examined for hydatidosis: 2.09% of livers and 2.68% of lungs of sheep, 2.17% and 2.36% of goats, 4.49% and 6.48% of cattle and 4% and 8% of buffaloes, respectively, were infected.

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PubMed2000

Coagulating and lipolytic activities of artisanal lamb rennet pastes.

Lamb rennet pastes were prepared by the procedure most commonly used by Idiazabal cheese manufacturers. We studied the effects on their coagulating and lipolytic activities of the state of the stomach at the time of death (full of milk or empty), the amount of NaCl added, the origin of the lambs and paste storage time. Coagulating activities were generally between 155 and 363 units/g tissue. Pastes prepared from stomachs of lambs from slaughterhouse flocks had significantly higher coagulating activities than those of lambs from separate flocks. No significant decrease in coagulating activity was observed after 1 year storage at 4 degrees C. Chymosin represented 75-80% of the total coagulating activity with the remainder being pepsin. Rennet paste extracts with pH < 4.7 did not have increased coagulating activities when their pH was lowered to 2.0, while those with pH > 5.2 had activities 1.5-fold those before treatment. Lipase activity was higher in extracts of rennet pastes prepared using the stomachs of lambs that arrived at the slaughterhouse in the morning just prior to slaughter than in those prepared with the stomachs of lambs that had arrived on the previous evening. However, the reverse was the case for esterase activity. Activating the coagulating activity by pH cycling completely destroyed both lipolytic activities. Storage at 4 degrees C for > 1 year did not affect esterase activity but lipase activity decreased substantially after 4-5 months. Lipase, but not esterase, activity was responsible for the liberation of short-chain free fatty acids from ovine milk fat.

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PubMed2001

Diptera as vectors of mycobacterial infections in cattle and pigs.

Mycobacteria were isolated from 14 (4.5%) of 314 samples, containing 7791 adult Diptera, which were collected in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1997-2000. These flies were collected from three cattle herds with paratuberculosis, two pig herds with mycobacterial infections and one farm that kept both cattle and pigs and that did not have problems of mycobacterial infections. Mycobacterium intracellulare was isolated from Eristalis tenax Linnaeus (Diptera: Syrphidae) captured from a pig herd. Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium (serotype 8) was isolated from flies of the genera Drosophila Fallen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Musca Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) originating from a pig herd. Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from Musca spp. and Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from dung flies of the genus Scatophaga Meigen (Diptera: Scatophagidae), Musca spp. and Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) captured in the same herd. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was isolated from S. calcitrans from the farm with both cattle and pigs. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was isolated from Scatophaga spp. collected from pastures grazed by one of the cattle herds and from Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia caesar Linnaeus (Diptera: Calliphoridae) captured in a slaughterhouse, where cattle infected with paratuberculosis were slaughtered. Mycobacterium phlei was isolated from flies of the genus Lucilia captured at a waste bin. These data indicate that mycobacteria may be spread by adult flies that have been in contact with material contaminated with these pathogens.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology and significance of chicken infectious anemia virus infections in broilers and broiler parents under nonvaccinated European circumstances.

A serologic survey in unvaccinated broiler parent and broiler progeny flocks demonstrated seroconversion against chicken infecrious anemia virus (CIAV) in all parent flocks before or around point of lay and in 38% of the broiler flocks examined at slaughter age. The presence of CIAV antibodies at slaughter of broilers was positively correlated with slaughterhouse condemnation rates. Results indicate that CIAV infections are highly prevalent in both broiler parent and broiler flocks and that CIAV infections in broilers are associated with increased slaughterhouse condemnation.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Trends and seasonal variations in the occurrence of Salmonella in pigs, pork and humans in Denmark, 1995-2000.

A mandatory programme monitoring the occurrence of Salmonella in pork at slaughterhouses and a serological monitoring of slaughter-pig herds has been implemented in Denmark since 1993 and 1995, respectively. All results are stored in a central database. From this, aggregated weekly results of serological and bacteriological samples collected in the period between January 1995 and July 2000 were extracted. In addition, the reported weekly incidence of human infections with S. Typhimurium covering the same time period was obtained. The times series were analysed for trends and cyclic variations by seasonal decomposition. The association between the incidence in humans and the prevalence of Salmonella in pigs and pork, and prevailing weather conditions, were analysed by using a general linear (glm) and a general additive model (gam). Explanatory variables were lagged to account for time elapsed between sampling, consumption, incubation period and case registration. The results of the seasonal decomposition showed an overall declining trend in all three time series. All time series exhibited a double peaked annual cycle. The seasonal variation of the prevalence in pork and the human incidence had a very similar course. The variables that were both biologically meaningful and statistically significant in both regression models were the prevalence in pork sampled 4 to 5 weeks before case registration, the seroprevalence, measured as the average prevalence of week 15 to 35 before case registration, and the air temperature lagged at 2 and 3 weeks. Limitations on inferences from overall surveillance data are discussed.

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PubMed1996

[Preliminary epidemiological survey on prevalences of Salmonella spp. at Bissau abattoir (Guinea-Bissau)].

Considering the importance of Salmonella as a mortality and morbidity agent, in particular in children, a study on Salmonella prevalence was performed in collaboration with the Guinea-Bissau authorities through an epidemiological survey at Bissau slaughterhouse. The prevalence rate in 117 bovines slaughtered and approved for human consumption was 13.7%, with 8.5% sampled in the intestine and 5.1% in the gallbladder. Rectal swabbing in 74 live animals resulted in the isolation of S. stanleyville only. On the other hand, no strain was found in hepatic lymph nodes. These strains, some of them pathogenic for humans, are mostly called "exotic": S. bargny, S. brazzaville, S. virchow, S. rubislaw, S. brazil, S. calabar, S. havana, S. hull, S. marseille, S. shipely, S. uppsala, S. 114, 12;l,w;e,n,x. A new serotype is described: S. 28:f,m,t:-. Isolated from the caecal content, it had MSHA fimbriae (+ + + +) and 7.0 Log 10 as DL 50. Most of these strains presented simple or multiple antibiotic resistance. They were more frequently isolated during the wet season than during the dry season.

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PubMed1996

Effect of pre-slaughter washing of lambs on the microbiological and visible contamination of the carcases.

Studies in four slaughterhouses with contrasting dressing systems showed that microbiological contamination with total aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli was greater on carcases which had been washed before slaughter, irrespective of wool length, and was generally higher on carcases derived from woolly lambs than on those derived from shorn lambs. The effects of pre-slaughter washing on the forequarters compared with the hindquarters were not consistent, and this was attributed to differences between the dressing systems applied in the slaughterhouses. Over all trials the mean total aerobic count ranged from 3.45 to 5.36 log10/cm2, and the mean counts of E coli ranged from 0.39 to 2.11 log10/cm2. There was less visible contamination on the carcases of washed lambs than on those of unwashed lambs. The differences in contamination with wool were largely dependent on the level of contamination of individual carcases, whereas the differences in contamination with faecal material and dirt or sand were largely dependent on the prevalence of affected carcases. The use of pre-slaughter washing to compensate in visual terms for poor pre-slaughter presentation results in a detrimental effect on microbiological loads on ovine carcases.

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PubMed2000

Contamination of carcasses, offals, and the environment with yadA-positive Yersinia enterocolitica in a pig slaughterhouse.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the contamination of the pig-slaughtering line with pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica carrying the yadA gene. A total of 292 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse; 131 swab samples from pig carcasses, ears, livers, kidneys, and hearts; 89 swab samples from the environment; and 72 sedimentation samples from the air. All surface samples were studied with both the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture methods. The contamination rate of edible pig offals was high with both methods. Using PCR, the detection rates of yadA-positive Y. enterocolitica for livers, kidneys, and hearts were 38, 86, and 63%, respectively, and using the culture method, the detection rates were 31, 69, and 50%, respectively. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was also detected from different environmental sites in the slaughterhouse. Using PCR, 13% of the surface samples from the environment were contaminated with yadA-positive Y. enterocolitica. PCR-positive samples were found on the brisket saw, the hook from which the pluck set (heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, diaphragm, liver, kidneys, and tongue with tonsils) hang, the knife used for evisceration, the floors in the eviscerating area and the weighing area, the meat-cutting table, the aprons used by trimming workers, the computer used in the meat-inspection area, and the coffeemaker used by slaughterhouse workers. The respective detection rate (6%) was considerably lower when we used the culture method. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was isolated from the air in the bleeding area. Bioserotype 4/O:3 was the only pathogenic bioserotype isolated in this study. A total of 113 isolates of type 4/O:3 were characterized with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using NotI and XbaI digests. By combining these profiles, nine different pulsotypes were obtained, the most common of which (1a) was found in 19 (61%) of 31 samples from different sites. This is the same type that has dominated in pig tonsils, which suggests that tonsils may be the source of Y. enterocolitica contamination in the slaughterhouse. The four pulsotypes (1a, 4g, 6g, and 19q) found on edible offals were the same as those found in tonsils, which supports our hypothesis that tonsils are the contamination source for the liver, heart, and kidneys.

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