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Results for “efficacy”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Dental self-efficacy as a determinant to oral health behaviour, oral hygiene and HbA1c level among diabetic patients.

Because of a mutual association between severity of periodontitis and poor control of IDDM, regular dental visits and daily oral care are important among diabetics. The aim was to develop a method for analysing dental self-efficacy and to study the relationship between dental self-efficacy and reported oral health behaviour and oral hygiene. The relationship between oral health behaviour and HbA1c level was also studied. Data were collected in relation to 149 IDDM patients by means of a quantitative questionnaire, evaluation of dental plaque and patient records. Results showed that tooth brushing self-efficacy, approximal cleaning self-efficacy and dental visiting self-efficacy related to corresponding reported oral health behaviour (p<0.0005). Visible plaque index (VPI) correlated inversely with tooth brushing self-efficacy (r(s) = -0.208, p = 0.012) and dental visiting self-efficacy (r(s) = -0.240, p = 0.004). Approximal cleaning self-efficacy correlated with age (r(s) = 0.225, p = 0.006) and dental visiting self-efficacy was related to higher professional level of education (p = 0.009). Those having better tooth brushing self-efficacy (p = 0.020), higher frequency of tooth brushing (p = 0.032) and lower VPI (p<0.0005) had better HbA1c level. It was concluded that perception of dental self-efficacy plays a decisive rôle in relation to oral health behaviour in diabetic patients, and that compliance with dental recommendations is also related to HbA1c level.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Hip protectors improve falls self-efficacy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of use of external hip protectors on subjects' fear of falling and falls self-efficacy (belief in their own ability to avoid falling). DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Aged-care health services in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 131 women aged 75 years or older, who had two or more falls or one fall requiring hospital admission in the previous year and who live at home. Sixty-one subjects were in the intervention group and 70 in the control group. INTERVENTION: Use of external hip protectors and encouragement to use the protectors by an adherence nurse. MEASUREMENTS: At the time of enrolment into a wider study examining the effect of hip protectors on hip fractures, participants recruited at home completed an assessment of fear of falling and falls efficacy as measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale and the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale. At 4-month follow-up, these scales were readministered by an observer who was not aware of the allocation of the participant to intervention or control groups. RESULTS: Fear of falling and falls self-efficacy, as measured by the Falls Efficacy and Modified Falls Efficacy Scales, were similar at baseline in both groups. Fear of falling was present at follow-up in 43% of subjects using hip protectors and 57% of the control group (chi2 = 2.58, P = 0.11). Hip protector users had greater improvement in falls self-efficacy at follow-up as measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale (t = 2.44, P = 0.016) and the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (t = 2.08, P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: Hip protectors improve falls self-efficacy. As users of hip protectors feel more confident that they can complete tasks safely, they may become more physically active and require less assistance with activities of daily living.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life and self-efficacy: gender and diagnoses considerations for management during cardiac rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: Outcome measurement research has extended beyond traditional clinical and physiologic parameters to include psychosocial aspects. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate quality-of-life (QOL) and self-efficacy disparities for gender and diagnoses during participation in cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS: For this study, 472 patients (114 women and 358 men) were stratified by gender and then again by diagnosis to include surgical revascularization, myocardial infarction, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Measures obtained at baseline and at the end of the study assessed quality of life (QOL-o = total score), including emotional (QOL-e) and limitation (QOL-l) domains; self-efficacy (SE-o = total score), including ambulatory (SE-a) and muscular (SE-m) domains; and caloric expenditure. RESULTS: Both self-efficacy and QOL were greater at the end of the study across genders (P <.05). The men had greater self-efficacy values for all domains (P <.05). There was a significant gender-time interaction for QOL-e (P <.05) among the women, and for QOL-o, QOL-l, and all self-efficacy domains (P <.05) among the surgical revascularization patients. Percutaneous coronary intervention patients had higher self-efficacy scores throughout. Caloric expenditure was a consistent positive predictor of self-efficacy and QOL-e (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life and self-efficacy improve during cardiac rehabilitation across gender and diagnoses. Female and revascularized patients present with low QOL and self-efficacy scores initially, but improvements in scores similar to or greater than the men can be expected. Because the self-efficacy scores of percutaneous coronary intervention patients are higher and their physical limitations are less prohibitive, these patients can be progressed more aggressively. Improvements in self-efficacy scores parallel caloric expenditure increases.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Cancer-specific self-efficacy and psychosocial and functional adaptation to early stage breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although self-efficacy is considered a key psychological resource in adapting to chronic physical illness, this construct has received less attention among individuals coping with cancer. PURPOSE: To examine changes in cancer self-efficacy over time among women with early stage breast cancer and associations between task-specific domains of self-efficacy and specific psychological, relationship, and functional outcomes. METHODS: Ninety-five women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer completed surveys postsurgery and 1 year later. RESULTS: Cancer-related self-efficacy was relatively stable over 1 year, with only 2 domains of efficacy-(a) Activity Management and (b) Self-Satisfaction-evidencing significant increases over the 1-year time period. Cross-sectional findings were relatively consistent with predictions and suggested that specific domains of self-efficacy were more strongly related to relevant domains of adaptation. Longitudinal findings were not as consistent with the domain-specificity hypothesis but did suggest several predictive associations between self-efficacy and outcomes. Personal Management self-efficacy was associated with higher relationship satisfaction, higher Communication Self-Efficacy was associated with less functional impairment, and higher Affective Management self-efficacy was associated with higher self-esteem 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS: Specific domains of cancer-related self-efficacy are most closely related to relevant areas of adaptation when considered cross-sectionally, but further study is needed to clarify the nature of these relationships over time.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Self-efficacy, therapeutic alliance, and alcohol-use disorder treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: High abstinence self-efficacy reliably predicts better treatment outcomes for patients with alcohol use disorders, but little is known about aspects of treatment that may be particularly beneficial for patients who enter treatment with low self-efficacy. This study examines whether the relationship between self-efficacy and treatment outcomes is influenced by the quality of the therapeutic alliance in Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity), a multisite clinical trial of three treatments for alcohol use disorders. METHOD: Information on 785 patients in the outpatient sample of Project MATCH was used to test for an interaction between baseline self-efficacy and therapeutic alliance in relation to 1-year alcohol use outcomes. RESULTS: A significant interaction was found between self-efficacy and the therapists' perception of the therapeutic alliance predicting I1year drinking outcomes. Patients with low self-efficacy who established a strong treatment alliance, as judged by the therapist, experienced I1year outcomes that were superior to those of patients with low self-efficacy with poorer treatment alliance and comparable with those of patients with high self-efficacy. Therapeutic alliance was not strongly related to the outcomes of patients with high baseline self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who are treated for alcohol-use disorders, a positive therapeutic alliance may counteract the negative impact of a low baseline self-efficacy. Potential reasons why the therapist's perception of the alliance may be particularly important for patients with low self-efficacy are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Efficacy beliefs in geriatric rehabilitation.

Motivation is an important variable in older adults' ability to recover from any disabling event. The theory of self-efficacy states that efficacy beliefs affect behavior, motivational level, thought patterns, and emotional reactions in response to any situation. This study explored the impact of efficacy beliefs on older adults in a rehabilitation program and tested interventions to strengthen efficacy beliefs related to participation in rehabilitation and functional performance. An experimental pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were randomly assigned to: the usual care control group or the treatment group. The study was completed on an inpatient geriatric rehabilitation unit. The sample consisted of 77 participants, 55 women and 22 men with a mean age of 78 +/- 7.2. Individuals in the treatment group received three efficacy enhancing interventions: role modeling, verbal persuasion, and physiological feedback. Baseline data were collected within 48 hours of admission and included four investigator-developed efficacy measures: Functional Inventory Measure, Participation Index, Numeric Rating Scale for pain, amount of analgesic used for pain, and Health Status. With the exception of Health Status, these measures were again completed within 48 hours of discharge. Admission performance was the only statistically significant predictor of efficacy beliefs. All efficacy beliefs increased over time and were significantly correlated with performance behaviors and length of stay. The treatment group had stronger efficacy beliefs regarding participation, higher participation at discharge, and less pain than the control group. Efficacy beliefs, both self-efficacy and outcome expectations, are related to participation, functional performance, and length of stay. Interventions to strengthen these beliefs improved participation in rehabilitation and decreased pain. Consideration of motivation can facilitate rehabilitation and help older adults obtain and maintain their highest functional level.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Agonist efficacy, drug dependence, and medications development: preclinical evaluation of opioid, dopaminergic, and GABAA-ergic ligands.

BACKGROUND: The general premise that receptor theory provides a useful framework for understanding the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs has been a central tenet of behavioral pharmacology. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review is to reiterate this basic theme and, in particular, the proposition that current concepts of pharmacological efficacy can be effectively used to examine behavioral effects of drugs with abuse or dependence potential in a way that contributes to the discovery of drugs to treat drug dependence. EXPERIMENTAL DATA: The review begins by briefly introducing the concept of efficacy and follows with several illustrations of how our current understanding of efficacy can be used to address important research questions in drug discovery. In the first, the likelihood of developing novel opioid analgesics with reduced abuse potential is addressed by considering the different efficacy requirements for the discriminative-stimulus and antinociceptive effects of mu-opioids. From a pharmacologically different perspective within drug abuse research, the review continues with an exposition of efficacy-related differences in the behavioral effects of dopamine D1 agonists and how such differences might be exploited in different medications strategies for treating cocaine dependence. The principles of pharmacological efficacy also have come to guide the development of novel GABAA-related antianxiety medications, and this is illustrated in a discussion of the utility of low-efficacy agonists in the treatment of benzodiazepine dependence. The second half of the paper provides counterpoint to the several examples of how principles of efficacy can be applied in drug discovery. The counterpoint includes, first, a critical evaluation of how the concept of efficacy has been applied in the development of monoamine transport inhibitors as anti-cocaine medications and, in particular, the difficulties this may pose for data analysis. The review ends with a discussion of efficacy-based analysis in drug discrimination research and illustrates some of the obstacles that may be encountered in pharmacologically classifying drugs on this basis. CONCLUSIONS: Ample evidence indicates that many receptor systems can be activated in a graded manner and that principles of efficacy can be judiciously applied to understand and exploit the behavioral effects of drugs that result from such graded activation. However, as cautioned in the last sections, the misapplication of pharmacological concepts in behavioral studies of drugs may obscure their behavioral pharmacology and potentially confound drug discovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Pain management in osteoarthritis: a focus on onset of efficacy--a comparison of rofecoxib, celecoxib, acetaminophen, and nabumetone across four clinical trials.

UNLABELLED: We compared onset of efficacy (during days 1 to 6) of 2 coxibs (rofecoxib, celecoxib) with acetaminophen and nabumetone by using a prespecified approach to data from 4 similarly designed 6-week randomized osteoarthritis trials. In 2 trials, rofecoxib (12.5 mg and 25 mg once daily) was compared with celecoxib (200 mg once daily) and acetaminophen (4000 mg daily). In the other 2 trials, rofecoxib (12.5 mg) was compared with nabumetone (1000 mg once daily) and placebo. Efficacy end points included Patient Global Response to Therapy and Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index scores. Rofecoxib (12.5- and 25-mg doses) consistently demonstrated a faster onset of osteoarthritis (OA) efficacy than the comparator drugs during the first 6 days of therapy of OA patients experiencing "flare." Acetaminophen resulted in the slowest onset of efficacy. There was a strong correlation (0.7) between efficacy response during days 1 to 6 and that averaged over 6 weeks. Rates of discontinuation as a result of lack of efficacy were significantly lower (P < .02) for each of the coxib-treated groups compared with acetaminophen and for rofecoxib 12.5 mg (P = .01) compared with nabumetone. Rofecoxib treatment, with its faster onset of OA efficacy and lower rates of related discontinuations, might provide efficacy advantages in the treatment of OA pain. PERSPECTIVE: The efficacy of rofecoxib, celecoxib, nabumetone, and acetaminophen is established for the majority of OA patients within the first 6 days of therapy, and this predicts efficacy during the longer term. Rofecoxib provides significantly faster time to onset of efficacy and better improvement on multiple measures versus the comparators.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2006

Differential association of general and health self-efficacy with disability, health-related quality of life and psychological distress from musculoskeletal pain in a cross-sectional general adult population survey.

Although evidence reveals that self-efficacy is associated with disability in people with pain, there is less known about this relationship in primary care settings and no published information in general population samples. This study aimed to assess the relationship between pain, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, psychological distress and disability in a general population sample. A randomly selected sample from electoral registers of the lower North Island of New Zealand was mailed a survey questionnaire. Presence of musculoskeletal pain was defined as "pain present for at least seven consecutive days during the last month". Respondents were divided into three groups on the basis of pain: no pain, pain present for less than 12 months and pain present for 12 months or longer. Health Self-efficacy, General Self-efficacy, General Health Questionnaire, modified Health Assessment Questionnaire and EuroQol-5D were also included in the survey instrument. There were 289/471 (61%) returned questionnaires from eligible subjects (of an original sample of 540). General linear modelling found evidence of an association between pain status and self-efficacy with disability, explaining 16.4-18.8% of variability in mHAQ scores. In addition, we found evidence of an interaction between pain status and general self-efficacy, suggesting a stronger relationship between general self-efficacy and disability for pain present for 12 months or more. This interaction was not observed for health self-efficacy. General self-efficacy was more strongly related to psychological distress and this association was not influenced by pain status. Health-related quality of life was associated with health self-efficacy but not general self-efficacy.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Measuring the comparative efficacy of antibacterial agents for acute otitis media: the "Pollyanna phenomenon".

In randomized, double-blind trials of antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media that determined both clinical and bacteriologic outcomes, clinical success rates were (93%) 236 of 253 for patients with bacteriologic success, (62%) 25 of 40 for those with bacteriologic failure, and (80%) 124 of 155 for those with nonbacterial acute otitis media. These rates were used to calculate the effectiveness of three strategies for assessing drug efficacy: (1) tympanocentesis and culture before and during therapy (bacteriologic efficacy), (2) tympanocentesis before therapy and assessment of clinical efficacy in bacterial acute otitis media, and (3) no tympanocentesis and assessment of clinical efficacy in clinical (total) acute otitis media. For a drug with a bacteriologic efficacy of 100%, calculated clinical efficacy was 93% for bacterial acute otitis media and 89% for clinical acute otitis media. For a drug with bacteriologic efficacy of 27%, a rate consistent with no antibacterial therapy, efficacy was 71% for bacterial acute otitis media and 74% for clinical acute otitis media. We conclude that if efficacy is measured by symptomatic response, drugs with excellent antibacterial activity will appear less efficacious than they really are and drugs with poor antibacterial activity will appear more efficacious than they really are. The predominant phenomenon is that drugs with poor antibacterial activity will appear to be clinically effective in the treatment of acute otitis media.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2003

Dietary self-efficacy: determinant of compliance behaviours and biochemical outcomes in haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite the diversity of proposed theories, researchers are still unable to fully explain dietary compliance behaviours of dialysis patients. Dietary self-efficacy, a concept less studied in dialysis, has been linked to positive compliance outcomes in the chronic illness literature. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to determine how dietary self-efficacy is related to selected biochemical markers and self-reported behavioural outcomes in haemodialysis patients. METHODS: 107 subjects participated in a cross-sectional study. Four questionnaires assessed dietary self-efficacy, compliance attitudes and behaviours, and staff-patient relationships. Laboratory outcomes were retrospectively obtained from patients' medical records and averaged for the previous 6 months. RESULTS: Of the behavioural measures, only dietary self-efficacy was associated with laboratory outcomes. Dietary self-efficacy was also positively related to staff-patient relationships and to patients' self-reported assessment of compliance behaviours. Women had greater dietary self-efficacy than men. The number of family members living with the respondent was inversely related to dietary self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that dietary self-efficacy determined both behaviours and laboratory outcomes. Patients with greater dietary self-efficacy had lower serum potassium and weight gain, showed favourable compliance attitudes and behaviours toward prescribed regimens and fostered better relationships with staff. Based on these findings we recommend an experimental approach to clarify whether maximizing dietary self-efficacy efforts is without psychological burden to patients and whether the positive effect of increased dietary self-efficacy is maintained in long-term dialysis patients.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective evaluation of psychosocial adaptation to stoma surgery: the role of self-efficacy.

Self-efficacy, one's expectations regarding the ability to perform some specific task, was studied prospectively in the adaptation process of stoma patients. One week after surgery, stoma-related self-efficacy was assessed in 59 patients (26 cancer patients and 33 patients with benign diseases) who had undergone intestinal stoma surgery. Twenty-nine items concerning self-efficacy were formulated. Factor analysis with oblique rotation resulted in two factors: a social functioning-related self-efficacy factor and a stoma care-related self-efficacy factor. Psychosocial adjustment was assessed by means of the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS-SR) at 4 and 12 months after surgery. The PAIS-SR renders one global adjustment score and (in this study) five subscores for adjustment to specific life domains: vocational environment, domestic environment, sexual relationship, social environment, and psychological distress. In a multiple regression analysis, the relevance of self-efficacy for later adjustment was determined after partialing out the effects of relevant sociodemographic and medical factors. Strong evidence was found for the important role of self-efficacy in the process of adapting to a stoma; stronger feelings of self-efficacy shortly after the operation predicted fewer psychosocial problems in the course of the first postoperative year. Stoma care-related self-efficacy appears especially important in the first phase after surgery. Social functioning-related self-efficacy explains significant proportions of the variances in PAIS-SR total score and PAIS-SR subscores, in both the short (4 months after surgery) and long runs (12 months after surgery). If patients expect to be able to take care of their stoma, their postoperative adjustment is relatively good. By strengthening patients' self-efficacy, this adaptation process may be accelerated, and the psychological and social burden can be lightened.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Bayesian estimation of vaccine efficacy.

Protective vaccine efficacy, VEs, is measured as one minus the incidence rate ratio (IRR) or the relative risk (RR) in the vaccinated group compared with the unvaccinated group. In this paper, we systematically present Bayesian estimation of protective vaccine efficacy based on the Poisson and binomial distributions. We also propose a new tool, the vaccine efficacy acceptability curve, to represent the uncertainty for the estimate of the vaccine efficacy graphically. It is very useful, especially when there is no universal agreement on the acceptable vaccine efficacy. The vaccine efficacy acceptability curve is defined as the posterior probability that the measure of vaccine efficacy VEs > or = k for each acceptable value k. When a vaccine is highly efficacious, the number of vaccinated susceptibles being infected is likely to be very small or even zero. Then the assumptions of normality and log-normality of IRR or RR usually do not hold well. Although frequentist exact methods provide good estimates of the confidence interval, they are overly conservative and are computationally difficult to extend to estimate the vaccine efficacy acceptability curve. In this paper, our focus is on Bayesian estimation of protective vaccine efficacy, its highest probability density credible set, and the vaccine efficacy acceptability curve through Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We illustrate the methods using the data from two pertussis vaccine studies and the H. influenza Type B preventive trial.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMed1998

The effect of investigator compliance (observer bias) on calculated efficacy in a pertussis vaccine trial.

BACKGROUND: In the course of a large pertussis vaccine efficacy trial we realized that investigator compliance could have a major impact on calculated vaccine efficacy. DESIGN: In our pertussis vaccine efficacy trial, the study investigators were to monitor illness in study families by telephone every 2 weeks. If a cough illness of >/=7 days duration was noted, the study child was to be evaluated. If the cough illness persisted for >/=14 days, the child was to be referred to a central investigator. For this report we analyzed study physician evaluation rates and rates of referral to the central investigators. Physician practices were separated into three compliance categories: high, intermediate, and low. We analyzed vaccine efficacy of an acellular pertussis component DTP vaccine (DTaP) and a whole cell pertussis component DTP vaccine (DTP) by compliance category. Bordetella pertussis infection was documented by culture of the organism in the study child or in a household contact or by a significant antibody response to pertussis toxin determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Using a clinical case definition that included both mild and typical pertussis (cough illness >/=7 days duration) efficacy of DTaP vaccine was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -3-65) in the high compliance category and 78% (95% CI = 65-86) and 75% (95% CI = 53-87) in the intermediate and low compliance groups, respectively. Similar, but less marked, differences in efficacy were noted with DTP vaccine recipients. Using a clinical case definition that required >/=21 days of cough with paroxysms, whoop, or vomiting (typical pertussis) the efficacy of DTaP vaccine was 69% (95% CI = 41-83) in the high compliance category and 86% (95% CI = 76-92) and 84% (95% CI = 64-93) in the intermediate and low compliance groups, respectively. In contrast, the efficacy of DTP vaccine did not vary by compliance category using this case definition. The attack rate in children vaccinated with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids vaccine (DT) was twofold less in low compliance physician practices when compared with the rates in high and intermediate groups. The DT/DTaP and DT/DTP fold-change differences were less in the high compliance group compared with the intermediate and low compliance groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that observer compliance (observer bias), can significantly inflate calculated vaccine efficacy. It is likely that all recently completed efficacy trials have been effected by this type of observer bias and all vaccines have considerably less efficacy against mild disease than published data suggest.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1996

Comparing dihydroergotamine mesylate and sumatriptan in the management of acute migraine. A retrospective cost-efficacy analysis.

The annual cost of managing migraine totals billions of US dollars. This retrospective economic analysis of a clinical trial comparing subcutaneous dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) with subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of acute migraine is appropriate because, although each product has been shown to be efficacious, the acquisition cost of sumatriptan is over 3 times that of DHE. Total costs in each treatment group were calculated and applied independently to 11 clinical trial efficacy measures. Three of the efficacy measures showed no statistically significant difference between treatment arms, leading to a decision to use the less expensive DHE. In 4 of the efficacy measures. DHE was the obvious choice because it is more efficacious and less expensive. For the final 4 efficacy measures, where sumatriptan is more efficacious and more expensive, incremental cost-efficacy ratios were calculated to determine the additional expenditure required to achieve outcomes associated with quick relief. Depending on the efficacy variable chosen and the assumptions used in the model, the incremental cost-efficacy ratios ranged from $US4000 to $US6700 per year (1993 dollars) for each additional patient who is successfully treated with sumatriptan compared with DHE. Therefore, in a population of 100 migraineurs, an additional 13 to 22 patients would achieve these short term benefits of sumatriptan, although it would cost an additional $US88 395 annually, given the assumptions made. Because each product has unique advantages, we conclude that the more cost-efficacious product is dependent on the outcome of interest and the amount that the patient or provider is willing to pay to achieve that outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Is there a relationship between clinical efficacy and antidepressant dosage in major depression?].

Several methodological approaches enable to study dose-efficacy relationships with antidepressants: dose range studies with or without placebo, studies of dose augmentation in non responders, meta-analyses and concentration-efficacy studies. With tricyclic antidepressants, published data on dose-efficacy relationships are relatively scarce but often show that the higher dose is more efficacious than the lower dose. Results of concentration-efficacy studies show heterogeneity between tricyclic antidepressants. With selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors, systematic dose-efficacy and concentration-efficacy studies are available. They show that there is neither dose-efficacy nor concentration-efficacy relationships with SSRI. Venlafaxine has been systematically studied for a dose-efficacy relationship and results show a linear dose-efficacy relationship. Practical implications of these results are discussed.

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A structural model of the relationships among self-efficacy, psychological adjustment, and physical condition in Japanese advanced cancer patients.

We made detailed research for relationships among physical condition, self-efficacy and psychological adjustment of patients with advanced cancer in Japan. The sample consisted of 85 (42 males and 43 females) advanced cancer patients. Interviews were conducted with some measurement scales including the Self-efficacy scale for Advanced Cancer (SEAC), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) and medication status were also recorded from the evaluation by physicians. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) for statistical analysis. The analysis revealed that the model, including three self-efficacy subscales, depression, anxiety, KPS, meal-, liquid-intake, prognosis and three latent variables: 'Self-efficacy', 'Emotional Distress', and 'Physical Condition,' fit the data (chi-square(24)=28.67, p=0.23; GFI=0.93; CFI=0.98; RMSEA=0.05). In this model, self-efficacy accounted for 71% of the variance in emotional distress and physical condition accounted for 8% of the variance in self-efficacy. Overall, our findings suggest clearly that close relationships existed among physical condition, self-efficacy and emotional distress. That is, patients in good physical condition had a high self-efficacy, and patients with high self-efficacy were less emotionally distressed. These results imply that psychological intervention which emphasizes self-efficacy would be effective for advanced cancer patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Does self-efficacy influence leg muscle pain during cycling exercise?

UNLABELLED: This experiment examined the effect of a manipulation of self-efficacy beliefs on perceptions of leg muscle pain during moderate-intensity cycling exercise among women. Low to moderately active college-age women (n = 28) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions that were designed to either increase or decrease efficacy beliefs for engaging in moderate intensity physical activity. Efficacy was manipulated based on bogus feedback after a maximal incremental exercise test. Within 2-3 days after the efficacy manipulation, participants completed 30 min of cycling on an ergometer at 60% peak oxygen consumption. Perceptions of leg muscle pain, as well as work rate and oxygen consumption, were recorded during exercise. There was an initial relationship between baseline self-efficacy and pain ratings during a maximal incremental exercise test. Although the provision of bogus feedback was effective for manipulating self-efficacy, there was no differential effect on leg muscle pain intensity ratings during the 30 min bout of moderate-intensity cycling. The results imply that our manipulation of self-efficacy for prolonged exercise does not influence leg muscle pain during moderate-intensity exercise among low to moderately active young females. PERSPECTIVE: We examined the influence of self-efficacy on muscle pain during exercise. Although we did not identify a significant influence of efficacy on pain, our research highlights novel research directions. Future research could potentially help identify self-efficacy as a means of decreasing pain during exercise and ultimately enhancing physical activity participation.

Adult↗