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PubMed2000

[Maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Relation to prepregnancy weight].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the weight gain during normal pregnancy and to evaluate the relationship between maternal pregravid weight and gestational weight change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 1443 healthy women who delivered of singleton, live infants. Pregravid weight was determined on the basis of maternal reporting and categorized into four categories using the following BMI cut points (kg m-2): underweight (< 19.8), normal weight (19.8-26.0), overweight (26.1-29.0), obesity (> 29.0). Length of gestation was first determined from the onset of the last menstrual period. Weight gain by gestational age: the woman's pregravid weight was subtracted from the weight measured at each visit. Total weight gain was calculated from the last weight measured. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) total amounts of weight gained by gestational week were 0.9 +/- 0.7 kg by 12 weeks, 7.5 +/- 2.7 kg by 28 weeks, and 12.9 +/- 3.8 kg by 40 weeks. Weight gain curve for this sample of women was linear. Weight curves in groups of women who differed in prepregnancy weight status showed similar linear trends. Compared with normal-weight women, obese and overweight women gained less during pregnancy (13.3 kg vs 11.8 kg, 12.2 kg, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Total weight gain in study population was similar to weight gain in other populations reported in publications. There was a tendency for overweight and obese women to gain weight at a lower rate, thus result in a overall lower total weight gain.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Variance components for live weight, body measurements and reproductive traits of pair-mated ostrich females.

Estimates of genetic parameters for reproductive traits, live weight and body measurements were obtained using data from a pair-mated ostrich flock at Oudtshoorn in South Africa. Reproductive traits included total egg and chick production, along with hatchability percentage. Live weight, chest circumference and tail circumferences were recorded at the commencement and cessation of breeding. Heritability estimates (h(2)) were 0.23 for egg production, 0.20 for chick production, 0.10 for hatchability, 0.20 to 0.34 for live weight, 0.12 for chest circumference and 0.30 to 0.38 for tail circumference. Female permanent environmental effects (c(2)) amounted to 0.18 for egg production, 0.18 for chick production, 0.21 for hatchability, 0.32 to 0.36 for live weight and 0.23 to 0.32 for chest circumference. Service sire exerted significant effects only on hatchability (0.22) and subsequently chick production (0.09). Genetic correlations of reproductive traits with live weight were low to moderate, variable in sign, and did not differ significantly from zero. Correlations between live weight recorded at the beginning and end of the breeding season were unity for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Egg and chick production were highly correlated genetically and phenotypically, with the genetic correlation exceeding the theoretical limit. In unconstrained analyses, hatchability was positively related to chick production, including at the service sire level. Selection gains in the current flock and future generations are likely. No significant adverse relationships were found between live weight, body measurements and reproductive traits.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A gravimetric technique for evaluating flow continuity from two infusion devices.

A computerized gravimetric technique for examining the flow continuity from infusion devices was developed, and two infusion devices with different mechanisms of pump operation were evaluated to illustrate this technique. A BASIC program that records serial weight measurements and calculates weight change from previous determinations was written for and interfaced with a gravimetric balance and IBM PC. A plot of effused weight (normalized weight change that reflects the difference between desired timed-sample interval and actual time) versus time (desired timed-sample interval) was constructed. The gravimetric technique was evaluated using both a peristaltic-type and a piston-type infusion pump. Intravenous solution (5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride) was effused at 10 mL/hr and collected in a beaker. Weights were measured at 10-second intervals over a two-hour infusion period, and the weights of the effused solution were plotted versus time. Flow continuity differed between the two infusion devices. Actual effused weight decreased to 0.007 g/10 sec during the refill cycle of the piston-type pump; the mean (+/- S.D.) effused weight was 0.029 +/- 0.002 g/10 sec. The desired effusion rate was 0.028 g/10 sec. The peristaltic pump had greater flow continuity, with a mean effusion weight of 0.028 +/- 0.003 g/10 sec. The gravimetric technique described in this report can be used to quantitatively depict the effusion profiles of infusion devices. Further studies are needed to identify the degree of flow continuity that is clinically acceptable for infusion devices.

Infusion Pumps↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of parental estimates of children's weights in the ED.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of parents to estimate their children's weight. METHODS: We assembled a convenience sample of children, newborn to 5 years, who presented to the ED of a tertiary care hospital. Each child's mother or father was asked to estimate the child's weight as accurately as possible. The triage nurse then weighed the child on an electronic scale. An age-based formula was also used to estimate the child's weight. The parental estimate and the formula-based weight were compared with the weight indicated on the scale. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen children were enrolled. The mean age was 26.7 months (range, newborn to 60 months). We analyzed agreement by plotting the percent difference between the weight estimates against the actual weights. The mean +/- SD difference between the parental estimate and the actual weight was 6.8% +/- 9.8%. Parental estimates were accurate to within 10% of the measured weight in 80% of the cases (94 of 117). The mean +/-SD difference between the formula-derived weight and the actual weight was 13.6% +/- 17.5%. The formula was accurate to within 10% of the measured weight in 46% of cases (54 of 117). CONCLUSION: In 80% of cases, the parental estimate of the child's weight was within 10% of the measured weight. The parental estimate was more accurate than the formula-derived weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Agreement between survey and interview measures of weight control practices in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined agreement between survey and interview measures of weight control practices in a nonclinical sample of adolescents. METHOD: Surveys were administered in three school health classes. Clinical interviews were conducted in a student subsample (N = 43). RESULTS: Survey-based prevalences for eating behaviors in the past month were: trying to lose weight, 44%; binge eating, 41%; vomiting, 4.7%; laxative use, 0%; and fasting, 14%. Interview-based prevalences were 30%, 11.6%, 0%, 0% and 0%, respectively. Sensitivity was high for all behaviors assessed. However, positive predictive values were low. DISCUSSION: Surveys may be useful as preliminary screening tools for prevention programs, but may yield inflated estimates of unhealthy weight control practices in nonclinical adolescent populations. Research is needed to examine whether adolescents overreport weight control practices on surveys or whether they are less willing to disclose such practices in a private interview.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Growth characteristics of children with ectodermal dysplasia syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical observations suggested that growth abnormalities may be present in children with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) syndromes. This study characterizes the longitudinal pattern of growth in a cohort of children with the ED syndromes. We hypothesized that (1) linear and ponderal growth abnormalities are present in children with ED from infancy through adolescence, and (2) linear and ponderal growth abnormalities differ among the clinical variants of these disorders. METHODS: We studied 138 children who had ED and were registered with the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, 74% of whom had clinical features consistent with the hypohidrotic EDs (HEDs). Height (or length) and weight measurements were obtained by standardized techniques and from review of available medical records. We converted these measurements to weight-for-height (children younger than 5 years and <103 cm in length) or BMI (children > or =2 years old). Height, weight, weight-for-height, and BMI were converted to age- and gender-specific z scores. We applied linear regression, 1-sample t tests, and analysis of variance to detect linear and ponderal growth abnormalities in children with ED compared with a reference population. RESULTS: Mean weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and BMI-for-age z scores but not height-for-age z score, were significantly lower in children with the ED syndromes than in the reference population. Mean weight-for-age and weight-for-height z scores but not BMI-for-age or height-for-age z scores increased significantly with increasing age. The mean height-for-age z score of children with the ED syndromes other than the HEDs was significantly lower than that of children with the HEDs. CONCLUSIONS: Growth abnormalities, measured as weight deficits, were present at an early age in children with the ED syndromes and persisted through adolescence. Height deficits were seen only in children with ED syndromes other than HEDs. Clinicians should evaluate carefully children with ED syndromes for growth abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Developmental toxicity study of inhaled acrylic acid in New Zealand White rabbits.

In range-finding and definitive developmental toxicity studies, timed pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to acrylic acid (CAS No. 79-10-7) vapour for 13 consecutive days during pregnancy. In the range-finding study, eight pregnant does/group were exposed to 30, 60, 125 or 250 ppm acrylic acid vapour on gestation days (gd) 10-22 of pregnancy. Monitors of toxicity included body weight measurements, daily food consumption measurements and clinical observations. Three of the eight does/group were killed on the day following the last exposure (gd 23), and the remaining does were killed and autopsied on gd 29. At autopsy, special attention was given to gross observation of maternal nasal turbinates, and nasal turbinates from all does were evaluated histologically. No evaluation of foetuses was performed in the range-finding study. In the definitive study, 16 does/group were exposed to concentrations of 25, 75 or 225 ppm acrylic acid vapour from gd 6 to 18, the major period of organogenesis. Monitors of maternal toxicity included clinical observations and measurements of body weight and daily food consumption measurements. Does were killed and autopsied on gd 29. Maternal liver and kidney weights were measured and external, visceral and skeletal evaluations of foetuses were conducted. Maternal nasal turbinates were not evaluated histologically in the definitive study. Effects in does from both studies included consistent concentration-related reductions in food consumption and body weight gains throughout the exposure period at concentrations of acrylic acid vapour above 60 ppm. Characteristic clinical signs of sensory irritation, including perinasal and perioral wetness and severe nasal congestion, were noted in does from both studies at or above vapour concentrations of 75 ppm. Gross observation of nasal turbinates immediately following exposures in the range-finding study indicated colour changes in the nasal turbinates of does in the 60 and 250 ppm groups. Colour changes in the nasal turbinates were noted in one doe from the 250 ppm exposure group killed on gd 29. Pertinent autopsy findings in the does from the definitive study included ulceration of the nasal turbinates of a single doe in the 225 ppm group. Histological evaluation of turbinates from does killed the day following exposures in the range-finding study revealed lesions in the nasal epithelium in all acrylic acid-exposed groups. The severity of the lesions was concentration related. Microscopic evaluation of turbinates from does killed on gd 29 showed the presence of nasal lesions in the 60, 125 and 250 ppm groups. However, the nasal tissues had recovered considerably during the post-exposure interval. Despite the severe effects on the nasal mucosa of does in both studies, there was no evidence of developmental toxicity including teratogenicity at any exposure concentration used in the definitive study.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1987

Estimation of minimal wrestling weight using measures of body build and body composition.

This study evaluated field methods for establishing minimal body weight in wrestlers based upon estimates of fat-free body weight (FFB): 239 high school wrestlers were measured for height, weight, 13 diameters, 24 circumferences, and 7 skinfolds, as well as for underwater weight to determine body density and resultant FFB. To estimate FFB, anthropometric models were used which were based upon diameters, circumferences, and/or skinfolds. Correlations between actual and predicted FFB were high, ranging from r = 0.89 to 0.92 for the models employing diameters and r = 0.96 for those employing circumferences, which respectively increased to r = 0.96 and r = 0.97 when body weight was included in theses models. The skinfold-based and mixed model estimates of FFB were r = 0.97 and r = 0.91 to 0.97, respectively. The corresponding total error (TE) in these estimates for the diameter-based models ranged from 6.54 to 3.80 kg (inclusion of body weight further reduced TE to 2.77 kg). Among the circumference models, TE ranged from 2.50 to 2.33 kg, with inclusion of body weight accounting for the lower value. Skinfold-based estimates of FFB demonstrated a TE level ranging from 2.48 to 2.33 kg. The lowest TE (2.32 kg) was demonstrated by a mixed model which included skinfolds, diameter, height, and body weight. Cross-validation of these new equations revealed the lowest TE values (less than 2.2 kg) for the skinfold and the mixed model equations, thereby identifying highly valid field techniques for determining the present level of FFB, which can serve as the basis upon which minimal body weight estimates can be made.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of self-reported and measured height, weight and BMI in Australian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between self-reported weight and height to actual weight and height in older Australian adolescents. METHOD: Weights and heights of 572 adolescents aged 15-19 years who participated in the 1995 Australian National Health Survey (NHS) and National Nutrition Survey (NNS) were examined. RESULTS: Self-reported heights were significantly higher than measured heights in participants. There were no differences in the accuracy of self-reported heights among the adolescents by gender. Self-reported weights were significantly lower than measured weights among both boys and girls (p < 0.01). There were no differences in the accuracy of self-reported weights among the boys and girls. Differences between actual weight and self-reported weight were significantly greater for overweight or obese adolescents compared with normal/underweight adolescents (p < 0.01). The use of self-reported weight and height resulted in the correct classification of overweight or obesity in 69% boys and 70% of girls. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant gender difference in reporting weight and height in older adolescents. Bias in reporting weight and height was much higher in overweight or obese adolescents than normal/underweight adolescents. IMPLICATIONS: The percentage of misclassification of overweight or obesity from self-reported data in this study was 31% for boys and 30% for girls, respectively. Therefore, the self-reported weight and height of older adolescents needs to be more cautiously utilised. Efforts to improve the accuracy of self-reporting in older adolescents are needed if this measure is to be reliable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

No deterioration of glucose tolerance in weight cycling obese.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether weight cycling is detrimental to the changes in glucose tolerance in obese individuals without overt NIDDM and related to the amplitude of weight cycling. DESIGN: Historical prospective observational study of a hospital-based cohort. SUBJECTS: One hundred twenty-five obese individuals drawn from the medical records of the Hospital of Endocrinology, University of Tartu, in whom at least one weight cycle was detected. Selected cutoff value for weight cycling set to 3, 6, 9 and 12 kg of weight loss and subsequent regain. MEASUREMENTS: Weight measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests. The latest oral glucose tolerance test and the one during the first visit compared by the 2 h blood glucose values and areas under the blood glucose curve. RESULTS: No deterioration of glucose tolerance recorded in any of the groups with different cutoff values for weight cycling. No trend towards the deterioration of glucose tolerance with increasing amplitude of weight cycles. CONCLUSION: We cannot claim that weight cycling is detrimental to glucose tolerance in non-diabetic obese individuals. This effect is independent of the amplitude of weight cycling. Weight reduction may be recommended to obese individuals for the prevention of NIDDM even if it is unsuccessful and the phenomenon of weight cycling results.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

First international comparison of femtosecond laser combs at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.

The first international comparison of femtosecond laser combs has been carried out at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Three comb systems were involved: BIPM-C1 and BIPM-C2 from the BIPM and ECNU-C1 from the East China Normal University (ECNU). The agreement among the three combs was found to be on the subhertz level in the vicinity of 563 THz. A frequency difference measurement scheme was demonstrated that is suitable for general comb comparisons.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Maternal perceptions of weight status of children.

OBJECTIVE: We quantified maternal misclassification of child weight status and examined determinants associated with maternal perceptions of child weight status. METHODS: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) were used. The sample included 5500 children (aged 2-11 years) with maternal interview data. Maternal perceptions of children's weight status were compared with measured weights and statures from which body mass index (BMI; weight/stature2; kg/m2) percentiles and z scores were determined. Frequency analyses determined the percentages of mothers considering their child to be "overweight," "underweight," or "about the right weight." Multivariable logistic regression analyses determined predictors of maternal misclassification of overweight children (> or =95th BMI-for-age percentile) and those at risk for overweight (> or =85th to <95th BMI-for-age percentile). RESULTS: Nearly one third (32.1%) of mothers reported their overweight child as "about the right weight." Younger children and those with lower BMI-for-age z scores had significantly greater odds of maternal underclassification of child overweight status. For children at risk for overweight, 14.0% of mothers reported sons to be "overweight," whereas 29.0% considered daughters to be "overweight." Odds of maternal misclassification of at-risk children as "overweight" were significantly greater for daughters, older children, children with higher BMI-for-age z scores, and children whose mothers had a lower BMI. Race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor in either model. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one third of mothers misclassify overweight children as being lower than their measured weight status. Mothers are more likely to identify daughters who are at risk of overweight as being "overweight" than they are sons.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2002

The tortuous road to the adoption of katal for the expression of catalytic activity by the General Conference on Weights and Measures.

BACKGROUND: The "unit" for "enzymic activity" (U = 1 micromol/min) was recommended by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUB) in 1961 and is widely used in medical laboratory reports. The general trend in metrology, however, is toward global standardization through defining units coherent with the International System of Units (SI). APPROACH: Several proposals were advanced from the IFCC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and IUB regarding the definition for enzymic activity as well as the terms for kind-of-quantity, units, symbol, and dimension. In 1977, international agreement was reached between these bodies and WHO that "catalytic activity" (z), of a catalyst in a given system is defined by the rate of conversion in a measuring system (in mol/s) and expressed in "katal" (symbol, kat; equal to 1 mol/s). The katal is invariant of the measurement procedure, but the numerical quantity value is not. Gaining support for the katal from the final arbiter, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, was slow, but Resolution 12 of 1999 adopted the katal (symbol, kat) as a special name and symbol for the SI-derived unit, mol/s, used in measuring catalytic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory results for amounts of catalysts, including enzymes, measured by their catalytic activity can now officially be expressed in katals and are traceable to the SI provided that the specified indicator reaction reflects first-order kinetics. The conversion from "unit" is: 1 U = 16.667 x 10(-9) kat. Further derived quantities have coherent units such as kat/L, kat/kg, and kat/kat = 1.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1998

Renal blood flow velocity in preterm and term neonates during the fourth day of life: changes in relation to gestational age and birth weight.

Measurements of renal artery blood flow velocity have been previously reported during prenatal life and during the first month of life in neonates. Since renal flow velocity increases during the first 3 days of postnatal age we determined, during the fourth day of life, the changes of renal blood flow velocity in relation to gestational age and birth weight in 109 healthy preterm and term infants with gestational age between 26 and 42 weeks and birth weight between 750 and 3,730 g. Renal arteries were insonated about 3 mm from the abdominal aorta, by placement of a microconvex 7-MHz transducer below the costal margin in the dorsolateral area of the right or left flank. Mean flow velocity significantly increased with advancing of gestational age and birth weight. This study provides normative data for renal artery blood flow velocity in healthy preterm and term infants during the fourth day of life.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2006

Reported versus measured body weight and height of 4-year-old children and the prevalence of overweight.

BACKGROUND: In adults, body weight tends to be underestimated when based on self-reported data. Whether this discrepancy between measured and reported data exists in healthy young children is unclear. We studied whether parental reported body weight and height of 4-year-old children corresponded with measured body weight and height. In addition, we studied the determinants and the consequences of differences between reported and measured data. METHODS: Data on body weight and height of 864 4-year-old Dutch children born in 1996/1997 enrolled in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study were collected via a questionnaire and a medical examination. Overweight was defined according to standard international age and gender specific definitions. RESULTS: Mean differences between measured and reported body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were small. Parents of children with a low BMI tended to over report body weight while parents of children with a high BMI tended to underreport body weight. Whereas 9.5% of the children were overweight according to reported BMI, the prevalence of overweight was 13.4% based on measured BMI. Over 45% of the overweight children according to measured BMI were missed when reported BMI was used. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that overweight prevalence rates in children are underestimated when based on reported weight and height.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

Optimised diffusion-weighting for measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in human brain.

This work studies the effect of diffusion-weighting on the precision of measurements of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC, or D) by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The precision in the value of the ADC was described in terms of a diffusion-to-noise ratio (DNR) which was calculated as the signal-to-noise ratio in the resultant ADC. A theoretical analysis decomposed the DNR into the signal-to-noise ratio in the diffusion-weighted image and the sensitivity of diffusion-weighting, "KD". The latter reflects the effect of the sampling strategy in the diffusion-weighting domain on the DNR. The theoretical analysis demonstrated that optimal two-point diffusion-weighting could be achieved in the vicinity of zeta = D(b2-b1) = 1.1, where zeta is a non-dimensional parameter of diffusion-weighting, and b1 and b2 are the diffusion-weighting factors for the two-point diffusion-weighting. This approach also derived an optimised signal averaging scheme. The limitations and restrictions of the two-point scheme for in vivo ADC measurement were also considered; these included a detailed discussion on partial volume effects. The theory was verified by experiments on phantoms and on the brain of a healthy volunteer using a diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging protocol. This led to an optimal two-point diffusion-weighting for ADC measurement in human brain using b1 = 300, and b2 = 1550 +/- 100 s/mm2. Such a two-point scheme successfully measured values of the ADC in gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid in human brain. It thus offers an alternative to the commonly used multiple-point schemes and has the advantage of requiring significantly shorter imaging times.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Volume of distribution and fractional clearance of urea in amputees on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the effects of amputation on the estimates of urea volume of distribution (V) and KT/V urea in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and to present a method for correcting the errors created by the uncorrected anthropometric formulas estimating V. DESIGN: (1) A mathematical analysis of the error and the correction proposed was performed. (2) Urea kinetic modeling with uncorrected and corrected estimates utilizing both the Watson and the Hume anthropometric formulas was performed in amputees on CAPD. SETTING: Subjects were recruited from four dialysis units in one city: one Veterans Affairs unit, one university-affiliated unit, and two community units. PATIENTS: Fourteen amputees on CAPD:12 with unilateral leg amputation and 2 with bilateral leg amputation, at the same length of the leg, were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Urea kinetic studies were performed in 24-hour drained dialysate and urine specimens. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uncorrected and corrected estimates of V and KT/V urea were compared to each other and to the predictions of the mathematical model. Body weights corresponding to uncorrected and corrected V estimates were compared to the actual body weights. RESULTS: (1) The mathematical model predicts that uncorrected estimates by the anthropometric formulas will falsely characterize unilateral amputees as leaner than they are and bilateral amputees as more obese than they are. (2) In unilateral amputees studied with the Watson formulas, uncorrected V was 0.546 +/- 0.023 L/kg and corrected V was 0.520 +/- 0.023 L/kg (p < 0.001). Corresponding weekly KT/V urea values were 1.97 +/- 0.14 and 2.07 +/- 0.14, respectively (p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained with the Hume formulas. In bilateral leg amputees studied with the Watson formulas, uncorrected V was 0.479 +/- 0.022 L/kg and corrected V was 0.514 +/- 0.023 L/kg. Corresponding KT/V estimates were 2.11 +/- 0.45 and 1.96 +/- 0.14, respectively. The differences were even greater with the Hume formulas. Estimates of body weight calculated from corrected V values were equal to actual weight measurements, whereas those calculated from uncorrected V values were lower than actual body weight measurements in unilateral amputees, and much higher than actual body weight measurements in bilateral amputees. CONCLUSION: Uncorrected anthropometric estimates falsely characterize unilateral amputees as leaner than they actually are and bilateral amputees, amputated at the same leg length, as more obese than they actually are. Uncorrected KT/V estimates are, therefore, falsely low in unilateral amputees, and falsely high in bilateral amputees. The proposed correction of the anthropometric formulas provides estimates agreeing closely with dietary estimates of body composition. Further studies are needed to define the accuracy of the corrected formulas.

Aged↗