SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “long noncoding RNA”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed2025

Comprehensive analysis of diagnostic biomarkers related to histone acetylation in acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become a serious disease that endangers human health, with high morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have reported histone acetylation can result in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. This article aims to explore the potential biomarkers of histone acetylation regulatory genes (ARGs) in AMI patients. METHODS: Five AMI datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Next, ARG-related genes were gathered by gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and Spearman's correlation analysis. Subsequently, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify the module genes related to histone acetylation regulation. In the GSE60993 and GSE48060 datasets, the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AMI and control samples were screened. Importantly, the intersecting genes were obtained by overlapping ARGs-related genes, common DEGs, and module genes. Then, the biomarkers in AMI were determined by machine learning, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). In addition, immune analysis, drug prediction, molecular docking, and the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network targeting the biomarkers were analyzed, respectively. RESULTS: Here, a total of 18 intersecting genes were identified by overlapping 7,349 ARGs-related genes, 5,565 module genes, and 25 common DEGs. Further, five biomarkers (AQP9, HLA-DQA1, MCEMP1, NKG7, and S100A12) were obtained, and a nomogram was constructed and verified based on these biomarkers. Notably, the biomarkers were significantly associated with CD8 T cells and neutrophils. In addition, the drugs related to biomarkers were predicted, and ATOGEPANT with the molecular target (S100A12) had a high binding affinity (docking score = -10 kcal/mol). CONCLUSION: AQP9, HLA-DQA1, MCEMP1, NKG7, and S100A12 were identified as biomarkers related to ARGs in AMI, which provides a new perspective to study the relationship between ARGs and AMI.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Expression analysis of LINC00671 and LINC01913 long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer patients and their correlation with EMT markers.

BACKGROUND: Long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play various roles in the regulation of gene expression at the levels of transcription and translation, and epigenetic modification. Dysregulation of lncRNAs is associated with various malignancies, including cancer. lncRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate critical biological processes in cancer cells, such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion. They also play essential roles in the development of gastric cancer (GC). However, the clinical significance and biological function of many lncRNAs remain unexplored in GC progression. This study aimed to evaluate the expression profiles of LINC00671 and LINC01913 in GC patients and investigate their correlation with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. METHOD: The real-time PCR technique was applied to measure the expression levels of the selected lncRNAs (LINC01913 and LINC00671) and EMT-related mRNAs (MAMLs and MMP-13) in 83 tumor and adjacent normal tissues obtained from GC patients. RESULT: A significant reduction in LINC00671 expression was observed in 55.4% of tumor tissues, while elevated expression of LINC01913 (41%), MMP13 (56.6%), and MAML1 (44.6%) was detected, representing the proportion of samples with dysregulated expression relative to matched normal tissues. Dysregulation of these genes was significantly associated with various clinicopathological features (P < 0.05), supporting a potential link between these lncRNAs and EMT processes in GC. CONCLUSION: The observed associations between LINC00671, LINC01913, and EMT-related genes suggest their potential as prognostic biomarkers for treatment response in GC patients.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Genome-wide mapping of stress-responsive lncRNA, uc.104, reveals the chromatin-mediated regulation of stress and plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus of chronic restraint rats.

Chronic stress significantly impacts hippocampal function through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. While the roles of lncRNAs in stress-related transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have recently been recognized, their genome-wide functions controlling the transcriptional network remain largely unclear. Evidence indicates that the lncRNA uc.104 is involved in stress responses; however, its genome-wide chromatin interactions and gene regulatory effects are yet to be explored. To examine this, we combined chromatin isolation by RNA purification sequencing (ChIRP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the hippocampus from handled control and chronic restraint stress (CRS) rats. ChIRP-seq identified 6,664 uc.104 binding peaks under CRS, including 6,517 enriched and 149 reduced. Many peaks were mapped to intronic and promoter-proximal regions of protein-coding genes. Integration of ChIRP-seq with RNA-seq data revealed 1,839 differentially expressed genes associated with uc.104 binding sites, with 106 high-confidence overlaps. Several genes (Gabra3, Htr7, Irs1, Gpr37, Clu, Hspa1b, Ppp3r2, Nfasc, Pcdhac2, and Cysltr2) identified as regulatory targets of uc.104, have been directly implicated in stress responses, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation. Gene ontology and Synapse GO (SynGO) analyses revealed significant enrichment for processes involving dendritic spine formation, synapse organization, and pre- and postsynaptic signaling. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified hub genes, including EGFR, CDC42, IGF1R, CTNNB1, CALM1, CALM3, POLR2A, MDM2, TBP, and CSNK1E, several of which have been linked to stress-responsive pathways. Together, our findings reveal that uc.104 binding to chromatin near stress- and synapse-related genes may act as a regulator of stress-responsive transcriptional networks in the hippocampus. By linking uc.104 occupancy to stress and synaptic responsive genes, this study highlights uc.104 as a potential mediator of stress-induced hippocampal malfunctions.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Non-coding RNA 7SK drives tumor resistance by coupling local oncogenic activation with global transcriptional repression.

The conserved non-coding RNA 7SK is a well-established global transcriptional repressor, yet its context-specific functions in cancer and therapy resistance remain paradoxical. Here, we resolve this paradox by uncovering a dual-axis mechanism through which 7SK drives colorectal cancer (CRC) resistance. By integrating single-cell multi-omics with functional assays, we demonstrate that 7SK not only selectively activates the JUN transcriptional network to fuel tumor proliferation but also reduces global transcriptional entropy to stabilize an immunosuppressive microenvironment and promote immune escape. This "local activation-global suppression" paradigm is conserved across multiple cancer types, positioning 7SK as a potential pan-cancer therapeutic target. Our findings reveal 7SK as a dynamic modulator that balances oncogene-specific transcription with global transcriptional suppression across cancers, providing a new framework for understanding and targeting ncRNA-mediated resistance.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Genetic analysis of IFNG-AS1 implicates opposite effects to Leishmania guyanensis-cutaneous leishmaniasis: rs4913269 confers protection while rs7134599 enhances susceptibility and correlates with high plasma IL-4 and IL-10 levels.

BACKGROUND: The long non-coding RNA interferon gamma antisense-1 (IFNGAS-1) is essential for Th1 lineage specific expression of IFNG. IFN-γ is a key component cytokine in host immune response against intracellular pathogens like Leishmania. We investigated the association of two genetic variants of IFNGAS-1, rs4913269 and rs7134599, with susceptibility or protection to Leishmania guyanensis- induced cutaneous leishmaniasis (Lg-CL). METHODS: A case-control study involving 1,714 individuals (855 Lg-CL and 859 healthy controls) was conducted in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Genotyping of rs4913269 and rs7134599 were performed using direct nucleotide sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), respectively. Plasma cytokines concentrations (IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-1β and TNF-α) were quantified using multiplex Luminex platform. Logistic regression, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and haplotype analyses were applied to assess genetic associations and cytokine correlations. RESULTS: Individuals with the rs4913269 G/G genotype had a 46% reduced risk of developing Lg-CL, (OR adjusted for age and sex [ORadj] = 0.54; 95% CI 0.39-0.75; Pvadj = 0.0001). Carriers of the rs7134599 A/A genotype had a 130% increased risk of progression to Lg- CL (ORadj = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.6-3.4; P = 0.0001). The rs7134599 A/G genotype also showed a 52% increased risk compared to GG genotype (ORadj = 1.52, 95%CI 1.22-1.89; Pvadj = 0.0002). The rs4913269 G/G genotype was associated with lower levels of IL-10 (P = 0.05) and IL-12p70 (P = 0.009) compared to the C/C genotype. Conversely, the rs7134599 AA genotypes were correlated with higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-1β in comparison to the GG genotype. LD revealed independent segregation of the variants. CONCLUSIONS: The IFNG-AS1 variants rs4913269 and rs7134599 exert opposing effects on Lg-CL risk and modulate key cytokines involved in disease pathogenesis. These findings underscore the regulatory role in immune responses and increase our understanding of the immunogenetic basis of CL and support the potential IFNG-AS1 as a biomarker for susceptibility.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Oxidative Stress Associated LncRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Prognosis and Immune Responses in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients.

Long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) significantly influences lung squamous cell carcinoma's (LUSC) prognostic value and immune infiltration. This study aimed to demonstrate how oxidative stress-related lncRNAs impact lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset gathered transcriptome information and related clinical data for LUSC. To build a prognostic model, 10 prognostic-related genes were identified using a series of bioinformatics analyses that compared the OS gene's aberrant expression in tumor and healthy tissues, as well as its association with malignancy. Subjects were stratified into high- and low-risk groups based on the median risk score derived from the 10-gene signature. While the mathematical risk model demonstrated limited independent predictive performance in the validation cohort (AUC ~ 0.5), functional and immunological evaluations revealed significant differences in the tumor microenvironment (TME) across risk strata. Specifically, high-risk patients exhibited distinct immune infiltration profiles and altered immunological scores relative to their low-risk counterparts. Therefore, rather than serving as a direct clinical prediction tool, this oxidative stress-related lncRNA signature provides valuable biological insights into the immune landscape of LUSC and highlights potential therapeutic targets for further mechanistic investigation.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

LINC01871-Mediated Sensitivity to Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in Human Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women, and resistance to cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors limits long-term treatment efficacy. This study aimed to identify long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with predicted sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors and to investigate their biological functions in breast cancer. Transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and drug sensitivity data from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer 2 (GDSC2) database were integrated, and drug sensitivity was predicted using the oncoPredict algorithm. Candidate lncRNAs were identified through differential expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, prognostic analysis, and machine learning. The biological functions of LINC01871 were subsequently evaluated using in vitro and in vivo experiments. Sixty-two lncRNAs associated with predicted sensitivity to ribociclib and palbociclib were identified, and six core lncRNAs were selected. LINC01871 showed the highest discriminatory performance for predicted drug sensitivity. Overexpression of LINC01871 was associated with increased sensitivity of breast cancer cells to ribociclib and palbociclib, inhibition of cell proliferation, promotion of apoptosis, and suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis demonstrated high LINC01871 expression in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, while transcriptome-based immune infiltration analyses showed that high LINC01871 expression was associated with increased immune infiltration. These findings identify LINC01871 as a candidate biomarker of sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors and demonstrate its tumor-suppressive effects in breast cancer. Further clinical and mechanistic studies are required to validate its predictive value and therapeutic relevance.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

LncRNA RP11-708J19.2 promotes colorectal cancer progression by binding to SIRT7 via regulating H3K18ac.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy with a complex genetic basis. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a susceptibility locus at 3p21.31, however, the functional SNP(s) underlying the association between the 3p21.31 region and CRC remain to be elucidated. In this study, we identified rs2101247 as the potential functional SNP and further demonstrated that rs2101247 is significantly associated with the expression of the nearby long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) RP11-708J19.2 (ENSG00000271161.1). Functional experiments showed that RP11-708J19.2 is upregulated in CRC tumor tissues, and its knockdown reduces cell viability while promoting apoptosis in SW1116 and HCT116 cell lines. Mechanistically, RP11-708J19.2 interacts directly with the deacetylase SIRT7, modulating histone H3K18 acetylation (H3K18ac). Specifically, RP11-708J19.2 knockdown leads to a significant upregulation of H3K18ac levels, implicating a SIRT7-mediated epigenetic pathway in CRC progression. Our findings elucidate a novel functional SNP-lncRNA axis that contributes to CRC pathogenesis, providing potential biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targets for intervention.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Primary structure, neural-specific expression, and dendritic location of human BC200 RNA.

Primate BC200 RNA is a 200-nucleotide-long, nontranslatable RNA that is prevalently expressed in the nervous system. We have determined the primary structure of human BC200 RNA, using cDNA cloning and PCR techniques. BC200 RNA can be subdivided into three structural domains. The 5' region is homologous to Alu repetitive elements that are found in high copy numbers in primate genomes. The central part of BC200 RNA is characterized by a high percentage of A-residues, with a few interspersed other nucleotides. The 3' sequence is unique to BC200 RNA and shows no apparent similarity with known human DNA sequences. Sequence similarity with rodent BC1 RNA is limited to several short elements, and BC1/BC200 sequence comparisons indicate that the two genes have evolved via separate phylogenetic routes. Probes directed against the 3' unique part of BC200 RNA detected a single band corresponding to approximately 200 nucleotides on RNA blots. This band was identified only with RNA isolated from human brain, not with RNA from non-neural organs such as lung or kidney. In situ hybridization to selected areas of the human nervous system showed that BC200 RNA is expressed by a subpopulation of neurons that is analogous to the BC1 RNA-expressing subset of neurons in the corresponding areas of the rat nervous system. Moreover, like rat BC1 RNA, human BC200 RNA was localized to dendrite-rich neuropil areas, for example, in the inner plexiform layer of the retina. These results indicate that BC1 RNA and BC200 RNA, although of different evolutionary pedigree, may play analogous functional roles, in rodents and primates, respectively, in somatodendritic domains of nerve cells.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2025

Nascent and Mature RNA Profiling by Subcellular Fractionation in Human Cells.

Transcription and RNA decay determine steady-state RNA levels in cells available for translation and RNA-mediated regulatory functions. Both processes can be assessed by various techniques, for majority, based on RNA labelling or chromatin immunoprecipitation, but require a high level of expertise. Here, we describe a cost-effective, fast, and simple protocol that enables the profiling of nascent and mature RNA in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, and chromatin through subcellular fractionation. The workflow can include α-amanitin inhibition of RNA Polymerase II to assess nascent RNAs as a proxy of transcriptional activity, or it can be used without this treatment to investigate distribution of partially processed or mature transcripts across distinct subcellular compartments. It is applicable for studying any of RNA biotypes, including small and long noncoding RNAs, mRNAs, and their splice variants, on both transcript-specific and transcriptome-wide scales. Nascent or mature RNAs isolated from each fraction can be further analyzed by any technique of choice (northern blot, reverse transcription, RNA sequencing).

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Mutational analysis of the pseudoknot region in the 3' noncoding region of tobacco mosaic virus RNA.

The approximately 200-nucleotide-long 3'-terminal noncoding region of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA contains a tRNA-like structure and, in its immediate upstream region, three consecutive pseudoknots, each of which is composed of two double-helical segments. To elucidate the biological functions of the pseudoknot region, we constructed several deletion mutant TMV-L (a tomato strain) RNAs by using an in vitro transcription system and tested their ability to multiply in both tobacco plants and protoplasts. When deletions were introduced just downstream of the termination codon of the coat protein gene in the 5'-to-3' direction progressively, five of six double-helical segments were dispensable for viral multiplication, indicating that the pseudoknot structures are not essential for multiplication. However, extension of the deletion into the central pseudoknot region resulted in reduction in viral multiplication, accompanied by loss of development of mosaic symptoms on systemic tobacco plants. Cessation of multiplication was observed when the sequence involved in formation of double-helical segment I just upstream of the tRNA-like structure was deleted irrespective of the start point and extent of deletion. Point mutations that destabilized double-helical segment I resulted in a loss or great reduction of viral multiplication, whereas the double mutants in which the double helix was restored by additional compensating base substitutions restored multiplication to nearly the wild-type level. Thus, double-helical segment I just upstream of the tRNA-like structure is a structural feature essential for viral multiplication.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Dendritic location of neural BC1 RNA.

In nerve cells, a specialized protein synthetic machinery is thought to operate in local compartments of dendrites, in particular beneath synaptic junctions, and thereby to facilitate swift adjustments of the postsynaptic protein repertoire in situ. This notion has been supported by the identification of polyribosomes and selected mRNAs in those compartments. In this study, we report the discovery of a specific RNA polymerase III transcript in dendrites. This RNA, a noncoding, 152-nucleotide-long, single-gene transcript known as BC1 RNA, is expressed almost exclusively in the nervous system. In adult rats as well as in immature rats in late developmental stages, BC1 RNA has been located in the dendrites and somata of a subset of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. The colocalization of BC1 RNA with dendritic mRNAs and polyribosomes may indicate a role--possibly within the functional unit of a high molecular mass ribonucleoprotein particle--in specific pre- or posttranslational processes in postsynaptic compartments of neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

RNA G-quadruplexes emerge from a compacted coil-like ensemble via multiple pathways.

RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) are emerging as vital structural elements involved in processes like gene regulation, translation, and genome stability. Found in untranslated regions of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), they influence translation efficiency and mRNA localization. Additionally, rG4s of long noncoding RNAs and telomeric RNA play roles in RNA processing and cellular aging. Despite their significance, the atomic-level folding mechanisms of rG4s remain poorly understood due to their complexity. We studied the folding of the r(GGGA)3GGG and r(GGGUUA)3GGG (TERRA) sequences into parallel-stranded rG4 using all-atom enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulations, applying well-tempered metadynamics coupled with solute tempering. The obtained folding pathways suggest that RNA initially adopts a compacted coil-like ensemble characterized by dynamic guanine stacking and pairing. The three-quartet rG4 gradually forms from this compacted coil ensemble via diverse routes involving strand rearrangements and guanine incorporations. While the folding mechanism is multipathway, various two-quartet rG4 structures appear to be a common transitory ensemble along most routes. Thus, the process seems more complex than previously predicted, as G-hairpins or G-triplexes do not act as distinct intermediates, even though some are occasionally sampled. We also discuss the challenges of applying enhanced sampling methodologies to such a multidimensional free-energy surface and address the force-field limitations.

G-Quadruplexes↗

PubMed1982

Complete nucleotide sequences of the coat protein messenger RNAs of brome mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.

The nucleotide sequences of the subgenomic coat protein messengers (RNA4's) of two related bromoviruses, brome mosaic virus (BMV) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), have been determined by direct RNA and CDNA sequencing without cloning. BMV RNA4 is 876 b long including a 5' noncoding region of nine nucleotides and a 3' noncoding region of 300 nucleotides. CCMV RNA 4 is 824 b long, including a 5' noncoding region of 10 nucleotides and a 3' noncoding region of 244 nucleotides. The encoded coat proteins are similar in length (188 amino acids for BMV and 189 amino acids for CCMV) and display about 70% homology in their amino acid sequences. Length difference between the two RNAs is due mostly to a single deletion, in CCMV with respect to BMV, of about 57 b immediately following the coding region. Allowing for this deletion the RNAs are indicate that mutations leading to divergence were constrained in the coding region primarily by the requirement of maintaining a favorable coat protein structure and in the 3' noncoding region primarily by the requirement of maintaining a favorable RNA spatial configuration.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1982

Nucleotide sequence surrounding multiple polyadenylation sites in the mouse dihydrofolate reductase gene.

We have previously reported the presence of four dihydrofolate reductase messenger RNAs differing in the length of 3' untranslated regions in murine cells (Setzer, D. R., McGrogan, M., Nunberg, J. H., and Schimke, R. T. (1980) Cell 22, 361-370). We have now mapped the 3' ends of these RNAs more precisely and have demonstrated colinearity between their shared sequences. Analysis of three larger dihydrofolate reductase RNAs has shown that these RNA species contain very long 3' noncoding regions, bringing the total number of dihydrofolate reductase RNAs to seven, ranging in length from 750 to 5600 nucleotides. We have determined the nucleotide sequence at and surrounding the polyadenylation sites of the four smaller RNAs. We find no striking structures in this sequence that might constitute multiple polyadenylation signals, but conclude that the putative polyadenylation signal AAUAAA is not required for polyadenylation of at least three of the four dihydrofolate reductase messengers.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Poliovirus translation: a paradigm for a novel initiation mechanism.

All eukaryotic cellular mRNAs, and most viral mRNAs, are blocked at their 5' ends with a cap structure (m7GpppX, where X is any nucleotide). Poliovirus, along with a small number of other animal and plant viral mRNAs, does not contain a 5' cap structure. Since the cap structure functions to facilitate ribosome binding to mRNA, translation of polio-virus must proceed by a cap-independent mechanism. Consistent with this, recent studies have shown that ribosomes can bind to an internal region within the long 5' noncoding sequence of poliovirus RNA. Possible mechanisms for cap-independent translation are discussed. Cap-independent translation of poliovirus RNA is of major importance to the mechanism of shut-off of host protein synthesis after infection. Moreover, it is likely to play a role in determining poliovirus neurovirulence and attenuation.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

[Structure of messenger RNA of androgen receptor in mice and molecular characterization in Tfm mutant].

Complementary DNA clones covering the complete coding region of the mouse androgen receptor were assembled by enzymatic amplification (PCR) from testicular RNA and genomic DNA and fully sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence departs from the rat sequence at 21 positions, 20 of which are in the amino-terminal trans-activation domain. A single 10 kb long messenger RNA containing a 3' noncoding portion longer than 5 kb was detected. The murine cDNA sequence provided the basis to examine the testicular feminization (Tfm) mutation at the molecular level. The androgen receptor messenger RNA level was found reduced about 10-fold in the Tfm mice. The expression of the mutant receptor is affected at a post-transcriptional level. A single base deletion in the hexanucleotide stretch 1107-1112, not far from the 3' end of exon 1, introduces a frame-shift that leads to premature termination of the AR protein. Separately initiated polypeptides containing the DNA-binding and the steroid-binding domains of the androgen receptor are produced in vitro by using strong internal translation initiation sites. These carboxyl-terminal polypeptides have the characteristics of the shortened form of the receptor previously described in the tissues of Tfm mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Nucleotide sequence at the 5' extremity of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA. 1. The noncoding region (nucleotides 1-68).

The sequence of the 5' noncoding region of tobacco mosaic virus RNA has been determined. The noncoding region is 68 nucleotides long and is unusual in that it contains no internal guanosine residues. The long T1 oligonucleotide containing the guanosine-free tract was isolated from a T1 ribonuclease digest of tobacco mosaic virus RNA and sequenced by labelling techniques in vitro using polynucleotide kinase. The guanosine-free tract is terminated by the first potential initiation codon in the RNA molecule and several lines of evidence suggest that this AUG triplet is operational in initiating viral protein synthesis (see following paper). The 5'-noncoding region cannot base-pair extensively with the 3'-terminal sequence of 18-S ribosomal RNA from rabbit reticulocytes.

Base Sequence↗