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PubMed1983

Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci from urinary tract specimens.

Species of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from urine specimens submitted from both inpatients and outpatients to the clinical microbiology laboratory of a teaching hospital were identified with a biotyping system, with species then correlated by clinical features and antimicrobial susceptibility. Of 145 isolates, 102 (70%) were Staphylococcus epidermidis, 24 (17%) were Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 7 (4.7%) were Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 4 (2.8%) were Staphylococcus hominis, 3 (2.1%) were Staphylococcus simulans, and 5 (3.4%) were other species. Features characterizing persons with bacteriuria with S. saprophyticus compared with bacteriuria with any other species included female sex (95% versus 52%), young age (median age, 22 years versus 61 years), ambulatory status (hospital outpatients, 86% versus 23%), and absence of indwelling catheters (4.5% versus 49%). All other coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated in a setting suggesting nosocomial acquisition, were more frequently resistant to common antimicrobial agents (42% multiply resistant versus 4.2% of S. saprophyticus), and were not distinguished by clinical features. Novobiocin susceptibility, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96%, provided a simple and reliable test for differentiation of S. saprophyticus from other coagulase-negative staphylococci and should be routinely used for urinary tract specimens in the clinical laboratory.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Dissemination of two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones exhibiting negative staphylase reactions in intensive care units.

From December 1997 to March 1998, 25 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates exhibiting negative Staphylase (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, England) reactions were identified from various clinical specimens from 13 patients in six intensive care units (ICUs) or in wards following a stay in an ICU at the National Taiwan University Hospital. The characteristics of these isolates have not been previously noted in other MRSA isolates from this hospital. Colonies of all these isolates were grown on Trypticase soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood and were nonhemolytic and unpigmented. Seven isolates, initially reported as Staphylococcus haemolyticus (5 isolates) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2 isolates) by the routine identification scheme and with the Vitek GPI system (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.), were subsequently identified as S. aureus by positive tube coagulase tests, standard biochemical reactions, and characteristic cellular fatty acid chromatograms. The antibiotypes obtained by the E test, coagulase types, restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the staphylococcal coagulase gene, and random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns generated by arbitrarily primed PCR of the isolates disclosed that two major clones disseminated in the ICUs. Clone 1 (16 isolates) was resistant to clindamycin and was susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and was coagulase type II. Clone 2 (eight isolates) was resistant to clindamycin and TMP-SMZ and was coagulase type IV. These two epidemic clones from ICUs are unique and underline the need for caution in identifying MRSA strains with colonial morphologies not of the typical type and with negative Staphylase reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of medically relevant gram-positive cocci.

A study was conducted to evaluate the new VITEK 2 system (bioMérieux) for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of gram-positive cocci. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (n = 100), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (n = 100), Enterococcus spp. (n = 89), Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 29), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 66) were examined with the ID-GPC identification card and with the AST-P515 (for staphylococci), AST-P516 (for enterococci and S. agalactiae) and AST-P506 (for pneumococci) susceptibility cards. The identification comparison methods were the API Staph for staphylococci and the API 20 Strep for streptococci and enterococci; for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the agar dilution method according to the procedure of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) was used. The VITEK 2 system correctly identified to the species level (only one choice or after simple supplementary tests) 99% of S. aureus, 96.5% of S. agalactiae, 96.9% of S. pneumoniae, 92.7% of Enterococcus faecalis, 91.3% of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and 88% of Staphylococcus epidermidis but was least able to identify Enterococcus faecium (71.4% correct). More than 90% of gram-positive cocci were identified within 3 h. According to the NCCLS breakpoints, antimicrobial susceptibility testing with the VITEK 2 system gave 96% correct category agreement, 0.82% very major errors, 0.17% major errors, and 2.7% minor errors. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed category agreement from 94 to 100% for S. aureus, from 90 to 100% for CNS, from 91 to 100% for enterococci, from 96 to 100% for S. agalactiae, and from 91 to 100% for S. pneumoniae. Microorganism-antibiotic combinations that gave very major errors were CNS-erythromycin, CNS-oxacillin, enterococci-teicoplanin, and enterococci-high-concentration gentamicin. Major errors were observed for CNS-oxacillin and S. agalactiae-tetracycline combinations. In conclusion the results of this study indicate that the VITEK 2 system represents an accurate and acceptable means for performing identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests with medically relevant gram-positive cocci.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

The binding of MBL to common bacteria in infectious diseases of children.

OBJECTIVE: To purify Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) from human serum and detect its binding ability to several kinds of bacteria common in infectious diseases of children. METHODS: MBL was purified from human serum by affinity chromatography on mannan-Sepharose 4B column. Its binding ability to eight species, 97 strains of bacteria was detected by enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). RESULTS: MBL has different binding ability to bacteria and shows strong binding ability to Klebsiella ornithinolytica and Escherichia coli, but shows relatively lower binding ability to Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. To different isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus, MBL shows quite different binding ability. CONCLUSIONS: MBL has different binding ability to different bacteria, and has relatively stronger binding ability to Gram-negative bacteria. Its binding ability to different isolates of certain kinds of bacteria is quite different.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Four-year prospective study of STAPH-IDENT system and conventional method for reference identification of Staphylococcus, Stomatococcus, and Micrococcus spp..

A 4-year prospective study compared the accuracy of the STAPH-IDENT system (bioMérieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) with that of the reference procedure of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the identification of Staphylococcus species, Stomatococcus mucilaginosus, and Micrococcus species. The study compared the results from 1,106 cultures (500 eye cultures, 217 strains submitted for reference identification, and 389 known stock strains) representing 21 species of the family Micrococcaceae. The overall agreement of genus and species identifications was 81.1%. The percent agreement for the five most common clinical isolates was as follows: Staphylococcus epidermidis, 97.1% (517 isolates); Staphylococcus hominis, 82.5% (57 isolates); Staphylococcus aureus, 77.2% (162 isolates); Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 75.8% (61 isolates); and Staphylococcus warneri, 64.1% (39 isolates). The lowest percent agreement was with Staphylococcus cohnii (11.1%; (9 isolates). Of the 217 isolates sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for identification, 60.4% (131) were correctly identified by the STAPH-IDENT system. Of these, S. epidermidis accounted for 23.9%, S. aureus accounted for 15.6%, S. warneri accounted for 6.9%, Staphylococcus lugdunensis accounted for 6.5%, S. haemolyticus accounted for 5.5%, and S. hominis accounted for 4.1%. The STAPH-IDENT system did not perform adequately when dealing with commonly encountered organisms and is unsuitable for identifying uncommon isolates.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1987

Molecular epidemiology of trimethoprim resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci.

A 42% (70 of 167 isolates) incidence of resistance to 20 micrograms of trimethoprim per ml was found among clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from two hospitals. A specific trimethoprim resistance gene probe from a conjugative Staphylococcus aereus plasmid was used to investigate the location of the trimethoprim resistance gene among 29 isolates. In 14 trimethoprim-resistant isolates, the probe hybridized with only chromosomal DNA, in 9 it hybridized with only plasmid DNA, and in 1 isolate both plasmid and chromosomal sequences showed hybridization. In five isolates there was no hybridization of the probe with either chromosomal or plasmid DNA. Four of these five nonhybridizing isolates were Staphylococcus haemolyticus. In contrast, all 22 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates tested hybridized with the probe. The presence of the trimethoprim resistance gene in a chromosomal location was correlated with a lower MIC (median, 80 micrograms/ml) than when it was plasmid encoded (median, 1,250 micrograms/ml). Restriction endonuclease mapping as well as DNA hybridization of cloned plasmid and chromosomal DNA showed that there were 2.7 kilobases of common DNA in the two loci. This included the 500 base pairs of DNA mediating trimethoprim resistance and a total of 2.2 kilobases of 3'- and 5'-flanking sequences. The presence of the same gene and flanking sequences in chromosomal and plasmid locations suggests that the trimethoprim resistance determinant is translocated among different genetic loci.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1995

Antimicrobial activity of CS-940, a new trifluorinated quinolone.

The antimicrobial activity of CS-940, a new trifluorinated quinolone drug, was tested against 761 clinical isolates. CS-940 activity against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae was most similar to that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, with a large range of MICs inhibiting 90% of isolates tested (MIC90S) of 0.015 to 16 micrograms/ml (median MIC90, 0.06 micrograms/ml). CS-940 had greater activity than ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin when they were tested against Acinetobacter spp. (MIC90S, 0.03 micrograms/ml) and Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia (MIC90S, 2 micrograms/ml). CS-940 demonstrated a high degree of potency against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Neisseria spp. (MIC90S, < or = 0.06 micrograms/ml). CS-940 was two- to eightfold more active than ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin against oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. CS-940 was also very active against Streptococcus spp. and enterococci, for which MIC90S were < or = 2 micrograms/ml; for Enterococcus faecium, however, the MIC90 was 4 micrograms/ml. CS-940 was generally less active than a comparison investigational fluoroquinolone, clinafloxacin. This compound appears promising by in vitro test analysis and warrants further in vivo trials.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1995

Antibacterial activity of WY-49605 compared with those of six other oral agents and selection of disk content for disk diffusion susceptibility testing.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of an oral penem, WY-49605, was compared with those of six other oral antimicrobial agents against 598 bacterial isolates representing 51 different species. WY-49605 exhibited good activity against most gram-positive bacteria and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It had little activity against nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., enterococci, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Its activity was unaffected by the beta-lactamases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococci. Disk diffusion susceptibility tests were performed with 5-, 10-, 15-, and 30-micrograms WY-49605 disks. The 5-micrograms disk is recommended, with tentative breakpoints of > or = 16 mm for susceptibility (MIC, < or = 2.0 microgram/ml) and < or = 12 mm for resistance (MIC, > or = 8.0 micrograms/ml).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Numerical taxonomy of staphylococci isolated from water and beach sand from Valparaíso and viña del Mar, Chile].

A total of 85 strains of Gram positive cocci isolated from beach water and sand located in Valparaiso bay, and Viña del Mar, Chile, were examined for 59 morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The taxonomic data were analysed by numerical taxonomy using Ssm coefficient and the Unweighted Pair Group Method of Association (UPGMA). At 80% similarity level, four phenons were obtained. Of the 85 strains 31% were classified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, 9% were classified as Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 36% were classified as Staphylococcus spp. and 24% as Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiological considerations are made in relation with the probable impact that the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci would have on the health of the population.

Chile↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of resistance mechanisms against macrolides and lincosamides in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in the Czech Republic and occurrence of an undefined mechanism of resistance to lincosamides.

High occurrence of the non-macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes msrA (53%) and linA/linA' (30%) was found among 98 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci additionally resistant to macrolides and/or lincosamides. The gene msrA predominated in Staphylococcus haemolyticus (43 of 62 isolates). In Staphylococcus epidermidis, it was present in 7 of 27 isolates. A novel mechanism of resistance to lincosamides appears to be present in 10 genetically related isolates of S. haemolyticus in the absence of ermA, ermC, msrA, and linA/linA'.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

In-vitro activity of streptogramin RP 59500 against staphylococci, including bactericidal kinetic studies.

The in-vitro activity of RP 59500 and comparative agents was determined against 270 clinical isolates of the genus Staphylococcus. MICs were performed by micro-dilution dilution. MIC90 and MBC90 (mg/L) of RP 59500 were as follows: oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (0.5/0.5), oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (0.5/0.5), oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.5/0.5), oxacillin-resistant S. epidermidis (0.25/0.25), oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus hominis (1.0/1.0), oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1.0/1.0), oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.0/1.0). Killing kinetic methods were used to assess the bactericidal activity of inhibitory (1 x, 2 x MIC) concentrations of RP 59500 in comparison with that of vancomycin (1 x, 2 x MIC) and oxacillin (1 x, 2 x MIC) against 20 strains of oxacillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis. RP 59500 was as active as vancomycin, displaying rapid bactericidal activity against the majority of strains tested and reducing initial inoculum counts by greater than 99.9% in 2-12 h. Regrowth was seen with some S. epidermidis strains after 12-24 h.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1992

Rapid identification of fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen cell surface binding proteins on coagulase-negative staphylococci by particle agglutination assays.

Seventeen strains of ten different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were shown to interact with collagen, laminin, fibronectin, and vitronectin immobilized on latex beads. Different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci have different capacities to agglutinate proteins. Cells of 18 strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus reacted more strongly than did cells of 18 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains with proteincoated latex beads, although no significant difference in cell surface hydrophobicity or charge could be shown. The cell surface receptors of S. haemolyticus were more heat and protease resistant than were Staphylococcus aureus receptors. Strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from urinary tract infections showed a high capacity to adhere to laminin. The ability to agglutinate fibronectin and collagen was common among coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from other infections; 55% (31 of 56) and 63% (35 of 56) agglutinated fibronectin and/or collagen. S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis bound to both N-terminal (29-kDa) and C-terminal (120-kDa) fragments of fibronectin.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1996

Coagulase-negative staphylococci in air samples from operating theatres.

The aim of our study was to recognize coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in the air of operating theatres. Out of the identification of 449 isolates, the most frequent species were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The strains were adherent to glass in 52.3%. Most of the S. epidermidis showed adherent growth, while the majority of the S. haemolyticus failed to adhere. The disk-diffusion antibiotic sensitivity tests showed great differences in sensitivity to penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin between adherence-positive and negative isolates. On the whole, the species S. haemolyticus proved to be much more resistant than S. epidermidis. Staphylococcus warneri was the most, while S. haemolyticus was the least sensitive to phages.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2004

[Adhesion dependence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to biomaterials and PIA polysaccharide synthesis on icaADBC operon presence].

Both Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus are important causes of infections associated with catheters and other medical devices. This infections result in significant morbidity, mortality and economic cost. It has recently been shown that not only S. epidermidis but also S. haemolyticus can produce slime and carries the ica operon responsible for and slime production. In the operon, coexpression of icaA and icaD is required for full slime synthesis. This study is focused on detecting icaA and icaD genes in S. haemolyticus and comparison of these two species. It turned out that strain representatives within the same species behave very differently and a single tested strain from each species is unlikely to be representative of the species as a whole. Contrary to S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus strain appeared to carry no icaA-like and icaD-like genes, but was able to form biofilm in vitro.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2004

Early bacterial keratitis after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy.

We report a case of bacterial keratitis that occurred after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy. The patient presented with a decrease in visual acuity and pain 2 days after the procedure. Culture was positive for Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The infiltrate slowly resolved with topical antibiotics, and the best corrected visual acuity improved to 20/20. Although bacterial keratitis occurs rarely after refractive surgery, patients should be informed of the potential risk for visual loss caused by this infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Identification of the precursor of (S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, the sulfury malodour of human axilla sweat.

A careful study of human axillary microflora led us to the identification of a new strain of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The role in axillary malodour formation of this microorganism was compared to those of Corynebacterium xerosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, upon incubation on sterile human eccrine and apocrine axilla sweat. St. haemolyticus was responsible for the strongest sulfury malodour and the generation of the volatile sulfur compound (VSC) (S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3). In this study, we investigated the nonvolatile precursors of VSCs. Human axillary sweat was collected, fractionated and analysed by HPLC/APCI-MS (High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled to Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry). The precursor of 3 was identified as [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylbutyl]-L-cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly-(S)-conjugate; 12). Because Cys-Gly-(S)-conjugates are key intermediates in the glutathione biodetoxification pathway, other derivatives of 12, specifically glutathione-(S)-conjugate 11 and Cys-(S)-conjugate 13, were prepared. Compounds 11 and 13 were not detected by HPLC/MS of sterile sweat. Synthetic homologues 11, 12, and 13 were incubated with C. xerosis, St. heamolyticus, and St. epidermidis. We observed efficient conversion of precursors 12 and 13 to form VSCs when incubated with St. haemolyticus, with a clear preference for 12. C. xerosis and St. epidermidis were less efficient in cleaving Cys-Gly-(S)-conjugate 12 to form the corresponding thiol 3. Incubation of glutathione-(S)-conjugate 11 never led to the formation of 3 under the experimental conditions employed.

Axilla↗