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PubMed1989

Effect of sperm motility on human in vitro fertilization.

Several sperm motility parameters in semen prepared by the swim-up technique were compared with IVF rates in 84 patients. The patients were either on clomiphene + human menopausal gonadotrophin or follicle stimulating hormone + human menopausal gonadotrophin stimulation regimens. Motility ratings were assessed both manually according to World Health Organization guidelines as well as computer-automated semen analysis (Cellsoft, Cryoresources, USA). Motility ratings of greater than or equal to 2 yielded significantly higher fertilization rates (78-82%) than ratings below 2 (20-23%) (p less than 0.001) for patients on both regimens. Velocity (41, 55, 78 microns/sec) and mean amplitude of lateral head displacement (1.96, 3.29, 4.91 microns) correlated significantly with and between manual ratings of 1, 2, and 3, respectively (r = 0.83; p less than 0.01). No significant differences were observed in linearity and beat/cross frequency between the manual ratings, although beat/cross frequencies tended to reduce linearly with increases in intensity of motility. The velocity of sperm motility has a significant effect on fertilization rates, and cut-off points of greater than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 50 microns/sec predict the actual potential and likely success of in vitro fertilization. These criteria on the swim-up semen should be used in the selection of patients admitted to IVF programs, and they justify the necessity of research investigations to improve motility in those patients with sluggish motility.

Female↗

PubMed2000

Sperm mobility: phenotype in roosters (Gallus domesticus) determinedby concentration of motile sperm and straight line velocity.

Previous research demonstrated that sperm mobility, i.e., the net movement of a sperm population, is a quantitative trait of the domestic fowl. However, the cellular basis for this trait was unknown. In the present work, individual motile sperm were evaluated with a Hobson SpermTracker in order to identify one or more properties of motile sperm that could account for variation in sperm mobility observed among males. A method was validated for assessing sperm motion over an erythrocyte monolayer at body temperature. A small-scale experiment with roosters from the tails and center of a normal distribution of sperm mobility phenotypes (n = 33 roosters) demonstrated that straight line velocity (VSL) and motile concentration were critical to expression of phenotype. The importance of these variables was confirmed with a large-scale experiment using a representative subpopulation (n = 100 roosters). VSL of individual sperm at 41 degrees C ranged between 5 and 100 microm/sec. VSL averaged 32, 39, and 40 microm/sec for low, average, and high sperm mobility phenotypes. Sperm were diluted to 1.2 x 10(6)/ml for motion analysis. Mean motile concentrations were 0.52, 0.84, and 0.95 x 10(6)/ml for low, average, and high sperm mobility phenotypes. Motile concentration was correlated with sperm mobility (r = 0.71). VSL appeared to have an additive effect as it was correlated with straightness of sperm cell trajectory (r = 0.79).

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Arginine induced stimulation of rabbit sperm motility.

L-Arginine stimulation of ejaculated rabbit sperm motility was quantitated by a spectrophotometric procedure. Stimulation of sperm motility was correlated to arginine concentration, incubation time, and pH. A maximum increase in motility of 85% was apparent for up to 7 hr with 10(-1) M L-arginine. A significant decrease in the ability of L-arginine to stimulate sperm motility was observed at pH values less than 7.0 and greater than 8.0. The percent stimulation was inversely proportional to the initial motility of the sperm sample.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

A comparison of the effects of nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine on sperm motility.

The effects of Nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine on sperm motility were compared using the objective Transmembrane Migration Ratio method. These agents were found to be of similar potency in inhibiting sperm motility. The concentrations which reduced sperm motility by 50% (EC50) were 0.205 mg/ml for Nonoxynol-9 and 0.215 mg/ml for chlorhexidine. The implications of these findings in relation to the comparison of the effects of drugs on sperm motility and the development of new contraceptive agents are discussed.

Chlorhexidine↗

PubMed1978

Sperm motility within the mammalian epididymis: species variation and correlation with free calcium levels in epididymal plasma.

The region within the epididymis where spontaneous sperm motility first appeared and the extent of later motility within that organ, as shown by microscopic observation of undiluted samples, varied with the species. In the rat, mouse, and hamster, little sperm motility was present. In other species, spontaneously motile sperm were obtained from the caput (rabbit) and corpus (bull and man) regions of the epididymis. Samples from the cauda region of the epididymis were found to contain many motile sperm in the rabbit, bull, and especially man, where most of the sperm were intensely motile. There was a correlation between the amount of free calcium surrounding the sperm within the cauda epididymidis of a given species and the level of sperm motility therein. An inverse relationship was also found between the free calcium concentration in the cauda epididymal plasma of a species and the later inducibility of motility in diluted sperm from that species by calcium ion.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Effects of chlorpromazine and other drugs acting on the central nervous system on human sperm motility.

The in vitro effects of chlorpromazine, diazepam, phenytoin and phenobarbitone on human sperm motility were investigated. Only chlorpromazine inhibits human sperm motility and the concentration which decreases sperm motility to 50% of control is 0.22 mM. Caffeine can shift the dose-response curve of chlorpromazine-inhibited sperm motility to right. We support the hypothesis that chlorpromazine acts on the cellular membrane but consider the inhibition of sperm motility an unlikely cause of decreased fertility in chlorpromazine treated patients.

Caffeine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Thyroid gland and epididymal sperm motility in rats.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of hypofunction of the thyroid gland, caused by radioactive suppression of the gland, on the pattern of spermatozoa motility in different segments of the rat epididymis. Thyroidectomy was obtained by i.p. infection of 270 microCi of I-131. After about 30 days, the animal reached hypothyroidism as determined by serum level of T4. When the motility pattern of the sperm obtained from the epididymis of normal rats was compared to that of hypothyroid animals, a drop in the parameter of path velocity (VAP), progressive velocity (VSL), and track speed (VCL) were detected. Hypofunction was associated with decreasing sperm motility in the epididymis. In thyroidectomized rats injected with T4, no sperm motility changes were observed.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Sperm motility is a major determinant of pregnancy outcome following intrauterine insemination.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to assess whether one or more sperm parameters have predictive value for the outcome of intrauterine insemination treatment. METHODS: Infertile couples whose normoovulatory and normomechanical female partners underwent superovulation and intrauterine insemination were investigated. The semen profile of the male partner was discounted. In 160 couples, 544 cycles were obtained, resulting in 59 ongoing pregnancies (10.84%/cycle, 36.87%/patient). RESULTS: The only parameter found to be significantly correlated with a positive outcome was the degree of sperm motility following preparation for intrauterine insemination. Close to half (47.5%) of the couples with a very good or an excellent degree of sperm motility conceived, whereas only 8.3% of those patients who had poor or fair sperm motility conceived. None of the semen characteristics, such as volume, count, percentage motility, or percentage normal morphology, were found to correlate with cycle outcome. Although there was a progressive increase in the pregnancy rate with an increase in the total number of motile sperm inseminated, it did not reach significance. Seventy percent of the pregnancies were achieved within a maximum of three treatment cycles. The spermatogram is not accurate enough as a prognostic factor for treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of sperm motility, after appropriate preparation for intrauterine insemination, is the only parameter to be correlated with treatment outcome. For couples with a normal female partner, we suggest a maximum of three treatment cycles of induction of ovulation and intrauterine insemination, whenever good progressive motile sperm is obtained after suitable preparation. For cases with poor sperm progression, we suggest appropriate couple counseling and that an alternative assisted reproduction procedure be taken into consideration.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effect of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins on in vitro sperm motility.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that exogenous growth hormone (GH) produces increases in sperm motility when given to subfertile men. Previous studies have also demonstrated the presence of IGFs and IGFBPs in seminal plasma. We have therefore investigated the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) and intact IGFBP-3 on in vitro sperm motility. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using computer-aided sperm analysis, we investigated the effects of IGFs and IGFBPs on the in vitro sperm motility parameters: curvilinear velocity (CV), progressive velocity (PV), linearity (Ln), straightness (St), amplitude of lateral head movement (ALH), and beat frequency (BF). Washed motile sperm selected by the 'swim-up' method, from normozoospermic samples, were incubated at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 in air with IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, or control Earle's media, and were examined at time 0 and after 60 min incubation. Changes in motility parameters after 60 min incubation were compared with controls by analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Compared to controls, statistically significant changes occurred at time 60 min after incubation: IGF-I decreased CV and ALH significantly (P < 0.05), but IGFBP-3 increased Ln, St, BF, and decreased ALH significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and a combination of IGF-I/IGFBP-3, had no significant effects. CONCLUSIONS: IGF-I and IGFBP-3 have differing and opposing effects on in vitro sperm motility parameters and thus may have a role in modulating in vivo sperm motility.

Cell Separation↗

PubMed2003

Study on the development of sperm motility and social dominance of male mice.

It has been shown that sperm motility and other parameters related to the reproductive activity varied depending on the social status of male mice. In order to clarify whether such variation is derived from inborn difference or depends on any conditions during maturation, we investigated developmental change of sperm motility, reproductive organs, and body size of ddY male mice. We also investigated how the establishment of social dominance of male mice during maturation was correlated with sperm motility. It was found that sperm motility was significantly higher during puberty than in adulthood, although there already existed relatively large statistical variance. The correlation between sperm motility and the social status was revealed to start after 10 weeks of age. It was suggested that a certain inborn difference of sperm motility became enlarged due to environmental factors experienced by male mice during maturation.

Aggression↗

PubMed1991

Vero cells stimulate human sperm motility in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To study human sperm motility in a coculture system for in vitro fertilization (IVF). DESIGN: We studied the viability and motility (percentage and curvilinear velocity) of human spermatozoa after incubation in: (1) medium 199 supplemented with fetal calf serum (M199/FCS) together with Vero cells; (2) Vero cell conditioned M199/FCS; (3) M199/FCS supplemented with Vero cell extract; and (4) some control media. In a second experiment, FCS was substituted by sera from different IVF patients. SETTING: Semen samples were obtained from the fertility laboratory of the St. Radbound Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. PATIENTS: Twelve men of couples with fertility problems. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The motility parameters were determined with a computerized motility-analyzing system, after 24 hours' incubation at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2. Viability was determined after eosin Y staining. RESULTS: Sperm viability was the same in all media. In the coincubation system, the Vero cell-conditioned medium, and the experiment with human sera, the sperm motility parameters were higher (P less than 0.005) than in the control media. Vero cell extract did not have this positive effect. CONCLUSIONS: Coincubation has a positive effect on sperm motility and may be beneficial to IVF, intrauterine insemination, and artificial insemination.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Levamisole and other diamine oxidase inhibitors as inhibitors of sperm motility.

Levamisole, an anthelmintic drug and inhibitor of sperm motility, is a potent inhibitor of seminal diamine oxidase. Many other diamine oxidase inhibitors also inhibit sperm motility. The most active class of these sperm motility inhibitors is the group for isothiuronium compounds, some of which are much more potent than many other metabolic inhibitors tested. They also possess the property of inducing sperm to be motile in closed circles becoming immotile with a characteristically curled shape, and are active against mouse epididymal, rabbit, and human spermatozoa.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗

PubMed2003

Control of flatfish sperm motility by CO2 and carbonic anhydrase.

Sperm motility in flatfishes shows unique characteristics. The flagellar movement either in vivo or in permeabilized models is arrested by the presence of 25-100 mM HCO3-, or by gentle perfusion with CO2 gas. To understand the molecular basis of this property, sperm Triton-soluble proteins and flagellar proteins from several species were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An abundant 29-kDa protein was observed only in flatfish species. Partial amino acid sequences identified this protein as a carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme involved in the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-. 6-ethoxyzolamide, a specific inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase inhibits sperm motility, especially at low pH. In the case of HCO3(-)-arrested sperm, the motility is restored by addition of 6-ethoxyzolamide. Taken together, these results suggest that a novel pH/HCO3(-)-dependent regulatory mechanism mediated by carbonic anhydrase is involved in the motility control in flatfish sperm.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

An assessment of sperm motility estimation for evaluation in rams.

There is disagreement about the value of estimating spermatozoal motility as a predictor of fertility in rams. We tested the hypothesis that sperm motility can help one to predict lambing rate by evaluating sperm motility in rams prior to breeding and by subsequently breeding the rams regardless of their sperm motility results. A total of 943 rams (Merino, n=630 and Romney Marsh, n=313) was used during two breeding seasons. For fertility evaluation only 804 rams that bred at least ten ewes each were included in the study. Rams were grouped into 4 groups according to sperm motility scores, ranging from the lowest, which included rams with azoospermia, oligospermia, non-motile and single-motile sperm, through rams with 10 to 30%, 30 to 60%, to the highest at 60 to 100% motile sperm. The corresponding fertility rates found in our study in Merino and Romney breeds were 58.3 and 47.4%, 75.1 and 59.1%, 79.4 and 64.1% and 81.5 and 64.0%, respectively. We concluded that there was a statistically confirmed difference in fertility between the lowest and all the other motility categories. The differences in fertility among rams that had motility categories above 10% were not statistically significant. Evaluation of breeding soundness in large scale surveys of rams, based on sperm motility estimation, may be misleading. Clinical examination of genital organs seems to offer a reliable source of information about rams, and may be considered adequate in sheep breeding.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Preliminary studies on the in vitro and in vivo effect of salicylate on sperm motility.

We have studied the in vitro effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid on the motility of normal human spermatozoa. Sperm motility was evaluated over 48 h at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L of salicylate concentrations. Results are reported as the mean % motility, where 100% motility at each time interval was taken to be the motility of the control (0 mg/L of salicylate). At 48 h, the mean % motility (n = 12) was 61, 43, and 33% at 50, 100, and 200 mg/L of salicylate. Twenty-four-hour values (n = 17) were 75, 65, and 48%. Eosin supravital staining demonstrated that the decrease in sperm motility was caused by direct inhibition of motility rather than by spermatozoal death. Four healthy males (17-51 years of age) gave a semen specimen prior to taking 650 mg of salicylate four times daily, followed by a second semen specimen 72 h later. Each individual, therefore, served as his own control. The mean % motility in the postdrug sample at 2, 24, and 48 h was 49, 53, and 47% of the motility found in the predrug sample (n = 4). We conclude that salicylate significantly decreases sperm motility in vitro and in vivo.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The inhibitory effects of gossypol on human sperm motility characteristics: possible modes of reversibility of those effects.

Gossypol (GOS) is a polyphenolic compound derived mainly from cottonseed oil, which has been found to have anti-fertility effects in males. It has been reported to induce disturbances of the hypothalamicpituitary axis, disruption of spermatogenesis in the testes, and inhibition of postejaculatory spermatozoa motility. The inhibition of human sperm motility by GOS has been documented both in vivo and in vitro, although the exact mechanism and possible reversibility of such inhibition is unknown. The objectives of the present study were 1) to examine the in vitro dose response of human sperm motility to GOS, and 2) to determine if the motility inhibition of GOS was reversible, using agents which alter the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), such as, 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP), and forskolin, and adenylate cyclase stimulator. Fresh spermatozoa were obtained from males of known fertility. Motile spermatozoa were recovered via the SpermPrep (SP) method and used further in all experiments. Quantitative and qualitative sperm parameters were recorded at collection, post-SP filtration and post-treatment. Motile spermatozoa were resuspended in either media (SP), or in increasing concentrations of GOS (10, 20, 30 and 50 micrograms/ml) as gossypol acetic acid in media. To study the possible reversibility of the GOS effects, spematozoa already exposed to GOS for 2 hr (at the concentrations mentioned above) were centrifuged and reconstituted in media containing either 10 mM 8-Br-cAMP or 100 microM forskolin and measurements of percent motility and grade of motility (0-4) were taken at 0 time and at 30 min intervals for a total of 2 hr. Each experiment was replicated 8 times. The results obtained in this study showed that GOS inhibited sperm motility in a dose and time dependent manner. The motility characteristics of the 50 micrograms/ml GOS group were lower than all other groups (p < 0.001) and the spermatozoa were completely immobilized within 60 min. Cyclic AMP somewhat rescued the GOS-treated sperm, whereas exposure of GOS-treated sperm to forskolin had no such effects. The data generated in the present study suggest that GOS inhibits cAMP formation, which subsequently decreases sperm motility characteristics. At low concentrations (up to 20 micrograms/ml for 30 min), GOS inhibition is reversibile and compounds that act to increase cAMP seem to be partially responsible for the reversal of GOS inhibition. However, GOS inhibitory effects at levels higher than 20 micrograms/ml (exposed for 30 min) were impossible to reverse, which suggest that GOS at those levels could be an effective agent for vaginal contraception.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗

PubMed1998

Identification of insulin-like growth factor I in bovine seminal plasma and its receptor on spermatozoa: influence on sperm motility.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been identified in human seminal plasma. This study was conducted to determine whether IGF-I is present in bovine seminal plasma, whether sperm cells express the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), and whether IGF-I affects sperm motility. Semen samples were collected from bulls by electroejaculation and maintained at 37 degrees C, and motility of sperm was assessed. After centrifugation to separate sperm cells from seminal plasma, the seminal plasma was submitted to a validated heterologous RIA for IGF-I. Significant concentrations of IGF-I (116.29 +/- 40.83 ng/ml expressed as mean +/- SD) were measured in bovine seminal plasma. Sperm cells were washed with buffer and subjected to either radioreceptor assay (RRA) or immunocytochemistry (IC). RRA revealed a single high affinity for the IGF-IR with a Kd of 0.83 nM as determined by the computer program LIGAND. IC, using three monoclonal antibodies, localized the IGF-IR to the acrosomal region of the sperm. Computer-assisted sperm-motion analysis was used to determine the effects of IGF-I and IGF-II on bovine sperm motility parameters. Both IGF-I and IGF-II increased sperm motility and straight-line velocity (p < 0.05) relative to the control. The presence of IGF-IR on sperm, the presence of IGF-I in semen, and the ability of IGF-I to stimulate sperm motility provide evidence that the IGF system may be involved in the fertilization process in the bovine species.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Effect of atosiban on rabbit embryo development and human sperm motility.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate embryotoxic potential and effects on human sperm motility of the mixed vasopressin V(1a)/oxytocin receptor antagonist atosiban considered for novel indication of improvement of uterine receptivity in embryo-transfer recipients. DESIGN: One-cell rabbit embryo bioassay and human sperm motility bioassay were performed in control media or in media containing atosiban. SETTING: Private center of reproductive medicine and academic research institute of reproduction biotechnology. ANIMAL(S): Rabbit females (New Zealand and California, N = 15) aged 4.5-6.5 months. INTERVENTION(S): In vitro exposure of one-cell rabbit embryos and human sperm to atosiban in the range of therapeutic concentrations clinically occurring in human beings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Embryo development and sperm motility. RESULT(S): Preimplantation development of one-cell rabbit embryos was not affected by atosiban in the concentrations < or =15,000 nM, which was 50-fold higher than the mean plasma concentration reached during regular therapy (300 nM). Atosiban did not affect human sperm motility in concentrations of < or =3,000 nM, in other words, 10 times the human mean plasma concentration. CONCLUSION(S): Clinical application of atosiban in the proposed indication may be safe for embryos because it is compatible with preimplantation rabbit embryo development and human sperm motility.

Animals↗