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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Oral hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of type II diabetes.

The cornerstones of therapy for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are patient education, dietary modification with weight loss, and regular exercise. If diet and exercise fail to control hyperglycemia, pharmacologic intervention is warranted. The sulfonylureas are the only hypoglycemic agents approved for use in the United States. Their hypoglycemic effect is achieved through stimulation of insulin secretion and reduction of insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues. Two classes of sulfonylureas are available. First-generation drugs, such as tolbutamide and tolazamide, are less expensive and less powerful than second-generation drugs, such as glipizide and glyburide.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phototoxicity to sulphonamide derived oral antidiabetics and diuretics. Comparative in vitro and in vivo investigations.

The oral antidiabetics chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliquiudone, glymidine, tolazamide and tolbutamide, and the diuretics bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, chlortalidone, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, piretanide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, and xipamide were investigated for potential phototoxicity in vitro using a cell culture model, and in vivo in hairless mice. After exposure to broad band UVA, the majority of the substances tested in vitro yielded a phototoxic action leading to loss of culture forming ability. In vivo, all tested substances induced edema or ulceration, and lead to a significantly increase in skin fold thickness of the mouse skin. In all, a number of substances not described to induce clinical photosensitivity nor phototoxicity in vitro or in vivo were detected in our testing. When determining potential photosensitizers, it seems important to utilize different test methods, as not all substances will exhibit action in a given assay.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of phototoxic properties of oral antidiabetics and diuretics. Photohemolysis model as a screening method for recognizing potential photosensitizing drugs.

The oral hypoglycemic drugs carbutamide, chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glubornuride, gliclazide, glipizide, gliquidone, glisoxepide, glymidine, tolazamide and tolbutamide, and the diuretics acetazolamide, bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, chlorazanile, chlorothiazide, chlortalidone, clopamide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, diazoxide, etozoline, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, mefruside, metolazone, piretanide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, and xipamide were investigated for photohemolytic properties in vitro. Irradiation with a SOL 3 apparatus (solar simulating irradiation) revealed hemolysis in the presence of five oral hypoglycemic agents and in the presence of 19 out of the 25 tested diuretics. Photohemolysis was induced in the presence of three substances, respectively, after exposure to UVA or visible light. UVB alone did not induce phototoxic hemolysis in the presence of the tested drugs. Compared to clinical reports on photosensitivity reactions, the photohemolysis model seems a good predictive model in recognizing potential photosensitizing sulfonamides.

Dermatitis, Phototoxic↗
PubMed1986

Physiologic and cellular insulin action in a glucose-intolerant model of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in rats.

A B-cell-deficient model for Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus has been investigated with regard to insulin action at the cellular level. Two-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (90 mg/kg) or citrate buffer. At 6 weeks streptozotocin-treated animals were hyperglycaemic and exhibited glucose intolerance, e.g. at 45 min post-glucose (1.5 g/kg) the change in serum glucose level from baseline was 6 +/- 7 mg% in control rats vs. 212 +/- 18 mg% for the streptozotocin-treated rats. Basal activity and insulin action in isolated adipocytes, as estimated by 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose metabolism, were not influenced by streptozotocin treatment. For example, uptake of 0.1 mmol/1 2-deoxyglucose at 1000 microU insulin/ml was 58 +/- 8 pmol/10(5) cells min-1 vs 54 +/- 6 pmol for adipocytes isolated from experimental vs. control animals. Although serum insulin levels in streptozotocin-treated rats were significantly decreased (p less than 0.05), there was no difference in insulin receptor number or affinity. Glucose intolerance present in this model is similar to that in Type 2 diabetes. However, concomitant insulin intolerance was not observed. Taken together with our findings of unaltered insulin action at the cellular level, this suggests that the pathogenesis of insulin resistance is not dependent on glucose intolerance. Moreover, this hyperglycaemic model is responsive to oral hypoglycaemic agents and can be used to establish their direct effects on physiologic and cellular insulin action.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Extrapancreatic effects of sulfonylureas. Potentiation of insulin action through post-binding mechanisms.

Pieces of rat epididymal fat tissue were maintained in a biochemically defined medium for 20 to 44 hours in either the absence or presence of a sulfonylurea at levels known to be effective in humans. Prolonged exposure of adipocytes to sulfonylureas did not influence the number of insulin receptors or their affinity to insulin or the ability of insulin to induce receptor loss (down-regulation). Also, the sulfonylureas did not influence the basal uptake of the D-glucose analogs 2-deoxyglucose and 3-O-methylglucose. However, exposure to these drugs resulted in a potentiation of the stimulatory effects of insulin on hexose transport at submaximal and maximally effective concentrations of insulin. The average potentiation was approximately 30%. In addition, sulfonylureas enhanced stimulation of hexose uptake by the insulin mimickers, hydrogen peroxide and vitamin K5. These oxidants are known to manifest insulin-like actions subsequent to insulin binding. Under conditions in which glucose transport was rate limiting, the conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and the total lipids mirrored the findings of hexose uptake. However, at a glucose concentration of 50 mM, at which hexose transport is no longer rate limiting, sulfonylureas did not potentiate metabolism in th absence or presence of insulin. These results may help to explain the hypoglycemic action of the drug in view of the recent finding that a postreceptor deficit is present in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

In vivo cytogenetic activity of sulphonylurea drugs in man.

A cytogenetic investigation of diabetic patients undergoing treatment with sulphonylurea drugs, particularly chlorpropamide, shows that significantly more chromatid aberrations and chromosome exchange aberrations are present in the lymphocytes of these patients compared with controls. This is taken as evidence of possible mutagenic activity by these drugs, although the possibility cannot be ruled out that the diabetic state itself is a contributory factor.

Adult↗