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Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

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PubMed1983

The influence of nisoldipine--a "calcium entry blocker" on drug induced stereotyped behavior in rats.

In view of potential ability of calcium entry blockers to affect Ca2+ fluxes in neurons, the effects of nisoldipine on phencyclidine (PCP) and apomorphine (APO) induced stereotyped behavior have been examined in 3 and 4 week old rats. The rats (3 and 4 weeks old) were pretreated with either 0.2 ml of saline + ethanol mixture (10:1 v/v) or nisoldipine (25 mg/kg) i.p., 5 min before the i.p. administration of PCP (5 mg/kg) or APO (10 mg/kg). While nisoldipine pretreatment significantly blocked the PCP induced stereotypy in 3 and 4 week old rats, the APO induced stereotypy was not altered. These preliminary data suggest that nisoldipine specifically blocks PCP induced stereotypy probably by antagonizing it effects at the presynaptic level. The significance of this finding in relation to mechanism of action of PCP and calcium entry blockers is discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

Maternal judgments of intentionality in young children with autism: the effects of diagnostic information and stereotyped behavior.

This study examined the relation among maternal judgment of intentionality and variables relevant to families of children with autism. Thirty-six mothers of children with autism rated segments of home videotape of behavior from very young children later diagnosed with autism. Mothers were randomly assigned to either a diagnostic or a no diagnostic information group. No significant difference was found on overall ratings of intentionality. Maternal stress was not correlated with overall ratings of intentionality for either group. Mothers in the diagnostic information group rated stereotyped behavior as less intentional. Post hoc analyses showed no differences on maternal ratings of intentionality when the child was in a social setting or interacting with an object, but there were significant differences between ratings when the child was alone. The results are discussed in relation to early development and identification issues in autism.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Neurochemical basis for the absence of overt "stereotyped" behaviors in rats with up-regulated striatal D2 dopamine receptors.

Because of substantial evidence for the hyperdopaminergic hypothesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD), animal models, especially rats, treated chronically with neuroleptics continue to be used to study this disorder. The rat model has been criticized because, unlike TD, in rats there is an apparent lack of spontaneous abnormal movements even when striatal D2 dopamine receptor (DAr) density is substantially increased. Our data suggest a mechanism by which rats suppress these abnormal movements normally associated with elevated DAr levels. We correlated neurochemical with behavioral changes using several animal models, including nonneuroleptic ones, which elicit varied levels of DAr upregulation. There was (as expected) a robust, significant, positive correlation between striatal DAr density and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors. In contrast, there was a significant negative correlation between increased DAr density and synthesis capacity for striatal DA (Vmax for tyrosine hydroxylase). We conclude that this decrease in Vmax is a compensatory adjustment of the nigrostriatal DA tract for the increased DAr density induced in our animal models. Our data further suggest the generalization that an observed increase in receptor density doesn't necessarily predict a functional change (spontaneous behavior, neuropathology) because compensatory neural mechanisms exist. In TD these compensatory neural mechanisms may fail, leading to spontaneous behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Evidence for the role of dopamine D1 receptors in morphine induced stereotypic behavior.

In the course of studying the effects of morphine on the escape from electrical stimulation to the rat medial forebrain bundle, we observed that a combination of low doses of morphine and stimulation, neither of which caused stereotypy in the rat, resulted in marked stereotypic behavior that was similar to that seen with high doses of morphine alone. This behavior could be blocked by either naloxone or by the D1 antagonist SCH 23390, but not by the D2 antagonist raclopride. Furthermore, the stereotypy caused by chronically administered high doses of morphine was blocked by naloxone and the D1 antagonist. These results strongly implicate the role of dopamine D1 activation in morphine-induced stereotypies.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of the interaction between behavioral stereotypes and the effects of activation of presynaptic dopamine receptors during extinction and amnesia in mice.

The involvement of presynaptic dopamine receptors in the retention of a conditioned passive avoidance reflex through extinction and amnesia was studied in C57BL/6J mice selected in a 20-day aggressive conflict test for aggressive and submissive behavioral stereotypes. These experiments showed that in aggressive mice, activation of presynaptic receptors with the agonist (+)3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine [(+)3PPP] at a dose of 2 mg/kg degraded learning, significantly decreased the retention time of the acquired conditioned habit in extinction, and increased the effect of an amnesia-inducing treatment. Mice showing submissive behavior in daily confrontations with aggressors responded to administration of (+)3PPP with long-lasting reproduction of the conditioned passive avoidance reaction during extinction and showed no changes in the development of amnesia. These data on the relationship between the effects of activating presynaptic dopamine receptors in reproduction of the memory trace in conditions of trace disruption on the one hand and behavioral status on the other are assessed from the point of view of different basal levels of dopaminergic system operation in aggressive and submissive mice.

Aggression↗

PubMed1992

REM sleep deprivation decreases apomorphine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity but not stereotyped behavior in mice.

1. Effects of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on central dopaminergic system were investigated by testing the behavioral responses to apomorphine and brain dopamine metabolism in mice. 2. REM sleep deprivation for 48 hr significantly suppressed apomorphine.HCl (3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg, i.p.)-stimulated spontaneous locomotor activity without affecting the intensity of stereotyped behavior. 3. Neither the latency of nociceptive response in a hot-plate test nor the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep was changed by REM sleep deprivation. 4. Dopamine turnover in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens of REM sleep-deprived mice was significantly higher than that of control animals. 5. These results suggest that REM sleep deprivation may decrease the function of postsynaptic dopamine receptor in the mesolimbic but not nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗

PubMed1993

Dopamine agonist activities of pergolide, its metabolites, and bromocriptine as measured by prolactin inhibition, compulsive turning, and stereotypic behavior.

Four pergolide metabolites and bromocriptine (CAS 25614-03-3) were compared to pergolide (8 beta-[(methylthio) methyl]-6-propyl-ergoline, CAS 66104-22-1) using three in vivo animal models of activity at dopamine receptors. The results obtained from these studies of prolactin inhibition, induction of compulsive turning, and stimulation of stereotypic behavior, were very consistent. Two of the metabolites, despropyl pergolide and despropyl pergolide sulfoxide, were devoid of dopamine-like effects in any of the models. Pergolide sulfone and pergolide sulfoxide, however, were found to be potent dopamine agonists, similar in activity to pergolide itself. Dopamine D2 receptors (and probably D1 receptors also) appear to be involved in the activities of these compounds. The compounds were active by both oral and i.p. routes of administration. Bromocriptine, while possessing some dopamine agonist activity at higher doses in some of these animal models, was much less potent (1/200 to 1/20) than either pergolide or its two dopaminergic metabolites.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1982

A device for the automated monitoring of stereotypic behavior.

1. A novel rotation sensing device has been developed which consists of a linear potentiometer attached to the top of a spherical testing chamber. The potentiometer constantly monitors the precise angular position of the animal inside the chamber. 2. This device allows the automated monitoring of direction and rate of rotation, as well as a variety of other stereotypic behaviors. 3. The effects of morphine, apomorphine and amphetamine on motor activity were assessed by the apparatus.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1993

Delayed effects of neonatal hippocampal damage on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors in the rat.

The developmental effects of neonatal excitotoxic ventral hippocampal (VH) damage on behaviors related to dopaminergic (DA) transmission in the basal ganglia were investigated in the rat. Ibotenic acid (in Lesion) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (in Sham) was infused into the VH of 7-day-old (PD7) rat pups. Haloperidol-induced (1 mg/kg, i.p.) catalepsy and apomorphine-induced (0.75 mg/kg, s.c.) stereotypic behaviors as well as locomotion were assessed in Sham and Lesion rats prior to (PD35) and after puberty (PD56). On PD35, Lesion and Sham animals did not differ in induced catalepsy or stereotypy. On PD56, however, Lesion animals were less cataleptic following haloperidol injection and manifested supersensitivity to apomorphine as compared to Sham rats. At both, PD35 and PD56, locomotor activity after apomorphine was significantly increased in Lesion animals as compared with controls. These results indicate that the neonatal excitotoxic VH lesion results in a unique time-dependent pattern of behavioral changes related to striatal DA transmission. Moreover, the response to apomorphine differs qualitatively from that previously reported after the analogous lesion induced in adult animals in which stereotypy was reduced. These findings suggest that early hippocampal deafferentation affects the development of other brain regions, such as the medial prefrontal cortex, that are also involved in the regulation of striatal DA function.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effect of long-term haloperidol treatment on striatal neuropeptides: relation to stereotyped behavior.

Behavioral and biochemical responses to D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) agonists were used to evaluate the participation of striatal peptidergic mechanisms in the motor function alterations that attend chronic neuroleptic treatment. Rats, given haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.c.) for 21 consecutive days, were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: the D1 agonist SKF 38393, the D2 agonist quinpirole, their combination or saline. Stereotyped behavior and neuropeptide levels were evaluated after 5 days treatment and 4 days washout. Haloperidol increased most oral behaviors including licking, chewing and biting as well as striatal enkephalin and somatostatin levels. Subsequent treatment with SKF 38393 diminished the haloperidol-induced increase in licking and chewing; quinpirole reduced chewing behavior. The administration of both agonists together decreased chewing and biting. Neither DA agonist alone, nor their combination, reduced the haloperidol-induced increase in enkephalin levels. Both SKF 38393 and quinpirole, when given alone, tended to decrease the haloperidol-induced increase in somatostatin levels; when both D1 and D2 agonists were administered together, somatostatin levels declined significantly. These results suggest that somatostatin- but not enkephalin-containing striatal neurons contribute to the expression of haloperidol-induced stereotypies.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Neuropeptide modulation of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior.

The nucleus accumbens contains many neuropeptides whose functions are presently unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which these neuropeptides act in conjunction with the mesolimbic dopamine system. Microinjections of cholecystokinin, neurotensin, met-enkephalin, somatostatin, bombesin, as well as glutamate and muscimol, were made into the medial nucleus accumbens after systemic injection of apomorphine. Cholecystokinin and neurotensin, in nanogram doses, potentiated apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Met-enkephalin reduced, while somatostatin and bombesin were without effect on, apomorphine-induced stereotypy. In addition, both glutamate and muscimol potentiated this effect. These results suggest that several neuropeptides and amino acids act in the nucleus accumbens to modulate apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Susceptibility to sensitization. I. Sex differences in the enduring effects of chronic D-amphetamine treatment on locomotion, stereotyped behavior and brain monoamines.

There are sex differences in a number of behavior elicited by amphetamine (AMPH). The purpose of the present experiment was to determine if there are also sex differences in the sensitization of the locomotor activity and stereotypy produced by repeated intermittent AMPH treatment, and whether this is accompanied by sex differences in dopamine (DA) metabolism. It was found that female rats showed greater and more rapid sensitization of locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior than males. In addition, prior exposure to AMPH was associated with an elevation in resting striatal dihydroxyphenlacetic acid (DOPAC) to DA ratios in female, but not male rats, suggesting a sex difference in one neurochemical correlate of sensitization. As a group, males were more variable and heterogeneous in their response to repeated AMPH treatment, because they were divisible into two neurochemically distinct subgroups on the basis of their change in behavior and females were not. This heterogeneity may make it more difficult to identify neurochemical correlates of sensitization in males. It is suggested that there is a sex difference in the responsiveness of brain DA systems to repetitive activation, and this contributes to individual variation in the susceptibility to sensitization.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗

PubMed1999

Sensitization of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviors during the acute response.

The quantitative and qualitative features of the behavioral response to amphetamine-like stimulants in rats can be dissociated from the dopamine response. This dissociation is particularly evident in the temporal profiles of the extracellular dopamine and stereotypy responses to higher doses of amphetamine. One possible mechanism contributing to this temporal dissociation is that during the acute response to amphetamine, dopamine receptor mechanisms are enhanced such that stereotyped behaviors can be supported by synaptic concentrations of dopamine which are not sufficient to initiate these behaviors. To further explore the dynamics of stimulant sensitivity during the acute response, we examined the behavioral and extracellular dopamine responses to a low, nonstereotypy-producing dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) at various times after an acute, priming injection of 4.0 mg/kg when stereotypies had subsided and extracellular dopamine was approaching predrug baseline levels. The low-dose challenge produced intense stereotypies although the regional dopamine responses were not significantly different from control animals. Blockade of the expression of stereotypies during the priming response by the D2 antagonist haloperidol or the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 prevented the expression of an enhanced stereotypy response to the challenge injection. Our results suggest that an exposure to amphetamine results in a rapid sensitization of the stereotypy response which does not involve changes in the extracellular dopamine response but requires activation of dopamine receptors. Such a mechanism may be significantly implicated during binge patterns of stimulant abuse and may also play a role in the sensitization associated with repeated amphetamine administration.

Amphetamine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibitory effect of apomorphine on hippocampal stimulation-induced "wet-dog shakes" in rats may be due to a stereotyped behavior.

The effect of apomorphine on "wet-dog shakes" (WDS) elicited by hippocampal stimulation was investigated. Apomorphine in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg given to rats s.c. reduced the number of WDS. Haloperidol in doses of 0.2-1.0 mg/kg given i.p. also significantly and dose-dependently reduced the number of WDS. The inhibitory effect of apomorphine in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg on WDS was completely inhibited by haloperidol given in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. It is, therefore, conceivable that the inhibition of WDS produced by apomorphine in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg may result from the occurrence of stereotyped behavior and that the dopaminergic blocking action may be crucial for the inhibition of WDS induced by hippocampal stimulation. Despite a 50% increase in stimulation intensity, as compared with the afterdischarge threshold, the number of WDS remained unchanged. We tentatively concluded that apomorphine fails to increase the number of WDS, as a result of the ceiling phenomenon.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Social withdrawal, neophobia, and stereotyped behavior in developing rats exposed to neonatal asphyxia.

Perinatal asphyxia is a concern for public health and may promote subtle neuropsychiatric disorders. Anoxic insults to neonatal rats cause long-lasting neurobehavioral deficits. In the present study, we focussed on changes in emotional behaviors as a consequence of neonatal asphyxia in Wistar rats. Newborn pups (24 h after birth) underwent a single 30-min exposure to a 100% N2 atmosphere (or air). The offspring was tested for a) locomotor and exploratory activity with or without a d-amphetamine challenge (0, 1, or 2 mg/kg) on postnatal day (pnd) 15; b) social interactions and novelty seeking during adolescence; c) levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In the open-field test (pnd 15), N2-exposed pups injected with the high (2 mg/kg) amphetamine dose exhibited reduced levels of locomotor hyperactivity, and a more marked involvement in stereotyped behaviors. Individual differences emerged in the locomotor response to the novelty-seeking test: two subgroups of rats (separated on the basis of the median value) showed either arousal/attraction or avoidance/inhibition in response to free-choice novelty. The N2-exposed group showed a more marked novelty-induced avoidance and inhibition. Time devoted to allogrooming and play-soliciting behaviors was reduced, whereas object exploration was increased. Levels of BDNF were reduced in the striatum of N2-exposed rats, suggesting poorer synaptic performance of dopamine pathways. In conclusion, these findings suggest an increased risk of developing social withdrawal, neophobia and behavioral stereotypies (common symptoms found in schizophrenia and autism) as a consequence of neonatal asphyxia in preterm humans.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity alters locomotor activity, stereotypic behavior, and stimulated dopamine release in the rat.

The neurochemical evidence of methamphetamine (MA)-induced toxicity to dopaminergic nerve terminals is well documented; however, the functional consequences are not clearly defined. The present study was designed to investigate whether MA-induced dopamine depletions affect locomotor activity, stereotypic behavior, and/or extracellular dopamine concentrations in the neostriatum. Male rats were treated with a neurotoxic regimen of MA (10 mg/kg, i.p., every 2 hr for four injections) or vehicle and tested for functional effects 1 week later. Animals that had received the neurotoxic regimen of MA showed a reduction in both caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens dopamine contents of 56 and 30%, respectively. Furthermore, MA-treated rats exhibited a significant attenuation in spontaneous activity, as well as a significant diminution in MA (low dose)-stimulated locomotor activity as compared to vehicle-treated rats. However, there were no differences in the MA (low dose)-induced increases in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the caudate nucleus or the nucleus accumbens core of either group. Interestingly, the acute administration of higher doses of MA elicited a significantly augmented stereotypic response and a significantly attenuated increase in the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the caudate nucleus of rats treated with a neurotoxic regimen of MA as compared to vehicle-treated animals. These data indicate that MA-induced neurotoxicity results in abnormal dopamine-mediated behaviors, as well as a brain region-specific impairment in stimulated dopamine release.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Downregulation of stereotyped behavior and production of latent locomotor behaviors in mice treated continuously with quinpirole.

D1 and D2 dopamine receptors mediate different behavioral effects in animals. We have attempted to selectively modulate dopamine-mediated behaviors by continuously administering D2 agonists to mice. Acute administration of the D2 agonist quinpirole caused dose-related stereotyped effects; no locomotor or grooming behavior was apparent. Continuously infusing quinpirole with implanted Alzet minipumps initially produced stereotyped behavior, but this stereotypy decreased by 2 hours, and was completely absent from 3 hours to 6 days of infusion. Within 1 day after implanting quinpirole, there appeared a significant locomotor behavior that continued for the 6 days of infusion. Acute challenge doses of quinpirole given either 6 days after infusing quinpirole or 12 hours after removing the quinpirole implant failed to elicit any stereotyped behavior and did not alter the locomotor behavior. By contrast, acute challenge injections with the D1 agonist SKF 38393 administered 12 hours after removing the quinpirole implant produced a characteristic grooming response. In an attempt to learn the mechanism of the behavioral effects induced by the continuous administration of quinpirole, the actions of relatively selective D1 and D2 antagonists were examined. The D2 antagonist sulpiride inhibited the stereotypy but not the locomotion induced by quinpirole. By contrast, the D1 antagonist Sch 23390 blocked the locomotion but not the stereotypy induced by quinpirole. These results indicate that chronic administration of quinpirole causes two separate behavioral effects: (1) a downregulation of stereotypy, perhaps by downregulating D2 receptors; and (2) the development of locomotion, which appears to involve both the downregulation of D2 receptors and an activation of D1 dopaminergic mechanisms.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Differential role of dopamine receptor subtypes in thermoregulation and stereotypic behavior in naive and reserpinized rats.

The present study explores the differential role of dopamine receptor subtypes and their interplay in the thermoregulation and stereotypic behavior in naive and acutely or chronically reserpinized rats. In naive rats, the D2 dopamine agonist B-HT920 (0.25-1 mg/kg) produced hypothermia, an effect sensitive to blockade by the D1/D2 antagonist haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and to potentiation by the D1 agonist SKF38393 (5 mg/kg). The hypothermic effect of the same doses of B-HT920 was reduced following acute reserpinization (5 mg/kg, 24 hr prior) but significantly enhanced following chronic reserpinization (1 mg/kg for 15 days), as compared with the B-HT920 effect in naive rats. Although SKF38393 (5 mg/kg) failed to elicit any significant effect on the rectal temperature, it potentiated the hypothermic effect of B-HT920 (0.25 mg/kg) in naive and acutely reserpinized rats. SKF38393 (5 mg/kg), on the contrary, produced a slight hyperthermia and failed to enhance the hypothermic effect of B-HT920 (0.25 mg/kg) following chronic reserpinization. A higher dose of SKF38393 (10 mg/kg), however, produced a significant rise in body temperature when administered alone or in combination with B-HT920 (0.25 mg/kg) in chronically reserpinized rats. Apomorphine (0.25-2 mg/kg), a mixed D1/D2 agonist, also produced a significant hypothermia in naive and acutely reserpinized rats. Following chronic reserpinization, however, apomorphine (0.25-1 mg/kg) produced a significant rise in body temperature, which was significantly enhanced upon co-administration with SKF38393 (5 mg/kg) but reversed to hypothermia when given in combination with B-HT920 (0.5 mg/kg). Similarly, B-HT920 (0.25-1 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.25-2 mg/kg) produced a mild stereotypy in naive rats. The stereotypic effect of B-HT920 as well as of apomorphine was enhanced in parallel with the increase in the duration of reserpinization. SKF38393 (5 mg/kg) failed to elicit any significant stereotypic effect but significantly enhanced the stereotypic effect of B-HT920 (0.25 mg/kg) in naive or reserpinized rats. The above data, therefore, suggest a differential involvement of D2 and D1 receptors in temperature changes and stereotypy in naive and reserpinized rats, respectively.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗