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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

The objective rating of oral-motor functions during feeding.

The Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment (SOMA) was developed to record oral-motor skills objectively in infants between ages 8 and 24 months postnatal. Its aim is to identify areas of dysfunction that could contribute to feeding difficulties. The procedure takes approximately 20 min to administer, and is intended to be rated largely from a videorecording of a structured feeding session. A series of foodstuffs of varying textures, including liquids, is presented to the child in a standardized manner. Oral-motor skills are evaluated in terms of discrete oral-motor movements. The schedule distinguishes these from skills at more aggregated levels of functioning such as jaw, lip, and tongue control. A total of 127 children have been studied with the instrument, including normal healthy infants and samples with nonorganic failure to thrive, and cerebral palsy. Interrater and test-retest reliabilities were determined on a subset of 10 infants who each took part in three trials rated by 2 therapists. Excellent levels of interrater reliability (kappa > 0.75) were obtained for the presence/absence of 69% of discrete oral-motor behaviors. Test-retest reliability was similarly excellent for 85% of ratable behaviors. For the first time an assessment of oral-motor functioning has been shown to have adequate reliability for children aged 8-24 months. The validation of the SOMA on a large sample of normally developing infants and its application to clinical groups is presented in an accompanying paper [1].

Bottle Feeding↗

PubMed1990

Hemicerebellectomy and motor behaviour in rats. I. Development of motor function after neonatal lesion.

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of a neonatal hemicerebellectomy (HCb) on the motor development of rats and to determine whether various aspects of motor behaviour were affected to a similar degree. Postnatal development of postural reflexes, locomotion and dynamic postural adjustments was examined during the first four months of life in normal and in neonatal HCbed rats. The results indicate that classes of motor responses are controlled by cerebellar networks to clearly different extents. Emergence of quadruped stance, placing reactions and swimming development were unaffected by neonatal cerebellar lesion. Righting reflexes, cliff avoidance and geotaxic reactions, pivoting and crawling all showed a delayed development although the subsequent recovery was almost complete. The complex postural adjustments required in crossing a narrow path or in suspending on a wire remained permanently impaired. Finally, some behaviours developed normally and only subsequently became defective. This "growing into a deficit" was displayed by the progressively reduced hindlimb grasping and the development of a vestibular drop response with a directional bias. An impressive finding was the shifting of postural asymmetries from the lesion side to the contralateral one occurring around the third postnatal week. These data providing a description of the effect of HCb on motor development are interpreted as indicating a progressive involvement of the archi- and neo-cerebellar structures in the motor function of the rat.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Anorectal sensory and motor function in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Comparison between multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus.

We measured anorectal sensory and motor function in 11 patients with multiple sclerosis and fecal incontinence, 11 continent patients with multiple sclerosis, 10 diabetics with fecal incontinence, and 12 healthy control subjects. The threshold volume at which patients with multiple sclerosis and fecal incontinence experienced rectal sensation was higher than that in healthy controls (42.7 +/- 6.2 mL vs. 13.3 +/- 2.8 mL; P less than 0.01) and was similar to that in incontinent diabetics (36.5 +/- 5.7 mL). Patients with multiple sclerosis and incontinent diabetics also showed increased thresholds of phasic external sphincter contraction compared with controls (P less than 0.05). Diabetics with incontinence had reduced resting and maximal voluntary anal sphincter pressures compared with controls (P less than 0.05), whereas patients with multiple sclerosis and incontinence showed only decreased maximal voluntary anal sphincter pressures (P less than 0.01 vs. controls and diabetics). Incontinent patients with multiple sclerosis also required smaller volumes of rectal distention to inhibit internal sphincter tone compared with diabetics and controls (P less than 0.01). Decreased maximal voluntary squeeze pressures were less severe in continent patients with multiple sclerosis than in incontinent patients with multiple sclerosis. We conclude that impaired function of the external anal sphincter and decreased volumes of rectal distention to inhibit the internal anal sphincter or both may contribute to fecal incontinence in multiple sclerosis. In addition, increased thresholds of conscious rectal sensation in some incontinent patients with multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus may contribute to fecal incontinence by impairing the recognition of impending defecation.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

[Dynamics of the activities of postural asymmetry factors and of the recovery of motor function in damage to the neocortex of the left and right hemispheres].

The role of postural asymmetry factors in the recovery of motor function after unilateral cortical lesions was investigated. The differences in the time-course of motor reactions recovery after left- and right-sided cortical damage was found. A more effective compensation of motor defects in animals with left-sided damage was accompanied by stable activity of postural asymmetry factors. The reported results indicate an important role of postural asymmetry factors in the early compensatory intra-central rearrangements.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Motor function compensation in patients with infantile residual encephalopathy and epilepsy following hemispherectomy].

The author studied the time-course of motor function in the paretic and healthy limbs of 12 patients who underwent hemispherectomy. The neurological symptomatology, H-reflex parameters, and the results of a series of motor tests were appraised. In the acute postoperative period, the short-lived signs of central shock in the paretic limbs were observed, which were then replaced by increased excitability of the central nervous system on the side of the hemiparesis. Besides cessation of attacks and epileptic activity on the ECG in the late period, the author recorded total rise of the threshold of H-reflex production and improvement in the performance of the motor tests in unispheric patients, which were regarded as signs of epilepsy compensation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Astrocyte-derived growth factor (S100 beta) and motor function in rats following cardiac arrest.

Following 10-min cardiac arrest and resuscitation, the central serotonergic system and motor function of rats were found to be affected and later on restored. Astrocyte-derived growth factor (S100 beta) is known to promote survival and neurite outgrowth of serotonergic neurons. In the present study, brain levels of S100 beta were investigated with quantitative immunoblot analysis at various time points following cardiac arrest. Significant reductions of S100 beta were found in the cerebral cortex (30%), midbrain (35%), and cerebellum (46%) of rats 3 days postcardiac arrest. In contrast, at 14 and > 45 days, significant increases of S100 beta were detected in the cerebral cortex (57%; 81%), midbrain (70%; 97%), and cerebellum (84%; 157%). The results indicate that reactive astrocytosis and elevated levels of S100 beta may participate in the recovery processes following hypoxic-ischemic insults to the brain.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1989

Effects of sensory and motor functioning on adult intellectual performance.

This study examined longitudinal health and intelligence data to determine whether sensory or motor deficits account for some of the age-related intellectual changes that are commonly seen from midlife onward. Although sensory and motor functioning did not account for the age-related decrements in performance on speeded, visual perceptual tasks found for this sample in previous work, we did find that hearing deficits added error variance to performance estimates on two verbal subtests of the Wechsler scales.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[The action of pentagastrin on motor function and intracavitary pressure in the stomach and duodenum].

The effect of pentagastrin (dose: 6 mkg/kg on the motor function and intracavitary pressure of the stomach and duodenum was studied in 28 healthy persons and 352 patients with duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, chronic pancreatitis, chronic cholecystitis). It was found that pentagastrin stimulates appearance of the III antroduodenal phase. It is recommended to use pentagastrin in patients with chronic antroduodenal disorders of passability and antroduodenal stasis.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Sensory and motor functions of the superior parietal cortex of the monkey as revealed by single-neuron recordings.

From the literature on the functional role of the superior parietal cortex, it can be seen that this cortical area has been attributed both sensory and motor functions, as demonstrated by anatomical and lesion studies. Single-unit recordings in behaving monkeys have equally been interpreted as demonstrating these two functions. However, the results of recent experiments using this technique suggest that area 5 may function in the transformation of sensory activity into motor activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The avian oesophageal motor function and its nervous control: some physiological, pharmacological and comparative aspects.

1. This paper deals with the avian oesophageal motor function and it attempts to draw some comparative aspects between neural regulation of the avian and mammalian oesophagus. 2. Different from the mammalian oesophagus, the avian oesophagus, presents at rest electrical activity associated to spontaneous contractions. 3. Swallowing elicits peristaltic contraction, characterized by an inhibitory and an excitatory component. 4. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurons are responsible for the inhibitory component. 5. Contrarily to what observed in mammals, where the peripheral mechanism are important for the peristaltic sequence, the primary peristaltism of birds seems to be entirely mediated by extrinsic nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Impairment of the restoration of motor function after delayed nerve suture].

Motor restitution was studied after severance and microsurgical suture of 75 rabbit peroneal nerves by functional, electromyographic and morphological methods. Maximal pre-suture denervation lasted 12 months. Concerning the nerve distal to the suture site, individual variations in the degree of neurotization were more obvious than increasing changes with later nerve suture. But yet motor recovery was worse in this animal group with long lasting pre-suture denervation intervals. It therefore is concluded that changes within the muscle cells and the motor endplates probably are of outstanding importance for the poor motor recovery. Morphological findings in muscle and endplates support the conclusion. Especially after late nerve sutures the arrival of axons within the muscle is by no means necessarily followed by a sufficient recurrence of its function.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Enhancement of voluntary motor function following spinal cord stimulation--case study.

One patient with an incomplete traumatic myelopathy underwent epidural spinal cord stimulation for the management of severe intractable spasms, which were abolished by the stimulation. After several months of stimulation, the patient regained some voluntary motor function in the lower extremities. Voluntary motor control of the left quadriceps was present only when spinal cord stimulation was activated and stopped immediately after it was turned off. The effects could be consistently reproduced. EMG polygraphic recordings confirmed the results.

Adult↗

PubMed1970

Influence of bolus temperature on human esophageal motor function.

Hot and cold water, in comparison to room temperature water, ingested by normal young men, profoundly alters esophageal motor function. Cold water slows or abolishes esophageal peristalsis, prolongs the contraction wave in the distal esophagus, produces a delayed but prolonged relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and regularly causes a lower esophageal sphincteric contraction of increased amplitude. It does not, however, diminish the frequency of response of the lower esophageal sphincter even when the peristaltic wave above is abolished. Hot water, on the other hand, accelerates the response of the esophagus to the swallow; this change is reflected by increased speed of wave propagation, waves of shorter duration, a more brief relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and a lower esophageal sphincter contraction of less amplitude. Hot water may even increase the frequency of peristalsis at least in the proximal esophagus. In spite of these changes, however, neither extreme of temperature altered the rapid passage of the water swallows through the more proximal portions of the esophagus. Hot water tended to traverse the lower esophageal sphincter more rapidly than did room temperature water, but cold water was often delayed in entering the stomach and tended to pool in the distal esophagus even though sphincteric relaxation was manometrically complete and prolonged.

Deglutition↗

PubMed1985

[Relation between features of the recovery of motor functions in patients with ischemic strokes and the site and extent of lesion focus].

The nature and degree of motor disorders, the degree and rate of recovery were shown to be more dependent on the localization than on the size of the cerebral infarction specified by computer-aided tomography of the drain. Localization of infarct in the posterior femur of the internal capsule proved the least favourable with regard to the recovery of motor functions.

Brain↗

PubMed1992

[The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the secretory, motor function and microcirculation of the stomach and duodenal walls in patients with duodenal ulcers].

A total of 22 patients with duodenal ulcer were examined for secretory and motor functions, microcirculation of the gastroduodenal wall and changes in the stomach-duodenum interrelations under the influence of hyperbaric oxygenation. Of these, group I included 9 patients with active ulcer; group II 13 persons with a healing ulcer. To assess gastric and duodenal functions, use was made of pH-metry combined with the measurement of intraluminal pressure by "open catheters". Microcirculation of the gastroduodenal wall was estimated by the radiation method. The studies have shown that the patients with active ulcer treated by hyperbaric oxygenation manifested a decrease of motor activity of both stomach and duodenum, an improvement of acid-neutralizing function of the stomach, a reduction of the duration of duodenum acidification, a greater normalization of microcirculation in the duodenal wall than in the gastric wall. In the patients with healing ulcers, the duodenal motility returned to normal, the initially elevated gastric motility fell to normal, the acidification of the duodenal bulb declined, and the regional blood flow returned to normal. It may thus be concluded that the positive impact of hyperbaric oxygenation on gastroduodenal function was more pronounced in the patients with healing ulcers where a more considerable decrease of motor activity was not accompanied by duodenal motility suppression.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of disuse of hand for recovery of motor function following dorsal column section in the monkey.

A question of whether use or disuse of the hand affects the recovery of motor function following dorsal column (DC) section was examined in monkeys. The hand was immobilized by a cast for 16 and 18 days after the section. When the cast was removed, the motor deficit was severer than that observed immediately after the DC section in control animals clearly indicating that the usage of the hand was necessary for the recovery. However, the impairment was not permanent. The hand skill started improving following the removal of the cast and reached the same level as the control although it took longer than for control animals. Neuronal mechanisms for the recovery are discussed in relation to the formation of new synapses.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Impairment and recovery profiles of sensory-motor function following stroke: single-case graphical analysis techniques.

Graphical analysis procedures have been developed to improve interpretation of sensory-motor tests from individual subjects following acute brain damage. The procedures have been applied to 11 unilateral stroke patients assessed serially over 12 months on a computerized quantitative sensory-motor test battery of which grip strength, arm speed, and tracking have been chosen for illustrative purposes. The results indicate that four graphs are necessary to fully demonstrate neurologic impairment and recovery of each sensory-motor function, although fewer graphs would be satisfactory in some applications. Such analyses have proven valuable in the display of serial performance of individual patients but demonstration of impairment and recovery is much more difficult than for group analyses.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Cerebellar nitric oxide synthase, cGMP and motor function in two lines of cerebellar mutant mice, Staggerer and Wriggle Mouse Sagami.

We investigated the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the cerebellar motor function, by measuring nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities and cGMP in the cerebellum using two lines of mutant mice having motor dysfunction, Staggerer (SG) and Wriggle Mouse Sagami (WMS). In SG, the NOS activity per cerebellum was reduced to 5.8% of that of the controls, while no significant change was observed in WMS. The cerebellar cGMP in SG was reduced to 3.3% of that of the controls and to 43% in WMS. In contrast with these neurochemical markers of NO, the locomotor dysfunction and the number of falls were greater in WMS than in SG. The reductions of the neurochemical markers of NO are consistent with the results of the previous neuropathological studies in SG and WMS whereas the cerebellar motor dysfunction was independent of these neurochemical and neuropathological changes.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗