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PubMed1981

Height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness of Michigan children, 1978.

Height, weight, and triceps skinfold measurements were made on 258 Michigan males and 225 females, age 2 to 18 years, comprising a representative sample of Michigan children in 1978. Boys of most age groups and younger girls were slightly taller, heavier, and fatter than their US counterparts, studied between 1963 and 1974. Older Michigan girls were slightly shorter but heavier and fatter than their earlier US counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Skinfold thickness in a group of Roman schoolchildren].

Triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfold measurements were taken on 871 children, aged 7-14, in three Roman schools. Girls have larger skinfolds than boys; the values at every site increase with age. Boys present an increase in skinfold measurements until 11 years, then a decrease, more marked at 14 years. Skinfold measurements are a method to assess the amount of fat in the body. Age reference curves, prepared from many Authors, in various parts of the world, show differences between different populations. Skinfold reference data for Italian population therefore are necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Body density assessment utilizing skinfold thickness and age in Japanese women].

A study was conducted to investigate the validity of skinfold-based prediction equations for body density (g/ml) by Nagamine and Suzuki (1964), and to formulate more convenient and more useful equations for predicting body density from skinfold and age in women. Subjects of the study were 512 healthy women aged 18-66 years in or near Nagasaki City. The dependent variable in the multiple regression equation, body density, was determined by hydrostatic weighing. Independent variables included eight skinfolds, the sum of two skinfolds (triceps, subscapular), the sum of three skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, and abdominal), age, and body surface area. Skinfolds were measured with an Eiken-model skinfold caliper. Age (mean 30.1, range 18-66 yrs.), weight (mean 52.6, range 38.0-83.3 kg), height (mean 157.0, range 142.0-172.0 cm), and body density, (mean 1.04125, range 0.98806-1.08650 g/ml) were also recorded. Percent body fat was calculated using the formula by Brozek et al. and ranged from 6.4% to 48.3%. Multiple correlation coefficients (MR) and standard error (SE) of 10 regression equations (A-J) for predicting body density in women were compared. The best-fitting and the most convenient prediction equation for body density was equation-E. The regression equation developed for predicting body density was: body density = 1.07931-0.00059 x sum of three skinfolds(mm)-0.00015 x age (MR = 0.77 and SE = 0.0089). The equation was cross-validated on a different sample of 46 women. The correlation coefficient between predicted and hydrostatically determined body density was 0.813 (p < 0.001). Equation-E (Tahara's equation) appears to be useful in body density analysis particularly when the subjects are Japanese women, aged 18-50 yrs, with percent body fat 17 to 34%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Body density assessment utilizing skinfold thickness and age in Japanese men].

A study was conducted to investigate the validity of skinfold-based prediction equations for body density (g/ml) by Nagamine and Suzuki (1964), and to formulate more convenient and more useful equations for predicting body density from skinfold and age in men. Subjects of the study were 257 healthy men aged 19-60 years in or near Nagasaki City. The regression equation for the dependent variable, body density, was determined by hydrostatic weighing. Independent variables included eight skinfolds, the sum of two skinfolds (triceps, subscapular), the sum of three skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, and abdominal), age, and body surface area. Skinfolds were measured with an Eiken-model skinfold caliper. Age (mean 33.1, range 19-60 yrs.), weight (mean 65.3, range 46.6-107.7 kg), height (mean 168.8, range 152.3-185.4 cm), and body density (mean 1.05874, range 1.00860-1.09020 g/ml) were also recorded. Percent body fat was calculated using the formula by Brozek et al. and ranged from 6.1% to 38.9%. Multiple correlation coefficients (MR) and standard error (SE) of 10 regression equations (A-J) for predicting body density in men were obtained. The best-fitting and the most convenient prediction equation for body density was equation-E.: body density = 1.09556-0.00062 x sum of three skinfolds (mm)-0.00028 x age (MR = 0.815 and SE = 0.0087 g/ml). The equation was cross-validated on a different sample of 45 men. The correlation coefficient between predicted and hydrostatically determined body density was 0.781 (p < 0.001). Equation-E (Tahara's equation) appears to be useful in body density analysis particularly when the subjects are Japanese men, aged 18-50 yrs, with percent body fat 10 to 30%.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Methodologic evaluation of the relation of blood pressure and skinfold thickness: an epidemiologic approach].

The empirical evidence concerning the relationship between blood pressure and anthropometric characteristics (triceps skinfold, adiposity, and arm circumference) was assessed by means of meta-analysis. Different studies were evaluated critically for strength of design, methods and associations. It was found that the association between blood pressure and triceps skinfold holds for three different demographic categories. The question as to the independence of these associations remained unsolved. The effect of arm adiposity on the measurement of blood pressure was also discussed. Recommendations are give in order to standardize blood pressure measurements in clinical and research settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Empirically derived new equations for calculating body fat percentage based on skinfold thickness and midarm circumference in preschool Indian children.

We wanted to develop and apply new equations based on skinfold and midarm measurements for estimating %fat in preschool children suitable for field use. Prediction equations were developed on preschool-aged urban boys (n = 100) and girls (n = 84). Skinfolds at four sites and midarm measurements were regressed on %fat derived from equations based on height and weight and from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA; resistance at 50 kHz). These equations were applied: 1) to 12 children in whom the %fat was determined using D2O dilution, and 2) to 50 children in whom their %fat was derived using height-weight and BIA equations. The 95% limits of agreement (mean +/- 2 SD) for %fat derived by anthropometry and by new equations were within 1.7% in boys (r = 0.85; P < 0.001) and girls (r = 0.90; P < 0.001) and by BIA and new equations were within 1.5% in boys (r = 0.82; P < 0.001) and 2% in girls (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). For %fat measured by D2O dilution and new equations, 95% limits of agreement was within 1.3% (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). In 50 children 95% limits of agreement between anthropometry and new equations were within 1.8% in boys (r = 0.88; P < 0.001) and 1.4% in girls (r = 0.92; P < 0.001) and between BIA and new equations were within 1% in boys (r = 0.91; P < 0.001) and 1.5% in girls (r = 0.89; P < 0.001). The new equations for measuring %fat based on midarm circumference and skinfold measurements are rapid and accurate for South Asian children and should be useful for prediction of body composition and nutritional survey in field studies.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

Differences in skinfold thicknesses and fat distribution among top-class runners.

AIM: The purpose of this research was to determine skinfolds values in male and female top-class runners who competed in different distances in order to identify the association of sex and event with fatness and distribution of subcutaneous fat. METHODS: Eight skinfolds were measured on male (n=130) and female (n=56) top-class runners. Sum of 6 skinfolds and extremity/trunk fat ratio was calculated. Runners were distributed into groups according to the event in which they obtained their best performance. RESULTS: The skinfolds values found in our athletes were very low. Female runners obtained higher values in extremity skinfolds than male runners; the differences in chest, biceps and abdominal skinfolds are only significant in short duration events; no differences were found in suprailiac and subscapular skinfolds. In both sexes, all skinfolds showed significantly lower values among marathon runners; no differences were found in skinfolds values among runners competing in distances ranging from 100 m to 10,000 m. Extremity/trunk fat ratio was not related to event. CONCLUSIONS: The lower skinfold values found in all groups of runners may be due to a high performance; this analysis shows that a slight excess of fat is not beneficial in order to obtain a high performance in any distance. Fatness is only associated to marathon events, probably due to the fact that these runners are engaged in higher training volume and that only in this event fat metabolism prevails in training and competition. Distribution of subcutaneous fat may be more dependent on biological or environmental factors unrelated to type of training.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Food habits, triceps skinfold thickness and body mass in adolescents].

Frequency of regular meals, milk and fat consumption were found negatively correlated with triceps skinfold and body mass index in a representative sample of eight grade Basle School Children confirming an interaction of eating habits and anthropometric measurements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The bearing of height, weight and skinfold thickness on obesity in four South African ethnic groups of school pupils of 17 years.

Studies on height, weight and skinfolds in four anatomical regions have been made on groups of South African Black, Coloured, Indian, and White pupils of 17 years. Examination of weight for height compared with weight for age data have revealed high percentages of obesity particularly in non-White groups. Obesity is not only reflected in higher mean umbilical skinfold values found in the short, lighter urban Indian, also Coloured and Black girls, compared with taller, heavier White girls, but in high percentages of body weight as fat. There was an unexpected similarity of mean triceps skinfold values in the different ethnic groups. It is suggested that the problem of overweight and obesity in adolescent subjects, who remain underheight, whether from nutritional, genetic or adverse environmental factors, may be aggravated by school feeding schemes, as once the physiological demands of the pubertal growth spurt have been met, obesity is occurring in these former so called malnourished groups. The obesity occurs without dietary intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness of children ages 5-12 in Michigan (1978), Forsyth County North Carolina (1978), and HANES I (1971-1974).

Height, weight, and triceps skinfold measurements were made on 1,668 Forsyth County, North Carolina students ages 5-12 during 1978. These data were compared to a representative sample of Michigan children taken during the same year and to their United States counterparts in HANES I (1971-74). The North Carolina children more closely resembled their US counterparts than did the Michigan group, casting doubt on the secular trend toward heavier children suggested by the Michigan researchers. (Am J Public Health 1982; 72:730-733.)

Black or African American↗