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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Stability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injections.

The stability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) in two intravenous solutions was studied. Using a factorial design, solutions consisting of 1% or 5% (w/w) free methylprednisolone in 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection adjusted to a pH of 7.2 or 8.0 were tested for turbidity. Turbidity was assessed using a nephelometer and by visual observation. In a second set of experiments that simulated the worst conditions expected in practice, MPSS solutions of various concentrations having a pH of 7.8 and an initial free methylprednisolone percentage of 6% were examined periodically for 24 hours for turbidity. A turbidity level of 2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) was selected as the maximum tolerable turbidity level for defining stability. Turbidity was affected to the greatest extent by i.v. diluent, followed by initial free methylprednisolone percentage and pH. Consistently higher turbidity values at most methylprednisolone concentrations were recorded in 5% dextrose injection. In both diluents, turbidity readings were higher at intermediate (2.5-15 mg/ml) concentrations of methylprednisolone than at low (0.3 mg/ml) or high (20 mg/ml) concentrations. There was no substantial difference in the hydrolysis rate of MPSS attributable to the type of diluent. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate in 0.9% sodium chloride injection at 25 degrees C over a broad concentration range results in acceptable solutions up to 24 hours. In 5% dextrose injection, the recommended storage times at 25 degrees C range from 8 to 24 hours, depending on the drug concentration.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1979

Effect of sodium chloride on limulus amebocyte lysate. Inhibition of endotoxin activation of procoagulase.

Concentrations of sodium chloride up to 3 M increase the time necessary for the clot formation from Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) induced with endotoxin. Sodium chloride at a concentration of 4 M prevents clot formation by either precipitation or denaturation of procoagulase. The time necessary for the activation of procoagulase by endotoxin is increased by a change in the sodium chloride concentration from 0.15 M to 0.588 M. No effect on the proteolytic phase or the polymerization phase of the clotting reaction is detected by the increase in sodium chloride concentration from 0.15 M to 0.588 M. The authors conclude that increased sodium chloride concentrations may aid the isolation of procoagulase.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Enhancing effect of sodium chloride on in vitro adsorption of paraquat onto activated carbon.

The enhancing effect of sodium chloride addition on the adsorption of paraquat onto activated carbon was discussed from the standpoints of equilibrium amount adsorbed and adsorption rate in vitro. The amount of paraquat adsorbed was increased by the addition of sodium chloride. The amount adsorbed with 0.1% addition was about five times greater than that in sodium chloride-free solution at an equilibrium concentration of 1 mg/L. The adsorption rate of paraquat onto activated carbon was also accelerated by sodium chloride addition. Kinetic constants in 0.1% and 0.9% sodium chloride solution were about 1.4 and 2.0 times greater, respectively, than that in sodium chloride-free solution. It was confirmed that paraquat removal by activated carbon was enhanced by sodium chloride addition. The reason was assumed to be the interrupted dissociation of paraquat in solution caused by sodium chloride addition.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1978

Effect of sodium chloride on changing the rate-limiting step in the human placental choline acetyltransferase reaction.

The kinetic constants, Km and Vmax, for the choline acetyltransferase reaction were determined for choline and eight choline analogs under conditions of high (0.3 M) and low (approximately 0.01 M) sodium chloride. At high sodium chloride, the maximal velocities of the different substrates varied over 27-fold, while at low sodium chloride, less than a 5-fold variation was observed. Dead-end inhibition studies using acetylaminocholine as the inhibitor showed that under conditions of high sodium chloride, inhibition changes from noncompetitive to competitive as the reactivity of the substrate decreases. Under conditions of low sodium chloride, acetylaminocholine inhibition is nonlinear and noncompetitive with respect to all substrates tested. These results suggest that increased ionic strength increases the rate of coenzyme A dissociation from the enzyme. The rate-determining step of the reaction can be ternary complex interconversion, coenzyme A release, or both, depending on the ionic strength and the substrate employed.

Choline O-Acetyltransferase↗
PubMed1982

Role of prostaglandins in mediating excretion by the kidney of an intravenous infusion of sodium chloride in normal human subjects.

1. Normal male subjects were given a rapid infusion of 3 litres of sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l) with or without pretreatment with indomethacin. 2. There was marked individual variability in the rate at which the infused sodium chloride solution was subsequently excreted which was not related to the urinary sodium excretion in the previous 24 h. 3. There was no relationship between urinary prostaglandin E excretion during the 24 h preceding the sodium chloride infusion and the rate at which different individuals subsequently excreted sodium and water. 4. Renal plasma flow was significantly higher during the sodium chloride infusion than in the post-infusion recovery period, both with and without pretreatment with indomethacin, although it was significantly lower during each period in subjects pretreated with indomethacin. 5. Urinary prostaglandin E excretion was significantly decreased after the infusion of sodium chloride solution. 6. Indomethacin slightly decreased the rate of excretion of sodium and water. 7. Prostaglandins have a role in, but are not the main determinants of, the excretion of an intravenous infusion of sodium chloride. 8. The results do not support the suggestion that prostaglandin E produced within the kidney, as indicated by urinary prostaglandin E excretion, exerts a natriuretic action.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Loss of chloride in the official method for the determination of sodium chloride in cereal foods.

The official final action method for sodium chloride in cereal foods, 14.129, was found to give erroneously low results because of loss of chloride during ashing. Comparison of the data with values obtained by the official first action potentiometric method, 32.A01-32.A06, which does not require ashing, showed that large and variable losses of chloride occurred. Official ashing methods for other foods specify addition of sodium carbonate to prevent conversion of chloride to volatile forms, but this was not specified in 14.129. In the present study it was found that sodium carbonate did not completely prevent loss of chloride. The official first action potentiometric method, 32.A01-32.A06, has been adopted as official first action for the determination of chloride in cereal foods to replace 14.129, which was repealed, official first action. A cross-reference to 32.A01-32.A06 has been added to 14.096.

Bread↗
PubMed1975

[Use of sodium chloride in the German Federal Republic (author's transl)].

In order to obtain data on the amount of sodium chloride used in the German Federal Republic, 106 persons of different social groups, with healthy kidneys, were investigated, measuring the sodium chloride contents in their 24-hour urine. The sodium chloride intake follows from the sodium chloride secretion because the regulation of the sodium household is effected through the renal excretion, and with healthy people the daily intake of sodium chloride down to a limit value of 200 mVal per day is eliminated without delay. The values measured are between 4.7 and 32.7 g, the mean figure corresponded to 13.1 g.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Dietary mixtures of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride: effects on lactational performance, acid-base status, and mineral metabolism of Holstein cows.

The objective of this study was to determine lactational, blood mineral, and blood acid-base responses to dietary mixtures of NaHCO3, NaCl, and KCl and dietary cation-anion difference by lactating diary cows. Three 100:0:0 (primary) blends, three 50:50:0 (binary) blends, and one 33:33:33 (tertiary) blend of NaHCO3, NaCl, and KCl, respectively, were formulated to replace 1% of the dry matter in a diet based on corn silage. Seven treatments were defined according to a simplex-centroid mixtures design using a partially balanced incomplete block arrangement. An eighth treatment served as a control and contained 1% SiO2 instead of the mineral blends. Dietary cation-anion difference ranged from +25 to +40 meq of (Na + K - Cl)/100 g of dietary dry matter. Diets were fed for three consecutive 28-d periods during summer to 36 midlactation cows. Cows that were fed the tertiary mixture had lower milk protein percentage, whole blood bicarbonate, and plasma K than did cows fed the other blends. With the exception of milk protein percentage and body weight gain, none of the mixtures had a significant impact on lactational performance. The lack of differences could have been due to the narrow range in the dietary cation-anion difference studied.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗