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PubMedDate not supplied

The anti-ulcer effect in rats of ginger constituents.

The effects of ginger, a pungent stomachic natural medicine, on HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, were examined. The orally administered acetone extract at 1000 mg/kg and zingiberene, the main terpenoid from acetone extract, at 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 97.5 and 53.6%, respectively. 6-Gingerol, the pungent principle, at 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 54.5%. These results suggest that zingiberene, the terpenoid and 6-gingerol are important constituents in stomachic medications containing ginger.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in migraine headache.

Migraine is considered as a neurological disorder with little convincing evidence of the involvement of some vascular phenomenon. Recent understanding of the mechanisms behind migraine pain generation and perception have considerably helped the development of modern migraine drugs. Most migraine drugs in use, i.e., ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, iprazochrome, pizotifen and diazepam; and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (i.e. aspirin, paracetamol, persantin, etc.) have side-effects and are prescribed with caution for a limited duration. Ginger is reported in Ayurvedic and Tibb systems of medicine to be useful in neurological disorders. It is proposed that administration of ginger may exert abortive and prophylactic effects in migraine headache without any side-effects.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of diarylheptanoids and gingerol-related compounds from the rhizome of Chinese ginger.

Ginger is one of the most widely used spices and has been used in traditional oriental medicines for long time. Its extract and major pungent principles have been shown to exhibit a variety of biological activities. In order to find more active constituents and evaluate their structure-activity relationship (SAR) we isolated from the rhizomes of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) five new diarylheptanoids along with 20 known diarylheptanoids and gingerol-related compounds and studied their cytotoxic and apoptotic activities against human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. It was found that compounds 1a, 2a, 5, 6a, 6b and 7 possess significant cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells (IC(50)<50 microM) and that the cytotoxic activity is associated with the cell apoptosis. SAR analysis demonstrates that the following structural determinants contribute critically to the enhancement of the activity: (i) acetoxyl groups at 3- and/or 5-positions of the side chain; (ii) the appropriate longer alkyl side-chain length; (iii) the ortho-diphenoxyl functionality on the aromatic ring; (iv) the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone moiety in the side chain. These provide useful information for potential chemopreventive drug design.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A literature review of the effectiveness of ginger in alleviating mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.

Mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting of pregnancy affects up to 80% of all pregnancies. Concern about antiemetic use and the time-limited nature of symptoms has restrained the development of effective treatment approaches, yet supportive, dietary, and lifestyle changes may be ineffective. This article reviews 4 recent well-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical studies that provide convincing evidence for the effectiveness of ginger in treating nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. It also provides a dosage update for the various forms of ginger.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2005

Metabolic profiling and phylogenetic analysis of medicinal Zingiber species: Tools for authentication of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc).

Phylogenetic analysis and metabolic profiling were used to investigate the diversity of plant material within the ginger species and between ginger and closely related species in the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae). In addition, anti-inflammatory data were obtained for the investigated species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all Zingiber officinale samples from different geographical origins were genetically indistinguishable. In contrast, other Zingiber species were significantly divergent, allowing all species to be clearly distinguished using this analysis. In the metabolic profiling analysis, the Z. officinale samples derived from different origins showed no qualitative differences in major volatile compounds, although they did show some significant quantitative differences in non-volatile composition, particularly regarding the content of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols, the most active anti-inflammatory components in this species. The differences in gingerol content were verified by HPLC. The metabolic profiles of other Zingiber species were very different, both qualitatively and quantitatively, when compared to Z. officinale and to each other. Comparative DNA sequence/chemotaxonomic phylogenetic trees showed that the chemical characters of the investigated species were able to generate essentially the same phylogenetic relationships as the DNA sequences. This supports the contention that chemical characters can be used effectively to identify relationships between plant species. Anti-inflammatory in vitro assays to evaluate the ability of all extracts from the Zingiber species examined to inhibit LPS-induced PGE(2) and TNF-alpha production suggested that bioactivity may not be easily predicted by either phylogenetic analysis or gross metabolic profiling. Therefore, identification and quantification of the actual bioactive compounds are required to guarantee the bioactivity of a particular Zingiber sample even after performing authentication by molecular and/or chemical markers.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed2006

Ultrasonic enhancement of the supercritical extraction from ginger.

This work examines the concurrent use of power ultrasound during the extraction of pungent compounds from a typical herb (ginger) with supercritical CO(2). A power ultrasonic transducer with an operating frequency of 20 kHz is connected to an extraction vessel and the extraction of gingerols from freeze-dried ginger particles (4-8 mm) is monitored. In the presence of ultrasound, we find that both the extraction rate and the yield increase. The higher extraction rate is attributed to disruption of the cell structures and an increase in the accessibility of the solvent to the internal particle structure, which enhances the intra-particle diffusivity. While cavitation would readily account for such enhancement in ambient processes, the absence of phase boundaries should exclude such phenomena above the critical point. Possible alternate mechanisms for the cell structure damage are discussed.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2000

Influence of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc) on oxidative stress induced by malathion in rats.

Pesticide chemicals may induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and alterations in antioxidants or oxygen free radical (OFR) scavenging enzymes. Hence, the effect of subchronic malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2, bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithioate) exposure was evaluated on lipid peroxidation, glutathione and related enzymes and OFR scavenging enzymes in albino rats. Administration of malathion (20 ppm) for 4 weeks increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes and glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in serum. However, it decreased the glutathione (GSH) level in whole blood. Concomitant dietary feeding of Zingiber officinales Rosc (ginger 1%, w/w) significantly attenuated malathion induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in these rats. These results indicate the possible involvement of free radicals in organophosphate-induced toxicity and highlight the protective action of ginger, an indigenous medicinal plant product.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice.

A wide array of phytochemicals have been shown to possess potential cancer chemopreventive properties. Ginger contains pungent phenolic substances with pronounced antioxidative and antiinflammatory activities. In the present study, we have determined the antitumor promotional activity of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, using a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Topical application of [6]-gingerol onto shaven backs of female ICR mice prior to each topical dose of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) significantly inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced skin papillomagenesis. The compound also suppressed TPA-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and inflammation.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2000

The safety of a ginger extract in the rat.

In three different studies on rats, the effects of a patented standardised ginger extract, EV.EXT 33, on blood glucose, blood coagulation, blood pressure and heart rate were investigated. EV.EXT 33 had no significant effect on blood glucose levels at the doses used. It also had no significant effects on coagulation parameters or on Warfarin-induced changes in blood coagulation, indicating that it did not interact with Warfarin. EV.EXT 33 neither decreases systolic blood pressure nor increases heart rate in the rat. As also seen from the literature, ginger is thus pharmacologically safe regarding the investigated aspects.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Hydrolysis of ginger bagasse starch in subcritical water and carbon dioxide.

Ginger bagasse from supercritical extraction was hydrolyzed using subcritical water and CO(2) to produce reducing sugars and other low molecular mass substances. Response surface methodology was used to find the best hydrolysis conditions; the degree of hydrolysis and the yield were the two response variables selected for maximization. The kinetic studies of the hydrolysis were performed at 150 bar and temperatures of 176, 188, and 200 degrees C. The higher degree of hydrolysis (97.1% after 15 min of reaction) and higher reducing sugars yield (18.1% after 11 min of reaction) were established for the higher process temperature (200 degrees C). Different mixtures of oligosaccharides with different molecular mass distributions were obtained, depending on the temperature and on the reaction time. The ginger bagasse hydrolysis was treated as a heterogeneous reaction with a first-order global chemical kinetic, in relation to the starch concentration, which resulted in an activation energy of 180.2 kJ/mol and a preexponential factor of 5.79 x 10(17)/s.

Zingiber officinale↗

PubMed2000

Isolation of novel glucosides related to gingerdiol from ginger and their antioxidative activities.

Two novel glucosides of 6-gingerdiol were isolated from fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Their structures were determined as 1-(4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxydecane (1) and 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)deca ne (2) by HRFAB-MS and NMR analyses, and the absolute configurations of both aglycons were identified as (3S,5S) by a comparison with synthetic compounds. After incubating these glucosides with acetone powder prepared from fresh ginger, they were confirmed to have been hydrolyzed to 6-gingerdiol by HPLC. This result suggests that these glucosides are the precursors or intermediates of 6-gingerdiol. To recognize their function, their antioxidative activities were investigated and compared to that of their aglycon, 6-gingerdiol, by a linoleic acid model system and by their DPPH radical-scavenging ability. Although 1 did not indicate any activity, 2 had as strong activity as the aglycon in both measurements.

Acetone↗

PubMed2000

Amino-acid sequence and glycan structures of cysteine proteases with proline specificity from ginger rhizome Zingiber officinale.

The ginger proteases (GP-I and GP-II), isolated from the ginger rhizome Zingiber officinale, have an unusual substrate specificity preference for cleaving peptides with a proline residue at the P2 position. The complete amino-acid sequence of GP-II, a glycoprotein containing 221 amino acids, and about 98% that of GP-I have been determined. Both proteases, which are 82% similar, have cysteine residues at positions 27 and histidines at position 161, corresponding to the essential cysteine-histidine diads found in the papain family of cysteine proteases, and six corresponding cysteine residues that form the three invariant disulfide linkages seen in this family of proteins. The sequence homology with other members (papain, bromelain, actinidin, protease omega, etc.) of this family is approximately 50%. GP-II has two predicted glycosylation sites at Asn99 and Asn156. Analyisis by electrospray and collision-induced dissociation MS showed that both sites were occupied by the glycans (Man)3(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)2 and (Man)3(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)3, in a ratio of approximately 7 : 1. Both glycans are xylose containing biantennary complex types that share the common core structural unit, Man1-->6(Man1-->3) (Xyl1-->2)Man1-->4GlcNAc1-->4(Fuc1-->3)GlcNAc for the major form, with an additional N-acetylglucosamine residue being linked, in the minor form, to one of the terminal mannose units of the core structure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in black pepper, coriander, ginger and turmeric in India.

Ochratoxin A (OA) contamination of black pepper, coriander seeds, powdered ginger and turmeric powder was estimated using indirect competitive ELISA. Samples (1 g) were extracted with 0.5% potassium chloride (KCl) in 70% methanol (5 ml) and diluted subsequently to give two-fold to ten-fold step-wise dilutions in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.2% bovine serum albumin (PBS-T BSA). For extracts from the spices analysed, ELISA estimates of OA concentrations were compared with those made by HPLC. All estimates were within 1-2 standard deviation of the ELISA values. More than 90% of OA added to spice samples was recovered from samples containing between 5 and 100 microg/kg OA. Extracts of OA-free spice samples contained substances that interfered with ELISA, presumably because of non-specific reactions. This effect was avoided by preparing all the test solutions in extracts of OA-free spice samples. In 126 samples obtained from retail shops, OA was found to exceed 10 microg/kg in 14 (in the range of 15-69 microg/kg) of 26 black pepper samples, 20 (in the range of 10-51 microg/kg) of 50 coriander samples, two (23 microg/kg and 80 microg/kg) of 25 ginger samples and nine (in the range of 11-102 microg/kg) of 25 turmeric samples. This is the first record in India of the occurrence of OA in what are some of the most widely used spices in Indian cooking.

Apiaceae↗

PubMed2004

Ginger extract inhibits beta-amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in cultured THP-1 monocytes.

INTRODUCTION: Neuritic plaques, a neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, are extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta). In the central nervous system neuritic plaques are surrounded by activated microglial cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and neurotoxic mediators. Long-term activation of microglial cells is suspected to contribute to the neuron loss in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine whether a ginger (Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga) extract (GE) can dampen the activation of THP-1 cells by lipopolysaccharide, proinflammatory cytokines, and fibrillar amyloid peptide Abeta(1-42), a major component of neuritic plaques. METHODS: THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line with properties similar to human microglial cells, were incubated with GE or control medium alone for 1 hour, and then with reincubated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or fibrillar Abeta(1-42) for an additional hour. The extent of THP-1 cell activation was determined by measuring mRNA levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10). RESULTS: The results document that the GE used in this study inhibits LPS, cytokine, and amyloid Abeta peptide-induced expression of the proinflammatory genes TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, COX-2, MIP-alpha, MCP-1, and IP-10. The data provide experimental evidence that ginger can inhibit the activation of human monocytic THP-1 cells by different proinflammatory stimuli and reduce the expression of a wide range of inflammation-related genes in these microglial-like cells. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that GE may be useful in delaying the onset and the progression of neurodegenerative disorders involving chronically activated microglial cells in the central nervous system.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2004

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), a dietary supplement, protects mice against radiation-induced lethality: mechanism of action.

The radioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale; ZOE) was studied in mice administered 250 mg/kg ZOE orally using oral gavage once daily for 5 consecutive days before exposure to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 Gy of gamma-radiation. The animals were monitored daily up to 30 days postirradiation for the development of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality. Pretreatment of mice with ZOE reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality at all the exposure doses and also increased the number of survivors in a ZOE + irradiation group compared to the concurrent double-distilled water + irradiation group. The ZOE treatment protected mice against gastrointestinal-related deaths as well as bone-marrow-related deaths. The dose-reduction factor was found to be 1.2. The administration of ZOE after exposure to irradiation was not effective, as no survivors lasted up to 30 days postirradiation. Reducing the administration schedule to 3 days or increasing the schedule to 7 days was not as effective compared to a 5 consecutive days' schedule. The irradiation of animals resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the lipid peroxidation, while depletion in the glutathione (GSH) contents occurred on day 31 postirradiation. Treatment of mice with ZOE before irradiation caused a significant depletion in lipid peroxidation followed by a significant elevation in GSH concentration in the livers of mice at 31 days postirradiation. The mechanism of action of ZOE was determined by evaluating its free-radical scavenging capability. Ginger was found to scavenge *OH, O2*- and ABTS*+ radicals in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The drug was nontoxic up to a dose of 1500 mg/kg body weight, the highest drug dose that could be tested for acute toxicity.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparative effects of ginger root (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) on the production of inflammatory mediators in normal and osteoarthrotic sow chondrocytes.

Ginger root was previously demonstrated to exert anti-arthritic effects in sow cartilage explants. This study further investigated the comparative effects of ginger root extract (GRE) on the production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in normal chondrocytes (NC) and osteoarthrotic chondrocytes (OC) isolated from sow cartilage explants. The sow chondrocyte cells were isolated and grown in Ham's F-12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics. GRE was then added at different concentrations (0-2,000 microg/mL), and the cells were allowed to grow for 24 hours in the presence of cytokine inducer. The culture media were collected and assayed for NO by the Griess reaction and for PGE2 by radioimmunoassay. When GRE was not used, the NC had lower PGE2 and NO than the OC. With GRE treatment, both PGE2 and NO decreased linearly in both the NC and the OC. As GRE concentrations increased, the rate of PGE(2) decrease was the same in the NC and the OC, whereas the rate of NO decrease was greater for the OC than for the NC. Collectively, OC produce more inflammatory mediators than do NC, and the production of inflammatory mediators was reduced when GRE was added to both the OC and the NC. The inhibitory effects of GRE on NO and PGE2 production by sow OC observed in this study suggest an important role for GRE as an anti-arthritic agent.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia l.) or ginger rhizome (Zingiber offifinale rosc) on spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in SHN mice.

The effects of chronic treatment with hot water extract of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) or Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber offifinale Rosc) on spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis were examined in SHN virgin mice. In mice given free access to extract of Bitter Melon (0.5%) or Ginger (0.125%) in drinking water, the development of mammary tumors was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the former inhibited uterine adenomyosis with a common pathological background to mammary tumors and the latterinhibited mammary tumor growth. While the mechanism of the effects of these natural products remains to be clarified, there were no adverse effects of chronic treatment with these agents as estimated from body weight, food and water intake and various plasma component levels as well as external appearance. Thus, these natural products, popular in Japan as foodstuffs, also appear to have a health benefit.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Gastroprotective activity of ginger zingiber officinale rosc., in albino rats.

The cytoprotective and gastric anti-ulcer studies of ginger have been carried out in albino rats. Cytodestruction was produced by 80% ethanol, 0.6M HC1, 0.2M NaOH and 25% NaCl. Whereas gastric ulcers were produced by ulcerogenic agents including indomethacin, aspirin and reserpine, beside hypothermic restraint stress and by pylorus ligated Shay rat technique. The results of this study demonstrate that the extract in the dose of 500 mg/kg orally exert highly significant cytoprotection against 80% ethanol, 0.6M HC1, 0.2M NaOH and 25% NaCl induced gastric lesions. The extract also prevented the occurrence of gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hypothermic restraint stress. These observations suggest cytoprotective and anti-ulcerogenic effect of the ginger.

Animals↗