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PubMed1986

In vitro activity of coumermycin alone or in combination against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The in vitro activity of coumermycin was tested against oxacillin-susceptible and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and compared with that of penicillin G, oxacillin, minocyclin, erythromycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and LM 427. The MICs were measured using the agar dilution method with an inoculum of 10(5) cfu/spot. Coumermycin was the most active antibiotic with MIC90 of 0.025-0.2 mg/l. The MICs of coumermycin remained unchanged by further incubation for 48 h. The combination of coumermycin with ciprofloxacin, an inhibitor of subunit A of the DNA gyrase, was studied by the time-kill curve method and resulted in a synergistic effect when subinhibitory concentrations of either antibiotic were used. The combination of coumermycin with rifampicin or LM 427 was antagonistic.

Aminocoumarins↗

PubMed1988

In vitro activity of sulbactam/ampicillin and ampicillin against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin and ampicillin + sulbactam (1:1) against 165 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 72 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis have been evaluated. The activity of the combination was very good. A concentration of 16 micrograms/ml + 16 micrograms/ml inhibited 96.9% of S. aureus and the 100% of S. epidermidis strains (at the same concentration ampicillin alone inhibited only 55.15% and 56.9% of S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains respectively). Activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (14.5%) was poor, whereas against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (67.2%) the combination maintained high efficacy.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1988

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains differ in interleukin 2 inducing activity.

Heat-killed preparations of different Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were compared for interleukin 2 (IL-2) inducing activity in cultures of human mononuclear cells (MNC). S. aureus strains exhibited a strong individual variation, but they induced considerably more IL-2 than did S. epidermidis strains. Enterotoxin production, coagulase production, pigment formation and the phage type of the staphylococci showed no strict correlation of any of these properties with the IL-2 inducer activity. The results indicate that the IL-2 inducing activity may be a differential feature of S. aureus and S. epidermidis.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1983

Intramammary inoculation of the dairy cow with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis during the nonlactating period.

The susceptibility of nonlactating mammary glands to intramammary inoculation with staphylococci was determined. Susceptibility was determined by inoculation of bacteria through the teat canal directly into the gland sinus. In experiment 1, Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305, ATCC 29740) was inoculated into glands at various intervals throughout the nonlactating period. During the first month, 35 of 52 inoculated glands became infected (67.3%). During the month before parturition when 37 glands were inoculated, 36 became infected (97.3%). In experiment 2, Staphylococcus epidermidis (A-44) was inoculated into mammary glands. During the first month of the nonlactating period, 35 glands were inoculated and only 6 glands became infected (17%). During the month before parturition, 36 of 38 inoculated glands became infected (94%). It appears that the mammary gland is susceptible to staphylococcal infection during the nonlactating period, because all glands became infected when they were inoculated during the month before parturition.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The susceptibilities of 100 clinically significant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 45 clinically significant isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis against various antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. Rifampin was the most active of all agents tested against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Among the beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin G was least active, but had the lowest MIC in range. All strains of S. aureus were susceptible to cloxacillin and cephalothin at concentrations of 2 and 4 mcg/ml, respectively. Cloxacillin was less active against S. epidermidis, while cephalothin was more active. Minocycline was more active than doxycycline and tetracycline. Chloramphenicol was not only almost as poor in activity against S. aureus as tetracycline, but also the least active of all agents tested against S. epidermidis. Gentamicin was the most active aminoglycoside. Erythromycin, lincomycin and clindamycin showed the bimodal pattern of susceptibility. These results suggest the marked variability in antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1994

Effects of temperature on the bactericidal activities of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The bactericidal activities of the 4-quinolones ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in nutrient broth were dramatically reduced when the temperature of incubation was decreased from 37 to 20 degrees C. For S. aureus the relative reduction in the activities was 86- and 46-fold with ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin, respectively. For S. epidermidis the corresponding reduction in activities was 82- and 19-fold, respectively. At infectious sites which are at lower-than-body temperature the reduced activity of 4-quinolones may contribute to clinical failure and/or the development of resistance. Levofloxacin was more bactericidal than ciprofloxacin against either of the staphylococci at every temperature tested. These results tend to suggest that levofloxacin may be preferable to ciprofloxacin for staphylococcal infections especially at skin and soft-tissue sites.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1994

Urease from Staphylococcus saprophyticus: purification, characterization and comparison to Staphylococcus xylosus urease.

Urease from Staphylococcus saprophyticus was purified more than 800-fold by liquid chromatography reaching homogeneity, as shown by isoelectric focussing, at a maximum specific activity of 1979 U/mg. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 420,000; it consisted of subunits with molecular weights of 72,400 (alpha), 20,400 (beta), 13,900 (gamma) in an estimated (alpha beta gamma)4 stoichiometry. In native gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis urease exhibited a multiple activity band pattern with molecular weights ranging from 420,000 to 100,000. In the native enzyme, 4.09 (+/- 0.25) atoms of nickel per molecule were detected. The N-terminal amino acids of the urease subunits were identical to those from Staphylococcus xylosus, and amino acid analysis revealed high similarities in both enzymes; no cysteine was detected after acid hydrolysis of vinylpyridinylated urease. Electron micrographs of negatively stained urease specimens from both staphylococci showed identical size and structure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

The pH-unrelated influence of salt, temperature and manganese on aroma formation by Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus carnosus in a fermented meat model system.

The influence of manganese (0.01-0.1-1.0 microg/g), temperature (15-24 degrees C) and salt (3-4% w/w) on volatile formation in model minces inoculated with Pediococcus pentosaceus and either Staphylococcus xylosus or Staphylococcus carnosus was studied in a full factorial experiment. In order to study the direct, pH-unrelated effect of the parameters, data were analysed by use of multiple linear regression and partial least-squares regression both before and after transformation of the volatile responses into pH-orthogonal (pH-unrelated) responses. By using the pH-orthogonalised data, the overall interpretability of the experiment was increased, and new cause-and-effect relations were suggested. Approximately 50% of the total variance in volatile levels was due to differences caused by S. xylosus and S. carnosus, and another 30% was related to differences in pH development. The remaining 20% covered pH-orthogonal effects of manganese, temperature and salt plus the experimental noise. From this, it was concluded that most of the variation in volatile profiles caused by manganese, temperature and salt was in fact directly or indirectly caused by changes in lactic acid bacterial activity and pH.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Direct detection of human Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the nose using the Lightcycler Staphylococcus kit.

The Lightcycler Staphylococcus kit is a diagnostic tool for direct real-time detection of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical materials. We show here that detection of S. aureus nasal carriage using this test is hampered by competition of DNA from coagulase-negative staphylococci. However the test is well suited for species identification after culture and the identification of high-load S. aureus carriers.

Carrier State↗

PubMed2005

Identification and differentiation of Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus simulans by species-specific PCR assays of sodA genes.

The aim of this study was to design species-specific PCR assays for rapid and reliable identification and differentiation of Staphylococcus (S.) carnosus and S. simulans strains. Two different sets of primers, targeting the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (sodA) gene of S. carnosus and S. simulans, respectively, were designed. Species-specificity of both sets of primers was evaluated by using 93 strains, representing 26 different species of the genus Staphylococcus, 3 species of the genus Kocuria (K.), 1 species of the genus Micrococcus (Mic.) and 1 species of the genus Macrococcus (Mac.) as reference. By using primers simF and simR the expected PCR fragment was obtained only when purified DNA from S. simulans strains was used. Amplification performed by using primers carF and carR produced a PCR fragment of the expected length, when DNA from strains of S. carnosus and S. condimenti were used as template. Nevertheless, DraI digestion of the carF/carR PCR fragment allowed a clear differentiation of strains of these two species. Species-specific PCR assays designed during this study, overcoming many of the limitations of the traditional identification procedures, can be considered a valid strategy for detection and identification of S. carnosus and S. simulans strains. The rapidity (about 4h from DNA isolation to results), the reliability and low cost of the PCR procedures established suggests that the methods may be profitably applied for specific detection and identification of S. carnosus, S. condimenti and S. simulans strains in starter cultures and meat products.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2003

Interaction between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).

In this paper we describe the in vitro interaction between three strains of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) [NCTC 11561 and two strains derived from patients (PMSSA)] and endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA) 1, 3, 15 and 16. Mixed bacterial cultures of MSSA and EMRSA were incubated and subcultured after one, two and seven days. A proportion of MRSA in 50 randomly selected colonies was assessed. All strains of EMRSA (EMRSA 1, 3, 15 and 16) outgrew and virtually eradicated MSSA (NCTC 11561) after 24 h. The interaction between strains of PMSSA and the various strains of EMRSA was variable. PMSSA strain 1 was almost completely outgrown by EMRSA 1 and EMRSA 3 after seven days. Similarly there was a substantial increase of EMRSA 1 and 3 when tested against PMSSA strain 2. EMRSA 15 increased modestly against both strains, but EMRSA 16 failed to increase in proportion against either of the strains. We conclude that there is a complex interaction between various strains of EMRSA and MSSA. This interaction may have an important bearing on colonization of patients with MRSA.

Antibiosis↗

PubMed1985

Complete nucleotide sequence of the lipase gene from Staphylococcus hyicus cloned in Staphylococcus carnosus.

The lipase gene from Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus was cloned in Staphylococcus carnosus and Escherichia coli. In both host organisms the lipase gene is expressed and the enzyme is released to the medium. The cloned DNA insert is 2.5 kb in length and DNA sequencing has revealed the location of the gene, the ribosomal binding site and the presence of a typical signal sequence. The open reading frame comprises 1923 nucleotides and gives a preprotein of 641 amino acids with a predicted Mr of 71.382. At the 3' end of the structural gene there are three consecutive stop codons and there is also a transcriptional termination signal.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

The "surreptitious Staphylococcus": Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis in a child.

A child with congenital heart disease developed infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Despite an apparent excellent response to initial antibiotic treatment in clinical, inflammatory and echocardiographic indices, the patient's valve damage progressed silently and surgical intervention was required. This case highlights the potential for misidentification of S. lugdunensis, its usual susceptibility to penicillin and in particular the aggressive nature of endocarditis caused by this coagulase-negative staphylococcus. The epidemiology and treatment of endocarditis caused by this organism are reviewed.

Aortic Valve Insufficiency↗

PubMed2006

Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus succinus isolated from human clinical specimens.

A polyphasic identification approach was applied to a group of 11 novobiocin-resistant staphylococci isolated from human clinical materials. Phenotypic characteristics obtained by both commercial and conventional tests assigned eight strains as Staphylococcus xylosus and three strains as ambiguous S. xylosus/Staphylococcus equorum. In contrast to biotyping, ribotyping with EcoRI and HindIII restriction endonucleases and whole-cell protein fingerprinting assigned six analysed strains as S. equorum, and five strains as Staphylococcus succinus. Confirmation of the identification was done by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and S. equorum isolates were verified by a PCR assay targeting the sodA gene. From the data it has been implied that ribotyping and whole-cell protein analysis can be used to differentiate between the biochemically almost indistinguishable species S. xylosus, S. equorum and S. succinus. The present study confirms what is believed to be the first occurrence of S. equorum in a relevant human clinical material in the Czech Republic and describes what is believed to be the first-ever isolation of S. succinus from human clinical material.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Immunological recognition of fibronectin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus capitis, strain LK 499.

Antibodies to fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs) of Staphylococcus aureus, including binding domain of FnBPA, the D region, or the A-C regions of FnBPB were produced in rabbits and mice. These antibodies were used to characterize cell-associated FnBPs of S. aureus strain Cowan I, S. aureus strain U320 and a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus capitis strain LK499 as well as extracellular FnBPs in culture supernatants of the strain U320. FnBPs of S. aureus were predominantly FnBPA, while FnBPB was hardly detected on the cells or in culture supernatant of these S. aureus strains. Moreover, S. capitis strain LK499 possessed different FnBP(s) compared to S. aureus because the antibodies to S. aureus FnBPs did not recognize FnBP(s) on S. capitis.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1989

Evaluation of the Staph-Zym-system for identification of Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus intermedius.

The Staph-Zym system was evaluated as a means for identifying cultures of Staphylococcus hyicus isolated from pigs and bovines and cultures of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from canines. The selected cultures had been identified by conventional methods. The Staph-Zym system correctly identified all 52 S. hyicus and all 33 S. intermedius. It is concluded that the Staph-Zym system is a practical and reliable test for identifying mostly animal pathogenic S. hyicus and S. intermedius, and might possibly be useful for veterinary microbiologists.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Comparative studies on bacteriolytic properties of Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus hyicus.

Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus hyicus showed bacteriolytic activities towards a Micrococcus luteus reference strain. This was demonstrated on tryptone soya agar containing M. luteus cells. Both bacteriolytic enzymes could be isolated by ionic exchange chromatography and subsequent gel filtration. The isolated bacteriolysin of S. chromogenes lysed the M. luteus reference culture, was heat inactivated by 95 degrees C and precipitated specifically with antiserum produced against the bacteriolysin of S. hyicus.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Engineering of a Staphylococcus carnosus surface display system by substitution or deletion of a Staphylococcus hyicus lipase propeptide.

Surface display of recombinant proteins on bacteria and phages has become an important topic in bioscience. A system for the display of heterologous proteins on the surface of Staphylococcus carnosus employs the secretion signal and propeptide from a Staphylococcus hyicus lipase for translocation and since the propeptide is of considerable size (207 amino acids) and not processed in S. carnosus, we have investigated the possibility to delete or substitute the propeptide for smaller protein domains, to thereby improve the surface display system. A set of new vectors was constructed and the surface expression of model proteins was investigated by various methods, including fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The results suggest that the propeptide region indeed can be deleted when proteins which are easily secretable are displayed. In contrast, the propeptide seems to be advantageous for translocation of inefficiently secreted proteins. Moreover, our study also presents a rational strategy for how to monitor the engineering efforts for the optimization of a surface display system.

Base Sequence↗