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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Performance of a canine weight-loss program in clinical practice.

Two canine studies evaluating the effectiveness of a specific computerized weight reduction program in two different clinical settings are summarized to give an overall assessment of an obesity management software program. The weight loss program utilizes a low calorie food formulation (dry, canned and treat) and software to suggest daily calorie intake for weight loss. The software utilizes current body weight and a desired weekly rate of weight loss to predict the dog's body weight in 30 days. The dietary product and software were used in a 3- and 6-month weight loss regime for 60 overweight adult dogs in two different clinical settings. On average, the dogs in this summary lost 0.75% per week regardless of more aggressive rates set by the nutritionist. Accuracy in predicting future weights by the software was dependent upon the desired rate of weight loss selected, the equation used to estimate maintenance energy requirement, and owner compliance. Over time, accuracy in predicting future canine weights improved. All healthy, overweight or obese dogs summarized in these two studies did lose weight and reached an optimal or at least lower body condition score with the aid of this software program and diet.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Weight reduction by sibutramine in obese subjects in primary care medicine: the SAT Study.

BACKGROUND: Sibutramine is a selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is known to reduce body weight. The efficacy of this drug in primary care medicine is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE: To study, in a primary healthcare setting, the effect of a standardized non-pharmacological treatment program and 15 mg sibutramine or placebo on long-term weight reduction in obese subjects with a body mass index >or= 30 and < 40 kg/m(2). DESIGN: A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel group comparison over 54 weeks of continuous therapy. SETTING: 33 general practitioners in Germany. SUBJECTS: 389 obese patients were recruited of whom 362 were randomized. MEASUREMENTS: Primary measure was weight reduction at week 54; others included reduction in BMI, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, blood pressure and blood lipids. RESULTS: 348 obese subjects were analyzed using an intention-to-treat analysis. Mean weight loss in the sibutramine (S) group was 8.1 +/- 8.2 kg vs. 5.1 +/- 6.5 kg in the placebo (P) group (p < 0.001; Intent-to-treat analysis). More subjects lost more than 5 % and 10 % of initial weight with sibutramine than with placebo (5 %, S: 62.6 %, P: 41.4 %, p < 0.001; 10 %, S: 40.8, P: 19.0 %, p < 0.001). Weight loss was accompanied by an improvement in the lipid profile, in particular, an increase in HDL-cholesterol and a decrease in fasting triglycerides. In both groups, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased in those with moderate hypertension and remained unchanged in those with normal blood pressure at baseline. There was a modest increase in heart rate in S (1.9 beats/min) vs. P (- 0.9 beats/min) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Under primary care conditions, sibutramine 15 mg daily proved to be a safe and effective drug for additional weight loss in obese subjects undergoing a comprehensive weight reduction program.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Binge eating disorder, retention, and dropout in an adult obesity program.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with dropout in a weight reduction program among obese, nonpurging binge and nonbinge eaters. METHOD: We categorized 156 obese, nonpurging women previously randomized to a behavior modification-based (BM) or a food addiction theory-based (FD) weight reduction intervention by binge status using the DSM-IV criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). Subjects were monitored prospectively for dropout during the 6-month intervention period. RESULTS: Results of a Cox proportional hazards survival analysis indicated binge status had a statistically significant (p = .04) protective effect against dropout. Binge eaters were half as likely to dropout versus nonbinge eaters. DISCUSSION: We conclude that (1) the DSM-IV criteria for BED is a useful method of classifying obese individuals in weight loss interventions and (2) the identification of subgroups among obese subjects is an important step in understanding retention in weight loss programs. Future research can confirm this finding.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effectiveness of weight loss in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

We compared cardiovascular risk factors in younger and older patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and higher than normal body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat (% BF) after a 1-yr weight-reduction program in order to clarify the benefits of weight loss in the overweight elderly. Groups of 52 younger and 50 older patients consumed low-calorie diets and participated in a simple moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program for 1 yr. At three times during the program (start, 6 months, 12 months), 10 measures were taken for each participant: BMI, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), % BF, waist circumference (WC), fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobulin A1c (HbA1c), leptin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and adiponectin levels. While changes in BMI, TC and TG were evidently the same in both age groups (p-value: 0.11, 0.33, 0.70, respectively), raw figures for change in % BF, WC, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, leptin, hs-CRP, and adiponectin values were significantly greater in the older group (p-value: 0.02, 0.01, 0.03, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.03 respectively). However, after adjusting for % BF and WC, these changes were no longer significant (p-values: 0.08, 0.07, 0.08, 0.06, 0.10, respectively), indicating that weight loss is equally beneficial for overweight patients with Type 2 diabetes in both age groups. Benefits were gained mainly through reduced body fat. Simple life-style modification of adding 20-min daily aerobic exercise and an adequate but restricted calorie diet is more effective in elderly diabetic patients.

Adiponectin↗

PubMed1998

Laparoscopic anterior gastroplasty. A preliminary report of a new technique.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of the morbidly obese patient is difficult because compliance with dietary regimens is poor. As a result, most weight reduction programs fail very quickly. Surgical treatment, on the other hand, provides a reliable method for sustained weight reduction. The most frequently performed procedure has been the vertical banded gastroplasty. Adaptation of the standard open procedure to laparoscopic techniques has been technically difficult and imprecise. We have developed, in the laboratory, an anterior wall banded gastroplasty that can be performed precisely and reproducibly using laparoscopic techniques. METHODS: Five Yorkshire pigs were used in attempt to laparoscopically perform the standard vertical banded gastroplasty. The procedure was difficult and was associated with a risk of staple line leak and with bleeding along the lesser curvature of the stomach. Furthermore, a reproducible pouch of proper dimension could not be created reliably. Fifteen animals were then used to develop a new technique using a small gastric pouch based on the anterior gastric wall. RESULTS: A reproducible pouch, 4 cm in length, was created over an 18-Fr nasogastric tube. A standard polyproylene band of 5.2 cm in length was utilized at the gastric pouch outlet. CONCLUSIONS: This operation can be reproduced accurately and has not demonstrated any leaks on postmortem examination.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1981

The treatment of adult obesity through direct manipulation of specific eating behaviors.

The present study investigated the effects of three different conditions on weight loss in adult obese subjects. The three conditions were: (1) Monitoring-Contract (MC) in which subjects were reinforced by the return of a valued possession for changes in eating habits; (2) Monitoring (M); and Attention-Placebo (AP). Subjects in the MC group lost significantly more absolute weight and a significantly greater percentage of weight at the end of treatment than did the subjects in the M and AP groups. These changes were still manifested at a 2 month and a 6 month follow-up. The long-term advantages of a weight reduction program which focuses on a gradual and systematic weight loss through changes in eating habits are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Correlates of weight loss in treatment and at follow-up.

Results showed that a Navy-sponsored weight-reduction program was relatively successful in helping participants lose weight during treatment and throughout a one-year follow-up. Of the 531 women and 155 men who reported a mean weight loss of 22 lb and 28 lb, respectively, 32 per cent of the women and 29 per cent of the men responded that no weight had been gained during treatment and follow-up. Regression analyses identified predictors of weight loss to be a self-reported improvement in health status, a history of few dieting attempts, and adult onset of obesity. Correlates of weight-loss maintenance included a change in eating behavior, a self-reported improvement in health status and feelings toward dieting, adult onset of obesity, and physical exercise participation. Such results pointed up the importance of developing an intervention program that incorporates an exercise regimen and the adoption of a long-term nutritionally-sound eating program.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1998

Foods and techniques for managing obesity in companion animals.

Management of obesity should initially involve assessment of the pet to rule out other possible medical problems and provide an accurate dietary history. It is essential to obtain a good estimate of the existing caloric intake, including calories from table scraps, pet treats, or other sources. Assessing the owner's willingness to make a commitment to a major lifestyle change for their pet is also an important part of any successful weight-reduction program. In some instances, this motivation can be linked to a recent, expensive bill for orthopedic or other procedures performed on their pet. Once a candidate has entered a program, calculated restriction of energy while maintaining protein, vitamin, and mineral intake should be recommended. It may be surprising to find out that the calculated amounts of food may be more than the amount a pet is currently being fed. In these animals, it is imperative to use a high-protein, obesity-management diet and not a low-protein, "light," or senior type of diet containing high fiber. If possible, treats should be restricted altogether and begging actively discouraged. Any snacks should be placed in the pet's feeding bowl so that an association between eating and the bowel become established. Of equal importance is use of a realistic exercise program that owners will encourage their pet to follow. Various products for weight reduction are available. Use of these specially formulated products to restrict caloric intake, while maintaining essential nutrient intake and increasing energy expenditure by playing and other activities, are the hallmarks of successful weight loss programs.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1981

Weight reduction in young obese children. I. Effects on adipose tissue cellularity and metabolism.

A 10-year longitudinal study was conducted on 16 prepubescent youngsters who had undergone successful weight reduction. Their ages ranged from 2 to 10 years when the study began. In all subjects, weight reduction proceeded only by a decrease in adipose cell size (from 0.62 +/- 0.02 to 0.46 +/- 0.02 micrograms lipid per cell) and resulted in a corresponding 33% decrease (from 177 +/- 6 to 144 +/- 5%) in percent ideal body weights. Cell numbers did not change appreciably during the period of weight loss (29.4 +/- 2.6 versus 28.7 +/- 2.3 x 10(9) total adipocytes). Three years after the start of the study, 14 of 20 youngsters had maintained their reduced percent ideal body weights, including eight who remained below 130% ideal body weight. Ten years later, only four remained below 130% ideal body weight. All four children had total adipose cell numbers below 20 x 10(9) total adipocytes at the start of the weight reduction program, a value below the lower limit for adult normal weight subjects. Thirteen other children have maintained or decreased their initial percent ideal weights. The remaining nine youngsters have further increased their percent ideal body weights. In vitro metabolic studies of the patient's adipocytes revealed a greater than 50% depression of epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis pre- and immediately postweight reduction; this decrease persisted for the entire period of study, irrespective of the maintenance of a normal percent ideal body weight. At the same time, normal 150% increases in the in vitro production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]glucose in the presence of insulin occurred.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

[Effect of body weight reduction on blood pressure and biochemical data].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between body weight reduction and some complications associated with obesity. The subjects were 248 middle-aged obese persons (male 37, female 209) who participated in a weight reduction program at the Aichi Prefectural Center of Health Care from 1983 to 1990. The subjects had no severe complication, and the obesity indexes of all of them were over 120%. The program was held monthly for five months and consisted of diet (1500 kcal/day) and exercise (10000 walk steps/day). After the program, mean obesity index decreased by about 9%, and mean body weight reduction was about 5kg. Blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride and GPT were significantly decreased, and HDL cholesterol was slightly increased. For each item the percentage of persons with abnormal values reduced by about 5 to 20%. From the relationship between degree of decrease of obesity and changes of the values of each item, it was estimated that some complications of obesity require greater than 5 to 10% decrease in obesity index to be affected. The value of each examination item before the program and the degree of decrease of obesity index had an effect on changes of the values, but obesity index before the program and age had little effect.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Values and beliefs about obesity and weight reduction among African American and Caucasian women.

Designing culturally relevant weight-reduction programs requires understanding of ethnic variations and illness beliefs. Preliminary data on the values and beliefs about obesity and weight reduction were obtained from women of different ethnic/racial backgrounds. Purposive sampling was used to recruit African American (AA) and Caucasian (C) women with a body mass index (BMI)>or= 30 from the general internal medicine clinics of a large tertiary care facility. Four focus groups (2 with AA women and 2 with C women) consisting of a total of 20 subjects were conducted in a 2-month period. AA women cited culture specific barriers to weight loss more so than did C women. AA women and C women also differed on how health care professionals could help them with weight loss. These findings have implications for nursing's role in the design of culturally relevant weight-loss programs.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effects of caloric restriction and a moderate or intense physiotherapy program for treatment of lameness in overweight dogs with osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a weight reduction program combined with a basic or more complex physical therapy program including transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation on lameness in overweight dogs with osteoarthritis. DESIGN: Nonblinded prospective randomized clinical trial. Animals-29 adult overweight or obese dogs with a body condition score of 4/5 or 5/5 and clinical and radiographic signs of osteoarthritis. PROCEDURES: A weight-loss program was initiated for all dogs. One group received caloric restriction and a home-based physical therapy program. The other group received the identical dietetic protocol and an intensive physical therapy program including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Lameness was assessed clinically and by kinetic gait analysis on a treadmill with 4 force plates to measure symmetry of ground reaction forces (GRFs) of the affected and contralateral limbs in bimonthly intervals for 6 months. RESULTS: Significant weight loss was achieved in both groups; however, greater weight reduction was attained by dogs treated with caloric restriction and intensive physiotherapy. Mobility and symmetry indices of GRFs were improved after 6 months; the best outcome was detected in the group receiving energy restriction combined with intensive physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Caloric restriction combined with intensive physical therapy improved mobility and facilitated weight loss in overweight dogs. The combination of dietetic and physical therapy may help to improve the health status more efficiently than dietetic treatment alone.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

A time-series analysis of longitudinal weight changes in two adult women.

This study was conducted to examine individual longitudinal serial trends in body weight of two moderately obese adult women. Self-measured daily weights (over 5000 data points for subject 1 and over 3500 for subject 2) were averaged for each month and analyzed using a time-series analysis approach. The best statistical model for both women indicated a significant upward trend (gain 30 and 22 lb, respectively) interrupted by linear decreases (P less than 0.05) during weight loss programs over the 16- and 10-year observation periods, respectively. The women participated in six and eight weight control programs, respectively, and consistently lost weight, averaging 9.17 +/- 1.85 lb and 8.00 +/- 3.57 lb. Both subjects regained weight after dieting, in a period approximately 2.25 times as long as the diet. Numerous weight fluctuations occurred and one subject lost and then regained 10 percent of her body weight during two 5-year periods. Results are examined in terms of a possible weight increase protection benefit, as well as the deleterious medical potential that may occur with numerous weight loss attempts. Suggestions for future research are provided regarding weight cycling, seasonal variations, set point theory, aging effects, and the use of self-directed weight loss initiatives in conjunction with formal weight reduction programs. This study may serve as a prototype for exploring weight fluctuation using time-series analyses and for further investigating the etiology and clinical management of obesity.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed1992

Weight reduction decreases the circulating concentration of the N-terminus of the ANF prohormone.

The N-terminus of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) prohormone (ie, proANF 1-98) contains two vasodilatory peptides consisting of amino acids (aa): aa 1-30 (ie, proANF 1-30) and aa 31-67 (ie, proANF 31-67) of the 126 aa prohormone. The relationship of this N-terminus to the renin-aldosterone axis and blood pressure reduction was investigated in 18 obese subjects (5 hypertensive and 13 normotensive) placed on a 12-week, low sodium (40 mmol), weight reducing diet. The N-terminus of the ANF prohormone and proANF 31-67, which circulates as a distinct entity after being proteolytically cleaved from the N-terminus, were significantly (p less than 0.001) higher (767 +/- 1.01 and 816 +/- 135 fmol/ml) in the obese hypertensive group compared with the obese normotensive group (377 +/- 24 and 356 +/- 17 fmol/ml, respectively) prior to beginning the weight reduction program. There was a dramatic fall in the N-terminus and in proANF 31-67 after 1 week of weight reduction in both obese groups, which correlated with the decrease in mean arterial pressure during the first week and throughout the 12 weeks of weight reduction (r = .54, p less than 0.001 and r = .59, p less than 0.001, respectively). ProANF 1-98 had a significant (p less than 0.01) inverse correlation with plasma renin in both obese groups. ProANF 31-67, likewise, had an inverse correlation with plasma renin in the hypertensive (p less than 0.002), as well as the normotensive (p less than 0.03) subjects. ProANF 31-67 did not significantly correlate with aldosterone in either group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Treating obesity of mentally retarded adolescents and adults: an exploratory program.

Twelve female mentally retarded adolescents and adults who were at least 10 percent overweight were randomly assigned to either a behavioral weight-reduction program or a control condition. Mothers of the treatment group members met for seven fortnightly sessions and received information and instructions concerning weight management. Treatment group members met for six weekly sessions and received similar information and instructions adapted for their intellectual level. Results showed that treatment group members lost significantly more weight than did control group members according to all three dependent measures. Losses were maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months. Issues arising from the program were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

A successful behavioral weight-loss program for moderately-retarded teenagers.

The present study assessed the usefulness of a behavioral weight-reduction program for moderately-retarded young adults. The behavior treatment involved exposure of 12 subjects to external and self-reinforcement, stimulus control, simplified self-monitoring and energy-expenditure produces over a 14-week active training period. The behavior-therapy subjects lost significantly more weight than a wait-list control group. There was no significant difference in weight lost between behavior-therapy subjects exposed to the techniques live and those exposed to the techniques via video-tape playback of the live sessions. Weight loss for the behavior-therapy subjects containued to occur during five-week maintenance and 16-week follow-up periods.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Attitude to eating and body weight by 11- to 16-year-old adolescents].

Based on the data of 966 students grade five to eight, a new questionnaire--the "Eating Behaviour and Weight Problems Inventory for Children (EWI-C)"--was developed. Its 60 items are assigned to 10 subscales measuring: (1) hunger level and susceptibility to food cues, (2) importance and impact of eating on sense of well-being, (3) eating as a means of coping with emotional stress, (4) concerns about eating and weight, (5) dietary restraint, (6) attitude toward healthful nutrition, (7) attitude toward the obese, (8) pressures to eat from parents, (9) fear of weight gain, (10) figure dissatisfaction. Neither children's age nor father's educational level were related to their subscale scores to a significant degree. However, on all scales (except scale 3) important gender differences could be observed. From the youngest age groups on, mean values of girls clearly exceeded those of boys on scales 4, 5, 9 and 10, while on scales 1, 2, 7 and 8 mean scores of girls were significantly lower. To analyse relationships between EWI scores and children's relative weight, 620 students' data were combined with those of 445 adolescents attending weight-reduction programs in two obesity clinics. Boys' and girls' individual deviations from mean weight per height were used to form six groups ranging from underweight to severe obesity. In both sexes mean scores on scales 3-5, 9 and 10 significantly increased with increasing (over) weight, while a (partial) decrease could be observed on scales 2 and 8. Scores of subscales 1 and 7 proved to be independent of children's relative weight. Based on the data of the combined sample (n = 1065), norm tables with percentile ranks are provided which allow for children's sex and weight. By means of these tables the position of a boy's or girl's subscale score can be evaluated in relation to his/her weight category (underweight, normal weight, obesity, severe obesity). A child's responses on the EWI-C can be analysed by a DOS-program which is available on diskette.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Weight reduction with very-low-caloric diet and endothelial function in overweight adults: role of plasma glucose.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction that may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. We studied whether weight reduction improves endothelial function in overweight individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS: Flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the brachial artery was measured in 67 adults (age: 46+/-7 years, body mass index: 35.2+/-5.4 kg/m2) before and after a 6-week weight reduction program induced by very-low-calorie diet (daily energy: 580 kcal/2.3 MJ). Caloric restriction reduced body weight from 101+/-18 to 90+/-17 kg. Flow-mediated vasodilation increased from 5.5%+/-3.7 to 8.8%+/-3.7% (P<0.0001). Nitrate-mediated vasodilation was not significantly affected. The improvement in flow-mediated dilation was associated with the reduction in plasma glucose concentration (P=0.0003). This relationship was independent of changes in weight, serum lipids, oxidized LDL, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, blood pressure, and insulin. CONCLUSIONS: Weight reduction with very-low-calorie diet improves flow-mediated vasodilation in obese individuals. This improvement is related to the reduction in plasma glucose concentration. These observations suggest that changes in glucose metabolism may determine endothelial vasodilatory function in obesity.

Adiponectin↗