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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Parafoveal processing of words and saccade computation during eye fixations in reading.

Studied parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading to answer two questions: (a) Is the processing of parafoveally available words limited to the identification of beginning letters? (b) Does the parafoveal processing of words affect the following interword saccade? Reading afforded either no parafoveal preview, preview of beginning trigrams, preview of ending trigrams, or preview of the whole parafoveal word. Previews were controlled by replacing original letters either with X's or dissimilar letters. Preview benefits were larger for the whole word previews than for beginning or ending trigram previews. X-masks yielded preview benefits from intact beginning and ending trigrams but dissimilar letter masks yielded benefits from beginning trigrams only. Saccades were larger for whole word previews than for no previews. These results support Logogen-type models of word recognition and a model of saccade computation that posits a time-locked functional relation between the acquisition of parafoveal word information and the positioning of each fixation.

Attention↗
PubMed1998

Event-related brain potential imaging of semantic encoding during processing single words.

Functional brain imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have identified blood flow changes in widely separated areas of brain during the performance of word processing tasks. In the present study we have utilized event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the temporal relationships among cortical areas previously identified by PET to be differentially activated when performing semantic tasks with visual words. ERPs revealed task-related differences over the central and left inferior frontal regions around 170 and 220 ms, respectively, over a left occipital region around 200 ms, over a large left parietotemporal region around 600 ms, and finally over the right temporal lobe around 800 ms after the word presentation. Analysis of topographic maps and dipole sources as well as PET data allowed relating frontal midline positivity around 170 ms to the anterior cingulate activation, and left inferior frontal positivity around 220 ms to the PET activation of the left inferior prefrontal cortex. The left parieto-temporal positivity around 600 ms seems to reflect the activity of Wernicke's area. The right anterior temporal negativity beginning around 800 ms and peaking around 1100 ms may reflect the activity of the right insula. The left occipital negativity around 200 ms is likely to reflect activation of a visual word-form area in the left occipital lobe. These results provide the time course for parts of the circuitry involved in semantic processing of words and also demonstrate how combining the spatial localization of PET with the temporal resolution of ERPs helps to understand the brain mechanisms involved in human cognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Integrated clinical research support.

Integration of data processing, word processing, case report form design and production, and laser graphics in support of clinical research will be discussed. The software/hardware system supports case report form design and customized printing, study monitoring information management, investigator correspondence and other work processing, entry and preparation of study data for analysis, ad hoc review and reporting of study data, laser graphics and drafting, editing, and printing of complete clinical reports. Many portions of the system use the HP laser printer as a high speed, high quality output medium capable of electronic merging of forms, word processing output, data processing output, and graphics.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1998

Neural processing of words in the human extrastriate visual cortex.

Measurements of neuromagnetic fields were made for the responses to visually presented words comprised of Japanese characters (phonograms), and for comparison of responses to single characters and character symbols, while subjects performed, respectively, semantic category matching, rhyming, and character matching tasks. The magnetic field responses recorded from the occipital and occipitotemporal regions consisted of 2-3 major peak components, occurring between 150 and 300 ms after the onset of the visual forms. The localization of equivalent current dipole sources of these components within the brain structure of individual subjects indicated that the main regions of the neural activity occurring at 150-250 ms were located in the extrastriate visual cortices. They included the lateral area mostly at the occipital gyrus, medial area consisting of parieto-occipital and calcarine sulci and lingual gyrus, and ventral area which is continuous from the lingual gyrus (LG) to fusiform gyrus (FG). In the ventral LG/FG area the left side was activated primarily by words, while the right side was responsive in more or less equally to words, characters, and symbols. It is suggested that the left occipitotemporal LG/FG mediates the neural function that subserves the specific visual word processing and/or general analysis of complex graphical features of visual forms.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Data processing at the special diabetes ambulatory center of the Innsbruck Ophthalmology University Clinic--electronic data processing in ophthalmology].

During the last 2 years, a personal computer in the special diabetes department of Innsbruck University Eye Hospital has not merely facilitated statistical analysis; without the PC such analysis would not have been possible. Logistically, the most important function is data acquisition, because the system only works if all data are entered. In addition to data processing, word processing, statistical analyses, and chart processing using graphics software are all done on the PC. The system is currently being developed further to include on-line access to literature databases via Datex-P and additional workstations. After 3 years of experience with the PC it is difficult to imagine doing scientific work without it.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1996

Recency effect in Alzheimer's disease: a reappraisal.

This study investigated the hypothesis that discrepant results regarding the recency effect in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are due to the different scoring procedures used by various authors and/or to the different number of terminal items attributed to the recency part of the curve. Our results indicate that the last two processed words are available to AD patients for recall, just as they are to controls. Words processed slightly earlier are less available to AD patients than to controls, presumably because of the accelerated forgetting rate in demented patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Processing discontinuous words: on the interface between lexical and syntactic processing.

How are discontinuous words processed? Are they identified in the lexicon or in the syntax? Schreuder (1990) proposes the existence of morphological integration nodes (MI nodes) to account for the representation of complex verbs with separable prefixes in Dutch. We tested the MI model during sentence processing in Dutch, using an ungrammaticality judgment task. The results supported the predictions of the Schreuder model, and also provide evidence for distinct lexical/morphological and syntactic processing subsystems, each driven by the information resources and tasks relevant to its own representational vocabulary. It is argued that no special principles are needed to govern the interaction of lexical/morphological and syntactic processing, even for the identification of discontinuous words; this follows automatically from independently required characterizations of the subsystems themselves. We also examine the principles underlying the MI model in an attempt to extend the model to a wider array of constructions and languages. It is hypothesized that frequently encountered linguistic expressions are represented in the lexicon. In the basic case, they are represented as access nodes, if they may stand alone, and as MI nodes, if their constituents are already represented by access nodes. Unlike the original MI model, no further stipulation is needed concerning the existence or inhibition properties of MI nodes, assuming that candidate lexical/morphological hypotheses are appended to whatever portion(s) of the input string they are hypotheses about.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The dynamic processes for word and picture encoding in the human brain as revealed by magnetoencephalography.

Subjects were asked to memorize either the size or the meaning of the first stimulus (encoding) of a stimulus pair, and to match it to the second stimulus. Words and pictures were used as the stimuli in separate tests. Two components named 1M and 2M in both hemispheres for word or picture stimuli could be detected by magnetoencephalography (MEG). The dipole location of 1M in bilateral hemispheres for words is different from that for pictures, but that of 2M is not. It is considered that picture and word are processed in different systems at the initial stage, mainly in the lateral temporal cortex for words and in the parietal cortex for pictures, whereas they are processed in a common semantic system at the late stage.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Automatic processing of word meaning: intralingual and interlingual interference.

Automatic processing of word meaning was studied in bilingual children and children in various stages of second-language acquisition in 2 experiments. A picture-word interference task was used. The children named outlined pictures as rapidly as possible while attempting to ignore distractor words printed inside the pictures' borders. For children proficient in the 2 languages (Experiment 1), the printed distractors interfered with naming on both intralingual trials, for which the distractor and naming language were the same, and on interlingual trials, for which they were different. The pattern of interference across 6 levels of name-distractor relation was similar for the intralingual and interlingual conditions and indicated that at least part of the interference occurred at a semantic level. For children who were in various phases of learning a second language (Experiment 2), second-language words were automatically processed to the level of meaning early in the course of second-language reading instruction. As was found for the more proficient groups, both the pattern and the amount of interlingual interference matched that for intralingual interference. The results question whether an "input switch" operates for bilingual word processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The development of word recognition processes.

To observe the course of the development of automatic processes in word recognition, two experiments were performed in which a distracting word interacted with a target stimulus. In Expt 1 the subjects named a simple line drawing, and in Expt 2 they named a word appearing in a rectangle. The distracting word (i) was a semantic associate of the target stimulus, (ii) was graphemically similar to the name of the target, (iii) was phonemically similar to the name of the target, (iv) was unrelated in meaning, orthography and phonology, or (v) was replaced with an unpronounceable letter string. Three groups of subjects were tested. Skilled adult readers were compared with two groups of children. Matched groups of children were used, with similar ages (9-12 years old) and non-verbal spatial abilities, but dissimilar reading ages. All groups of subjects showed semantic interference and graphemic priming from the distractor word in Expt 1, and the children showed phonemic priming. In Expt 2, only the poor readers showed semantic interference, and no groups showed graphemic or phonemic effects. The sensitivity of the poor readers to the distractors indicates that the semantic, graphemic and phonemic codes of words are generated by these subjects, and that the difference in reading age between them and the good readers can be attributed to post-lexical processes such as text integration and articulatory planning and execution.

Age Factors↗