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PubMed1992

Reuleaux triangle somatocharts.

The three-numeral somatotype index to quantitatively represent human body type has gained general acceptance since being proposed in 1940. The two-dimensional Reuleaux triangle somatochart has been a customary format for graphically representing three-dimensional somatotype data. This paper presents the traditional, quick plot somatochart, the rationale for development of the Health-Carter 1980 somatochart with scaled axes and, based on that rationale, a proposal for a somatochart utilizing a traditional x, y-coordinate axis system. Two completed somatocharts are presented; one showing mean somatotypes of collegiate rugby, football and soccer players, and another depicting phenotypic changes in somatotype after diet and exercise.

Female↗
PubMed1975

A plasma inhibitor of the renin-antirenin reaction and the in vitro generation of angiotensin I.

In the course of studies designed to develop a radioimmunoassay system for the detection of renin, we have identified in human plasma a potent inhibitor that interferes with the renin-antirenin reaction. Utilizing gel filtration, this renin-antirenin inhibitory activity was found to have the same molecular size as renin substrate. However, it could be separated from renin substrate by ion-exchange chromatography. When fractions containing this activity were tested in an in vitro system containing renin and renin substrate, they were found to inhibit the generation of angiotensin I.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1992

Histologic changes of irradiated prostatic carcinoma diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound.

Digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound was used to evaluate the clinical status of 125 men previously treated for prostate carcinoma by definitive radiation. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of a hypoechoic lesion was performed on all 125 men, with 71.2% of them found to have persistent carcinoma. These irradiated carcinomas exhibited increased tumor aggressiveness by both histologic (Gleason score) and biologic (DNA ploidy) parameters. Following radiation therapy 30.6% of pretreatment diploid tumors were found to be aneuploid after treatment. Similarly, there was a 24% increase in the number of poorly differentiated (Gleason score 8 to 10) tumors following radiation therapy. A number of patients with persistent carcinoma postradiation therapy, but with clinically localized disease, may be "cured" by subsequent surgery. Salvage radical prostatectomy found localized cancer in 16 of 20 patients (80%). The use of transrectal ultrasound for early detection and staging was crucial for patient selection for definitive salvage therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of local disease after I125 seed implantation for prostate cancer.

A study was undertaken to assess the ability of transrectal ultrasound (TR/US), digital rectal examination (DRE), and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), to diagnose persistent prostate cancer following an I125 seed implant (SI). Twenty-six patients formed the study group. The median follow-up time was 38 months, and the range was 20 to 60 months. Eighty-eight percent (23/26) had suspicious lesions on TR/US, followed by ultrasound-guided biopsies. Biopsies were performed only on those patients having suspicious lesions on TR/US. Histologically proven adenocarcinoma was found in 81% (21/26) of the patients. Statistical evaluation was done using tissue obtained at biopsy as the "gold standard." The sensitivities for the DRE and PSA were 33% and 76%, respectively. The specificities for DRE and PSA were 50% and 0%, respectively. The positive predictive values for cancer were 91% by TR/US, 100% by DRE, and 89% by PSA. The negative predictive values were 13% for DRE and 0% for PSA. Overall detection rates (N = 26) were 81% for TR/US, 27% for DRE, and 62% for PSA. We conclude that ultrasound criteria for the presence of cancer are the same for both the post-irradiated prostate and the untreated prostate, and that TR/US is the most sensitive test for the diagnosis of persistent local cancer following I125 seed implantation.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Reproductive experience increases striatal and hypothalamic dopamine levels in pregnant rats.

The effects of parity on the dopaminergic function of rats were studied. Striatal and hypothalamic levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) as well as serum prolactin (PRL) levels of 7-days primigravid and multigravid rats were compared. Brains and trunk blood were collected from 1200-1400 h on day 7 of pregnancy and assayed for monoamines and their metabolites, and prolactin, respectively. Multigravid rats showed a significant increase in striatal and hypothalamic dopamine levels. A tendency to increase in striatal DOPAC levels was also observed in multigravid rats. Levels of other neuro-transmitters and metabolites were not statistically different. Haloperidol (1 mg/kg) treatment induced a significant increase in multigravid 5-HT striatal levels. There was no statistical difference among primigravid and multigravid serum PRL levels after either saline or haloperidol treatment. These data suggest that prior parity produces a shift in dopaminergic activity in multigravid rats.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed2005

Prenatal treatment with picrotoxin promotes heterotypical sexual behavioral and neurochemical changes in male rat offspring.

The effects of maternal prenatal exposure to picrotoxin (0.75 mg/kg S.C. days 16-19 of pregnancy) in male rat offspring were observed. Adult sexually experienced and inexperienced animals were evaluated for heterotypical sexual behavior, as well as the testosterone plasma levels and striatal neurotransmitters. In relation to sexual behavior and analysis of sexual organs, the results showed that animals treated with picrotoxin exhibited a more intense reproductive behavior, and this could be expressed by a significant decrease in the number of mounts and intromissions and increase in the numbers of ejaculation, showed that these males are most motivate for sexual behavior. Testosterone levels as well as weight for sexual organs did not differ from control group. The neurochemical analysis showed that picrotoxin did not alter DA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA and GABA in animals. The DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA relation showed that the treatment increased the DA system activity in animals sexually experienced, as well as promote a decrease in 5-HT/5-HIAA relation, that is known was an inhibitory neurotransmitter system, blockade a male sexual behavior. There are no alterations observed in GABA levels. It's could be explained by suggests that picrotoxin modification DA system activity through GABAergic system, permitting that DA system to be freely active and facilitate the heterotypical behavior of male rats. These results show that the maternal prenatal exposure to picrotoxin produced changes in the neurochemical and sexual behavior of the adult male rats. Also previous heterotypical experience leads to changes in biogenic amine concentrations in these animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Retrospective analysis of the adequacy of oral contrast material for computed tomography scans in trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the adequacy of oral contrast (OC) in adult trauma patients, the differences in the incidence of pathology and other patient characteristics related to OC adequacy, and the incidence of OC-associated emesis. METHODS: The cases of 129 adult trauma patients were reviewed from January to December 1996 for utilization of OC, administration time, time to computed tomography (CT), and emesis within 4 hours. CT films were reviewed for adequacy of OC (AC = adequate contrast, IC = inadequate contrast) and pathology. RESULTS: Data are presented as median and range, or percentage and 95% confidence interval (CI). Pathology was found in 24% (CI 17% to 31%) and was not associated with AC. OC administration to CT was 14 minutes (0 to 139). IC was present for 60% (CI 52% to 69%). Subjects with IC had higher injury severity scores. 10% (CI 5% to 15%) with OC had emesis. CONCLUSION: OC is not necessary for diagnostic accuracy, and may contribute to patient morbidity or discomfort.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Endothelialization of biosynthetic vascular prostheses after laser perforation.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of transmural capillary ingrowth into the inner surface of biosynthetic vascular prostheses (Omniflow, BioNova, Melbourne, Australia) through perforations created by an excimer laser, thus inducing an endothelial cell coverage. METHOD: Biosynthetic vascular prostheses (Omniflow, 10 cm length, 6 mm diameter) were perforated with an excimer laser (diameter of the holes 50 to 100 microm, distance 4 mm) and implanted into the carotid arteries of eight sheep. They were compared to untreated Omniflow prostheses implanted at the contralateral side. Three months after implantation the prostheses were explanted and evaluated by gross morphology, histologic examination, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical staining for factor VIII to identify endothelial cells. RESULTS: All grafts remained patent. Gross morphologic examination revealed no significant difference in the thrombus-free surface between perforated and untreated prostheses. However, scanning electron microscopy showed endothelial cells in the midgraft portion of all perforated prostheses, whereas collagen fibers, fibrin meshwork, and activated platelets formed the inner layer in six of eight untreated Omniflow prostheses. Transmural capillary ingrowth in the laser group was verified by positive factor VIII staining for endothelial cells in the laser channels. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous endothelialization of biosynthetic vascular prostheses can be achieved by transmural capillary ingrowth through perforations in the wall of the prostheses in an experimental sheep model.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1989

Use of transrectal ultrasound in diagnosis, guided biopsy, staging, and screening of prostate cancer.

TRUS allows visualization of the internal anatomy of the prostate gland. Knowledge of zonal prostate anatomy allows more accurate staging of prostate cancer by use of strategic TRUS-guided biopsy of sites of possible tumor extension. These biopsies may be facilitated via the transrectal route using an automatic Biopsy system. TRUS is twice as sensitive as DRE and is capable of detecting nonpalpable prostate cancer. TRUS can detect nonpalpable tumors with average dimensions as small as 1.0 cm. This size is considered to be clinically significant.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1998

p53 and bcl-2 immunohistochemical alterations in prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Radiation therapy is definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer. It causes cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, which, if irreparable, results in apoptosis or programmed cell death. Overexpression of mutant p53 and/or bcl-2 proteins prolongs cell survival despite exposure to damaging agents. We examined whether abnormal expression of either gene could help to explain radiation therapy failures in prostate cancer. METHODS: Archival tissue from patients who had failed radiation therapy as treatment for prostate cancer was obtained before and after treatment. These cancer samples were examined immunohistochemically for accumulation of p53 and bcl-2 proteins. Comparison was made with specimens from patients who had no evidence of recurrent or persistent disease at least 3 years following radiation therapy. RESULTS: High rates of p53 immunopositivity were found in the prostate tissue from all groups studied. More patients who had failed radiation therapy were found to have bcl-2 immunopositive specimens than were those without evidence for recurrent disease (41% preradiation and 61% postradiation versus 8%, P <0.05). More patients who failed radiation therapy had both p53 and bcl-2 immunopositive prostate tissue than did those who were treated successfully (32% preradiation and 48% postradiation versus 8%). CONCLUSIONS: bcl-2 immunopositivity, with or without concomitant detection of p53, was found in significantly more cancers of patients who failed radiation therapy. Positive staining for bcl-2 may serve as a marker for determining the radiation sensitivity of a tumor and thus may help to guide treatment options. It is also notable that a high proportion of the prostate cancers examined were immunopositive for p53.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Reproductive experience modulates dopamine-related behavioral responses.

Reproductive experience (RE), i.e., mating, pregnancy, parturition and lactation, has long-term physiological effects. It reduces the basal levels of circulating prolactin in parous women, decreases the intensity of nocturnal and diurnal prolactin surges in multigravid rats during early pregnancy, as well as the hormonal and neurochemical responses to the dopamine receptor antagonists metoclopramide and haloperidol. In the present study, we evaluated the possible influences of RE on some dopaminergic-related behaviors: (1) acute responses to a new environment represented by an open-field arena plus injection stress; (2) modulation of behavior after a short-term withdrawal subsequent to 7 days amphetamine (AMPH) pretreatment; (3) stereotypy elicited by AMPH and apomorphine (APO); and (4) APO-induced hypothermia. In the 3-min open-field test, there was a decrease in locomotor activity as a function of RE. Behavioral depression was mild and AMPH pretreatment revealed RE alterations. APO-induced stereotyped behavior was slightly more intense in primiparous animals, although no significant differences were found in AMPH-induced stereotyped behavior. No differences were observed between intact and ovariectomized primiparous and nulliparous animals in APO-induced hypothermia. Our data suggest that RE modifies some DA-related behavioral responses. The physiological relevance of the phenomenon is discussed.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2003

Influence of time of day on hypothalamic monoaminergic activity in early pregnancy: effect of a previous reproductive experience.

Several dopamine-related neurochemical and behavioral responses are influenced by the time of day. The light-dark shift is a major zeitgeber for various functionally important hypothalamic monoaminergic systems. However, these influences are modulated by reproductive state and by reproductive experience (RE) in females. Early pregnancy in rodents generates diurnal and nocturnal prolactin surges that are reduced in intensity in a second pregnancy. Dopamine (DA) is a major inhibitory factor of prolactin synthesis and secretion. Other neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE) can modulate prolactin secretion as well. Previous works have demonstrated that RE induces changes in central concentrations of both dopamine and serotonin. In addition, RE modulates the responses of both dopaminergic and serotoninergic nerve terminals. The present investigation was designed to examine the possible effects of RE on hypothalamic concentrations of DA, NE, 5HT and their major metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), 3-methoxy mandelic acid (VMA) and 5-hydroxyindole 3-acetic acid (5HIAA), respectively. These parameters were measured in pregnant rats during the light-dark shift and the prolactin surges. Primi- and multigravid rats were sacrificed on the 7th-8th day of pregnancy between 1700 and 1900 h (light-dark shift and diurnal prolactin surge) or 0200 and 0400 h (nocturnal prolactin surge), and hypothalamic concentrations of DA, NE and 5HT and their metabolites were measured by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). Trunk blood was collected and serum prolactin measured by radioimmunoassay. The prolactin surge was confirmed and multigravid rats showed significantly lower serum prolactin levels as compared to primigravid rats between 0200 and 0400 h. During the light-dark shift DA and NE concentrations increased while DOPAC/DA, HVA/DA and 5HIAA/5HT ratios decreased in multigravid rats compared to primigravid rats. Except for 5HIAA/5HT, these differences were not observed during the prolactin nocturnal surge. These results suggest that a previous reproductive experience induces central functional changes during pregnancy which are expressed differently according to the time of day.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of dual x-ray absorptiometry for body-composition assessment of rats exposed to dietary stressors.

Evidence of the validity and accuracy of dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure soft-tissue composition of laboratory rats with altered body composition associated with nutritional perturbations is lacking. We compared DXA determinations made in prone and supine positions with measurements of chemical composition of 49 male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats that were fed the basal AIN-93 growth diet, were fed the basal diet modified to contain 30% fat, were fasted for 2 d, were limit fed 6 g of the basal diet daily for 1 wk, or were treated with furosemide (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally 2 h before DXA). DXA produced similar estimates of body mass and soft-tissue composition in the prone and supine positions. DXA estimates of body composition were significantly correlated with reference composition values (R(2) = 0.371-0.999). DXA discriminated treatment effects on body mass, fat-free and bone-free mass, fat mass, and body fatness; it significantly underestimated body mass (1% to 2%) and fat-free and bone-free mass (3%) and significantly overestimated fat mass and body fatness (3% to 25%). The greatest errors occurred in treatment groups in which body mass was diminished and body hydration was decreased. These findings suggest that DXA can determine small changes in fat-free, bone-free mass in response to obesity and weight loss. Errors in DXA determination of fat mass and body fatness associated with extra corporeal fluid and dehydration indicate the need for revision of calculation algorithms for soft-tissue determination.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗