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PubMed1998

Sperry's concept of mind as an emergent property of brain function and its implications for the future of humankind.

Sperry's proposal that subjective experience plays a major role in brain function and in the emergence of mind, consciousness and human values represent a challenge to behaviorism as the dominant force in psychology. Mind is viewed as an emergent property of the brain, generated from and dependent upon neural activity, but nonetheless separate from it. Macrodeterministic factors result in the evolution of human values, which represent a critical key to world change. Two major conferences resulted from Sperry's challenge to the scientific community. The Trieste Conference led to a 'Declaration of Human Responsibilities', presently under consideration by the United Nations as a corollary to the 'Declaration of Human Rights'. The Japan Conference inspired work toward a Network University of the Green World, in which computer networking will support international communication in areas of environmental concern.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

The shrinking of human rights: the controversial revision of the Helsinki Declaration.

The right of access to health care for HIV patients in developing countries has been weakened by the 1999 revision of the Helsinki Declaration. There is a dichotomy between discussions of human rights and liberal international public health policy. Utilitarian ethics, devoid of a sound notion of universal justice, encourage discrimination against economically vulnerable patients in developing countries. Greater coherence is needed between ethical principles and practical issues, particularly with regard to scientific research.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed2003

Health for all beyond 2000: the demise of the Alma-Ata Declaration and primary health care in developing countries.

Access to basic health services was affirmed as a fundamental human right in the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978. The model formally adopted for providing healthcare services was "primary health care" (PHC), which involved universal, community-based preventive and curative services, with substantial community involvement. PHC did not achieve its goals for several reasons, including the refusal of experts and politicians in developed countries to accept the principle that communities should plan and implement their own healthcare services. Changes in economic philosophy led to the replacement of PHC by "Health Sector Reform", based on market forces and the economic benefits of better health. It is time to abandon economic ideology and determine the methods that will provide access to basic healthcare services for all people.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1988

Proclamation No. 214, 3 February 1988.

This Proclamation declares the second week of February 1988 and every year thereafter as Respect and Care for Life Week. The text of the Proclamation, including its preamble, is as follows: "Whereas, the UN Declaration on Rights of the Child provides that 'the Child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth'; Whereas, Section 12, Article 2 of the Constitution provides that it is the policy of the State to 'protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception'; Whereas, available statistics detail the frightening losses of innocent human lives by abortion; and Whereas, in pursuance of the above constitutional mandate and in support of the UN universal declaration and in order to instill the same, as well as the value and sacredness of human life, in the minds and hearts of the Filipino people and thereby help reverse the above statistical trend, it becomes imperative to set aside a period of time for them to ponder and focus attention on their moral and constitutional obligations to protect human life or one's inherent right to life; Now, Therefore, I, Corazon C. Aquino, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by law, do hereby declare the second week of February 1988 and every year thereafter as "Respect and Care for Life Week" under the auspices of the Department of Social Welfare and Development and Pro-Life Philippines, and other involved entities or organization[s]."

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

UN conference reaffirms reproductive rights.

The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, also known as the Habitat II conference, met in Istanbul from June 3 to 14. It was the last major UN gathering of this millennium and the first major UN meeting since 1995's Fourth World Conference on Women (the "Beijing Conference")--and thus an important opportunity for a wider international community to weigh in on agreements reached in Beijing and at the International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in 1994. The final document that emerged from Habitat II, the "Global Plan of Action," affirmed crucial elements of those earlier accords. The Habitat documents calls for action to "[d]evelop and implement programmes to ensure universal access for women throughout their life-span to a full range of affordable health care services, including those related to reproductive health care, which includes family planning and sexual health, consistent with the Report of the International Conference on Population and Development." Language adopted at the Cairo meeting is also affirmed in Habitat's call for "universal access to the widest range of primary health care services." Perhaps most significantly, the Istanbul document reiterated an important declaration from the Beijing conference: "While the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural, and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind, it is the duty of all States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms." Most of the 189 UN members and observer states that attended the conference upheld all three of these provisions. Only a small group of states--Argentina, Guatemala, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and the Holy See--filed reservations on the health care sections.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1998

A map to a new treasure island: the human genome and the concept of common heritage.

While the 1970's have been called the environmental years, the 1990's could be seen as the genome years. As the challenge to map and to sequence the human genome mobilized the scientific community, risks and benefits of information and uses that would derive from this project have also raised ethical issues at the international level. The particular interest of the 1997 UNESCO Declaration relies on the fact that it emphasizes both the scientific importance of genetics and the appropriate reinforcement of human rights in this area. It considers the human genome, at least symbolically, as the common heritage of humanity.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2006

Sixth Africa Malaria Day in 2006: how far have we come after the Abuja Declaration?

Each year on the 25th April Africa and the rest of the world commemorate Africa Malaria Day as was agreed upon at the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria held in Abuja, Nigeria on 25th April 2000. The summit also called upon the United Nations to declare the period 2001-2010 a decade for malaria. The 1st Africa Malaria Day was commemorated with the theme "Communities Play a Central Role in Tackling Malaria". The 6th Africa Malaria Day was observed in 2006 with the theme "Get Your ACT Together" and the slogan "Universal Access to Effective Malaria Treatment is a Human Right". This article by the Secretariat of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) was also part of the commemorations for the day. MIM was founded in 1997 as an alliance of institutions and individuals concerned with the malaria problem, and aiming at maximizing the impact of scientific research on malaria through strengthening African research capacity and coordinated global collaboration. The MIM Secretariat has been hosted in rotation by the founding institutions, and is being hosted for the first time in Africa by the African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This article reviews the malaria situation in Africa six years after the Abuja Declaration, highlighting the disease burden trends, failures, achievements, challenges, and the way forward.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Nazis, guide of the International Conference of Harmonization and ethics committees].

This article begins with the basic ethical principles in clinical research. The four moral principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice are reviewed. Likewise, a historical review of the participation of German physicians and the medical establishment that carried out the policies of the Third Reich is examined, and delineates several moral failures attributable to these physicians during the dark period of history known as the Holocaust. Medical ethics were completely ignored during that period, and thus, the Nuremberg Code was enacted for regulating human research by means of informed consent. A historical vision of the universal documents for ethics in clinical research has been reviewed from the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 to the ICH Guideline (International Conference of Harmonisation) for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) in 1996. The ICH Guideline is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials that involve participation of human subjects. The guide was developed with consideration of the current GCP of the European Union, Japan, and the U.S. Finally, we establish the composition, functions, and operations of the Ethic Committees that ensure the rights, safety, well-being, and confidentiality statement of subjects who participate in clinical research studies and document that protection by reviewing and approving/rejecting a study protocol, and evaluate research personnel, the research site, and materials and methods used for obtaining and recording informed consent protocol from subjects participating in the study.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1978

The economic and political determinants of human (including health) rights.

This paper presents an analysis and critique of the U.S. government's current emphasis on human rights; and (a) its limited focus on only some civil and political components of the original U.N. Declaration of Human Rights, and (b) its disregard for economic and social rights such as the rights to work, fair wages, health, education, and social security. The paper discusses the reasons for that limited focus and argues that, contrary to what is widely presented in the media and academe: (1) civil and political rights are highly restricted in the U.S.; (2) those rights are further restricted in the U.S. when analyzed in their social and economic dimensions; (3) civil and political rights are not independent of but rather intrinsically related to and dependent on the existence of socioeconomic rights; (4) the definition of the nature and extension of human rights in their civil, political, social, and economic dimensions is not universal, but rather depends on the pattern of economic and political power relations particular to each society; and (5) the pattern of power relations in the U.S. society and the western system of power, based on the right to individual property and its concomitant class structure and relations, is incompatible with the full realization of human rights in their economic, social, political, and civil dimensions. This paper further indicates that U.S. financial and corporate capital, through its overwhelming influence over the organs of political power in the U.S. and over international bodies and agencies, is primarily responsible for the denial of the human rights of the U.S. population and many populations throughout the world as well.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed2003

Another health care system is possible.

A statement prepared by groups at the European Social Forum held in Florence in 2002 declares health to be a fundamental and universal right, a right that is being denied by current neoliberal policies. The statement presents some essential principles for maintaining or restoring this right through a European network.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Ambivalent helpers and unhealthy choices: public health practitioners' narratives of Indigenous ill-health.

Public health practitioners in Australian indigenous health work in a complex political environment. Public health training is limited in providing them with conceptual tools needed to unpack the postcolonial nexus of 'fourth-world' health. A workshop was designed by the authors to facilitate critical reflection on how the concepts of race and culture are used in constructions of indigenous ill-health. It was attended by researchers, students, clinicians and bureaucrats working in public health in northern Australia. A thematic analysis of the workshop minutes provided insight into public health practitioners' narratives of Indigenous ill-health. The major themes that emerged included tension between structure and agency and between sameness and difference, and ambivalence surrounding the 'helper' identity of public health practitioners. We suggest that these narratives can be understood as attempts to maintain the moral integrity of both Indigenous people and practitioners. This task is necessitated by the specter of cultural relativism intrinsic to contemporary liberal discourses of multiculturalism that attempt to reconcile the universal rights of the citizen with the special rights of minority groups. We argue that the concepts of self-determination and neocolonialism mark the spaces where universal and particular discourses overlap and clash. Practitioners who seek to escape neocolonialism must inhabit only the discursive space of public health congruent with self-determination, leaving them in a bind common to many postcolonial situations. They must relieve the ill-health of indigenous people without acting upon them; change them without declaring that change is required.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗