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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Frequency of tooth extraction in orthodontic treatment.

Orthodontic extraction frequency describes the percentage of an orthodontic patient population experiencing extractions of one or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars. It is a useful statistical measure of the many variables associated with the extraction-nonextraction decision. For a study sample of 537 North American white orthodontic patients, the frequency of tooth extraction was determined as 42.1 percent. This is compared with a range of 6.5 percent to 83.5 percent reported in the world dental literature. Factors responsible for the enormous differences in orthodontic extraction frequency are explored. The study of extraction frequency offers a simple, valuable aid for the clinician to understand better the nature of his patient population, his treatment methods, and his rationalizations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Disuse and functional overload induced by tooth extraction alters neuromuscular morphology in C57BL/6J mice.

The effects of functional disuse and overload on the morphology of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) in masseter muscles of 8 month old C57BL/6J mice were studied. In order to stimulate disuse caused by tooth loss, teeth were extracted from one upper quadrant of 10 mice. The side where teeth were removed was functionally disused (D), since occlusion could not be achieved. Similarly, the intact contralateral (CL) side experienced overload. Morphological measurements were taken of zinc iodide osmium (ZIO)-stained NMJs from control animals, and treated animals at 7 days (7D) and 4 months (4M) post-extraction. Data was analyzed with repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Test animals did not lose weight, which indicated that sufficient food was consumed after tooth extraction. Fiber diameters from the 7D group were smaller than the controls, while those from the 4M animals were larger. In both the 7D and 4M animals, the CL fibers were larger than the D fibers. There was a trend towards larger NMJs in the 4M animals than in control animals of the same age. NMJs from the CL side of the 4M animals had 14% larger nerve terminal areas (p<0. 1), while on the 4M D side they were 6% larger (p<0.10). NMJs from the 4M D group had 5% longer nerve terminals (p<0.07), while the 4M CL NMJs were 6% longer (p<0.05). NMJs from the D side of the 7D animals were 5% smaller in area while on the CL side they were 11% smaller (p<0.1). Nerve terminals in 7D animals were 6% longer (p<0.05) than in controls. Changes in NMJ morphology following tooth extraction were probably due to differences in degeneration -regeneration of nerve terminals. Acute disuse and overload probably produced greater nerve terminal retraction, whereas chronic changes consisted of a recovery characterized by NMJ plasticity similar to that observed in exercise, disuse and aging studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effect of tooth extraction on periodontal ligament mechanoreceptors represented in the mesencephalic nucleus of the cat.

When a force is applied to a tooth, mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament are stimulated. When teeth are extracted the remnants of the periodontal ligament break down and disappear, but it is not known what happens to the mechanoreceptor neurones that innervated it. The present study seeks to determine the effect of tooth extraction on the population of periodontal ligament mechanoreceptor neurones represented in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve. The incisor and canine teeth were extracted from adult cats; terminal experiments were performed between 7.5 months and 2 yr later. Recordings were made in the mesencephalic nucleus with microelectrodes, and neurones were identified in the inferior alveolar nerve that previously innervated the periodontal ligament of one of the extracted mandibular teeth. The majority of these neurones responded only to electrical stimuli applied to the edentulous ridge of the mandible in the area where the incisor or canine teeth had previously been. It was not possible to stimulate them mechanically, despite the use of large forces. A small number had reinnervated new soft-tissue sites. They could be mechanically stimulated and were found adjacent to the area in which the mandibular incisor and canine teeth had been. Thus the population of periodontal ligament mechanoreceptor neurones represented in the mesencephalic nucleus do not all degenerate after tooth extraction. As the majority of those still present do not appear to reinnervate new tissues in which they can be mechanically stimulated, it is unlikely that they have any functional role after tooth loss.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dental caries. Principal cause of tooth extraction in a sample of US male adults.

Comprehensive oral examinations carried out over a period of about 10 years on participants in the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study were evaluated to identify teeth extracted during this time and to ascertain the apparent reason for these extractions. The study population included 736 dentulous adult males, 49% of whom experienced 1,142 extractions. Caries was judged to be the primary cause of tooth loss, responsible for 33.3% of the teeth extracted. Extractions in preparation for a prosthesis (31.3%) and periodontal disease (18.7%) were the other major causes of tooth loss. Thus, dental caries was the prime cause of tooth extraction in this sample of US male adults, while a second major cause was preparation for a prosthesis which included the extraction of sound teeth and teeth with carious lesions which could have been restored. Periodontal disease was clearly not the major cause of tooth loss and was responsible for only 18.7% of the extractions in this population. The results of this study demonstrate that dental caries is a major problem in adults, leading to greater tooth loss than periodontal disease. A large percentage of the tooth loss in these individuals was clearly preventable. The same emphasis placed upon caries prevention in children should be applied to the adult population.

Adult↗