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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Should governments subsidize the use of insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets in Africa? Implications of a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Recent large-scale field trials show that mosquito nets impregnated with insecticide can substantially reduce all-cause mortality in children in malaria-endemic areas in Africa. This paper considers the cost-effectiveness of impregnated nets, initially from the perspective of a government programme which would distribute nets free of charge and organize and fund re-impregnation on an annual basis. The calculations show that with the reductions in all-cause mortality observed in the trials, complete government subsidy of nets through a vertical programme would represent an efficient use of scarce resources for most combinations of assumptions. However, alternative ways of financing and organizing the use of impregnated nets are also possible and may be more cost-effective than vertical delivery. Distribution of nets and insecticide might be less costly than required for a vertical programme by integrating delivery with other types of government health programmes, with private sector delivery systems for other types of products, or with government systems developed for other sectors such as agriculture. Further, not all the costs need to be met by governments, as costs could be shared with donors, NGOs and the beneficiaries. The major conclusion is that impregnated nets would save a large number of lives in malaria endemic areas, they are an efficient use of scare resources, and ways of encouraging their use need to be developed and tested.

Africa↗
PubMed2006

Biological control agents elevate hantavirus by subsidizing deer mouse populations.

Biological control of exotic invasive plants using exotic insects is practiced under the assumption that biological control agents are safe if they do not directly attack non-target species. We tested this assumption by evaluating the potential for two host-specific biological control agents (Urophora spp.), widely established in North America for spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) control, to indirectly elevate Sin Nombre hantavirus by providing food subsidies to populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), the primary reservoir for the virus. We show that seropositive deer mice (mice testing positive for hantavirus) were over three times more abundant in the presence of the biocontrol food subsidy. Elevating densities of seropositive mice may increase risk of hantavirus infection in humans and significantly alter hantavirus ecology. Host specificity alone does not ensure safe biological control. To minimize indirect risks to non-target species, biological control agents must suppress pest populations enough to reduce their own numbers.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Spillover of agriculturally subsidized predators as a potential threat to native insect herbivores in fragmented landscapes.

Habitat loss and fragmentation can have strong negative impacts on populations of some native species. Spillover of generalist natural enemies from the surrounding landscape matrix is one mechanism potentially generating such effects, yet this has been rarely studied in insects. We examined the influence of habitat conversion to agriculture on the abundance and potential effects of predatory coccinellid beetles on native insect herbivores within 12 grassland remnants in central Nebraska (U.S.A.). Results of sweep sampling revealed that coccinellids were three to six times more abundant at native grassland sites embedded within cropland-dominated landscapes compared with control sites in grassland-dominated landscapes over the 3 years of the study. Exclusion experiments further demonstrated that predation intensity was strongly related to coccinellid abundances across sites and that coccinellids can dramatically reduce densities of a native aphid herbivore. In contrast to studies of specialized insect parasitoids, which have generally found reduced enemy pressure in fragmented landscapes, our results suggest that native herbivores may in some cases experience increased consumer pressure in landscapes with increasing habitat loss because of spillover of generalist predators from surrounding cropland habitats.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

Enhanced coronary vasoconstrictive response to serotonin subsides after removal of dietary cholesterol in atherosclerotic monkeys.

Constriction in response to serotonin is enhanced in the coronary arteries of atherosclerotic monkeys. The main objective of the present study was to determine whether abnormal responses to serotonin in atherosclerosis are reversed following removal of dietary cholesterol. In addition, we examined the effect of an atherogenic diet and reduction in dietary cholesterol on vascular responses to activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels with aprikalim. Diameters of small coronary arteries were measured on the epicardial surface of the left ventricle in vivo by using stroboscopic illumination synchronized to the heart cycle to visually freeze the motion of the heart. Diameters were measured with a microscope-video system during topical application of two vasoconstrictor agonists, serotonin and the thromboxane mimetic U46619, and the vasodilator agonists aprikalim and nitroprusside. Responses were compared in normal (n = 9), atherosclerotic (n = 14; high-cholesterol diet), and regression (n = 8; high-cholesterol diet followed by normal diet) monkeys. Constriction of coronary arteries in response to serotonin was enhanced in monkeys on an atherogenic diet and was normal in regression monkeys. Vasoconstriction in response to U46619 and vasodilation in response to nitroprusside and aprikalim were not altered by atherosclerosis. Thus, abnormal vascular responses to serotonin in small coronary arteries of atherosclerotic monkeys without morphological evidence of disease can be reversed to normal by reducing dietary cholesterol.

15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗