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PubMed1992

Effect of fat-modified and fruit- and vegetable-enriched diets on blood lipids in the Indian Diet Heart Study.

This study was designed to test the efficacy of the administration of fruits and vegetables for 12 weeks as an adjunct to a prudent diet in decreasing blood lipids in 310 (intervention; group A) and 311 (control; group B) patients with risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a parallel, single-blind fashion. At entry to the study, sex, mean age, body weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and blood lipoproteins were comparable between both groups. Tasty fruits and vegetables were given to patients to eat before major meals for better nutrient adherence and adequacy. Dietary intakes were determined by questionnaires and by weighing of fruit and vegetable intake. Fruits and vegetables decreased total cholesterol level by 6.5% and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level by 7.3% in group A, whereas the levels were unchanged in group B. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that decreased during the diet stabilization period in both groups, increased by 5.6% in group A after 12 weeks. Serum triglycerides also decreased (7%) more in group A than B. Fasting blood glucose decreased by 6.9% in group A and by 2.6% in group B. The combined effect of a fat-modified diet plus fruits and vegetables was greater than these changes. Because tasty fruits were taken by the patients before meals (when they are hungry) and are easily available at reasonable cost in our marketing and buying capacity, the compliance was excellent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1999

Poorer nutritional status of the older-generation in a Japanese farming village, as related to fewer types of food consumed.

This study was carried out to determine whether the most recent nutritional improvements in Japanese farming villages were due to improvement in the diet of the young only or across all ages. Food duplicates for 24 h were collected. The number of food items and the adequacy of each nutrient level were compared between subgroups, by age of cooking and those eating meals. The older-generation used and ate fewer food items resulting in poorer nutrition. The most recent improvement in nutrition in the farming villages of Japan was found mainly to affect the younger-generation with the older-generations being more poorly nourished.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Evaluation of nutritional status in patients with kidney disease: usefulness of dietary recall.

BACKGROUND: Three-day food recall and normalized protein nitrogen appearance calculation from pre- and postdialysis plasma urea are the most commonly used techniques to assess nutritional intake, but a 7-day dietary recall is probably more accurate to approach dietary intake in clinical practice. METHODS: A total of 99 hemodialyzed patients from two units were analyzed in a 7-day dietary record with a large range of age and without having any signs of malnutrition. Dietary protein intake was estimated from the recall and calculated (normalized protein catabolic rate) from urea kinetic modeling. Calorie intake and quality and repartition of nutrients were estimated from diaries. RESULTS: Repartition of nutrients was close to that of a reference population except for a lower glucidic contribution (glucide 47%, lipid 36%, protein 16%). Normalized protein catabolic rate and dietary protein intake were well correlated (R2 = 0.4), but a large variability existed from day to day, according to age (older patients are less variable) and day of dialysis (long or short interval). CONCLUSION: A large variation in alimentary intake exists from patient to patient and day to day. A 7-day evaluation of nutrient intake, dialysis adequacy, and nutritional parameters seems to be a good solution to guide dietetic counseling.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Trophic and cytoprotective nutrition for intestinal adaptation, mucosal repair, and barrier function.

Intestinal epithelial cell turnover (proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis) and gut barrier functions are dynamic processes that are markedly affected by nutritional status, the route of feeding, and the adequacy of specific nutrients in the diet. Emerging studies are defining potential therapeutic roles for specific nutrients and diet-derived compounds (including arginine, glutamate, glutamine, glutathione, glycine, vitamin A, zinc, and specific lipids) in gut mucosal turnover, repair, adaptation after massive bowel resection, and barrier function. The role and regulation of endogenous bowel flora in generating short-chain fatty acids from diet-derived fiber and other diet-derived compounds and the effects of these agents on gut function are increasingly being elucidated. Results of these investigations should define new nutritional methods for trophic and cytoprotective effects on the intestine in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, malnutrition, and short bowel syndrome.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Energy and nutrient intake in preschool and school age Mexican children: National Nutrition Survey 1999.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate energy and nutrient intake and adequacy in preschool and school age Mexican children, using the National Nutrition Survey 1999 (NNS-1999). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty four-h dietary recalls from pre-school (n = 1,309) and school (n = 2,611) children obtained from a representative sub-sample of the NNS-1999 were analyzed. Intakes and adequacies were estimated and compared across four regions, socio-economic strata, and between urban and rural areas, and indigenous vs. non-indigenous children. RESULTS: Median energy intake in pre-school children was 949 kcal and in school children 1,377 kcal, with adequacies < 70% for both groups. Protein adequacy was > 150% in both age groups. The North and Mexico City regions had the highest fat intake and the lowest fiber intake. Children in the South region, indigenous children, and those in the lowest socio-economic stratum had higher fiber and carbohydrate intakes and the lowest fat intake. These children also showed the highest risks of inadequacies for vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, iron, zinc and calcium. CONCLUSIONS: Mexico is experiencing a nutrition transition with internal inequalities across regions and socio-economic strata. Food policy must account for these differences in order to optimize resources directed at social programs. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Child↗

PubMed1975

Dietary survey of low-income, rural families in Iowa and North Carolina. I. Research procedures.

Methods used in assessing the dietary intake of selected low-income, rural families are described. The sample consisted of 668 families randomly selected from predetermined locations in Iowa and North Carolina. A 24-hr. recall method supplemented with food models was used in gathering data on family food intake. The nutritional "adequacy" of the family diets was then evaluated according to family composition and the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances. The adequacy of individual nutrients was also evaluated by the same criteria. Nutrients studied included: protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. The selection of the method in relation to opinions of previous investigators is discussed.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1994

Assessment of the nutritional adequacy of pet foods through the life cycle.

Despite the lack of precise information on the requirements for many of the nutrients essential for cats and dogs and the paucity of information on the availability of nutrients in foods, many commercial diets support excellent growth, reproduction, and maintenance. However, these diets use empirical information that cannot be readily applied to the formulation of new diets. Progress in companion animal nutrition requires more precise information on requirements for various life stages (especially reproduction and maintenance), along with values for the bioavailability of nutrients in dietary ingredients. There is virtually no information on the bioavailability of nutrients for companion animals in many of the common dietary ingredients used in pet foods. These ingredients are generally byproducts of the meat, poultry and fishing industries, with the potential for wide variation in nutrient composition. Claims of nutritional adequacy of pet foods based on the current Association of American Feed Control Official (AAFCO) nutrient allowances ("profiles") do not give assurances of nutritional adequacy and will not until ingredients are analyzed and bioavailability values are incorporated. The AAFCO feeding test provides a superior method for assessing nutritional adequacy to the profile, although the current protocol has procedural and interpretative limitations.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1998

[Nutritional features of elders living in poor communities of the Metropolitan Region of Chile].

BACKGROUND: The higher life expectancy of the Chilean population has required a greater concern about health and nutrition of elderly people. AIM: To assess the alimentation of people over 65 years old, living in communities of the Metropolitan Region with high social vulnerability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A random and representative sample of 257 elders living in the poorest communities of santiago was studied. They were interviewed in their homes about feeding patterns, the alimentation of the day before and their nutritional status. Mean energy and nutrient consumption and their fitting to FAO/WHO energy and National Research Council micronutrient recommendations were calculated. A feeding quality index, that considers the adequacy of consumption of all nutrients, was calculated. RESULTS: Except for bread, median consumption of all groups of foods was below recommendations. Median energy and protein consumption was 1438 Kcal and 53.9 g in men and 1118 Kcal and 37.7 g in women. Adequacy of consumption of all nutrients was low and the intake of energy, protein, calcium, iron and folate was significantly lower in women than in men. The factors associated with feeding quality in these subjects were a last meal of the day before different from supper, more than 15 hours of morning fasting and sex. CONCLUSIONS: Alimentation of elders living in poor communities of Santiago is severely deficient. Focalized intervention models to improve this situation should be devised.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Approach of the US food and nutrition board to daily nutrient requirements: 'a useful basis for the European discussion on risk assessment of nutrients?' Report on a workshop organized by the European Academy of Nutritional Sciences (EANS) and TNO Food and Nutrition Research Institute, 11 December 1998, Brussels.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the approach of the US Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) to daily nutrient requirements and its relevance for Europe. SETTING: A workshop for experts from academia and regulatory bodies, together with members from the FNB Dietary Reference Intakes Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Intake, and from the B-vitamins Expert panel. The workshop was organised by the European Academy of Nutritional Sciences and TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (The Netherlands). CONCLUSIONS: Classical approaches to recommended dietary allowances (RDA) are no longer satisfactory, because they do not take into account newly emerging science with regard to intakes beyond the RDA. There is an urgent need for global harmonisation of criteria used for assessing adequacy of intake and for harmonisation of terminology. For sound advice to consumers, the development of tolerable upper intake levels is necessary. The discussion of principal issues relating to criteria for nutrient adequacy should be pursued on an international level. SPONSORSHIP: Roche Vitamins Europe Ltd, Birsfelden, Switzerland

Europe↗

PubMed2002

Non-home prepared foods: contribution to energy and nutrient intake of consumers living in two low-income areas in Nairobi.

OBJECTIVE: : To determine the nutritional importance of non-home prepared foods for men, women and schoolchildren living in two low-income residential areas of Nairobi, and the sources of these non-home prepared foods. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS: : A survey was conducted in Korogocho, a slum area, and Dandora, a low-middle-income residential area. Some 241 men, 254 women and 146 children aged 9 to 14 years were included in the study. Food intake was measured using three 24-hour recalls per individual, with special attention on the sources of all foods consumed. RESULTS: : The median proportion of daily energy intake of consumers provided by non-home prepared foods ranged from 13% for schoolchildren in Korogocho to 36% for men in Dandora. The median contribution to fat intake was higher than to energy, but the contributions to iron and vitamin A intakes were lower than to energy intake. Men consumed more non-home prepared foods on weekdays than at the weekend. Intakes of energy and most nutrients were below Kenyan Recommended Daily Intakes in all groups, but similar for consumers and non-consumers. In Korogocho, street foods were the main source of non-home prepared foods. In Dandora, both kiosks and street foods were major sources. CONCLUSIONS: : Non-home prepared foods are an important source of energy and nutrients for men, women and schoolchildren in Nairobi. In Korogocho, street foods, and in Dandora, both kiosks and street foods are the main sources of non-home prepared foods. The adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes does not differ between consumers and non-consumers of non-home prepared foods.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Bioavailability of vitamins.

In recent years, there has been a reduction in caloric intake in populations with decreased energy demands. This has place a greater emphasis on the bioavailability of nutrients in foods because the total intake of nutrients is generally closely linked with total caloric intake. An assessment of the adequacy of dietary intakes of nutrients requires not only knowledge of the nutrient content of the foods ingested but also the extent to which the nutrient present in the diet is available for absorption and utilization. Nutrients ingested but not released during the digestive process for absorption are of no nutritional value. Bioavailability may be considered the relative absorption of a nutrient from the diet. An index of bioavailability may be extended to include the relative accumulation of a nutrient into various tissues. Various nutrients and dietary components interfere with the bioavailability of vitamins. Hence, requirements for vitamins cannot be considered independently, but must be evaluated in relationship to other nutrients and compounds consumed by an individual. An overview has been presented as to the factors that influence the bioavailability of vitamins in the human food supply.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional considerations for the older athlete.

In this review article, nutritional considerations of the aging athlete are discussed. The focuses of the review include energy, carbohydrate, protein, selected vitamins and minerals, and fluids. Age-associated changes in body composition, resting energy expenditure, and volume and intensity of training, may decrease the need for dietary energy and the intakes of macro- and micronutrients and fluids. The older athlete should monitor nutrient intakes to insure adequacy, especially regarding carbohydrate to promote glucose storage and use as an energy source during exercise, and protein to promote strength-training-induced muscle hypertrophy. Emphasis should also be placed on the dietary intakes of certain micronutrients, as well as the potential need for supplementation of certain vitamins and minerals, including the vitamins B(2), B(6), B(12), D, E, and folate, and the minerals calcium and iron. Age-associated changes in thermoregulation and an increased susceptibility to dehydration underscore the critical importance to the older athlete of adequate fluid intake to sustain health and performance. Nutrition is a tool that the older athlete should use to enhance exercise performance and health.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

Breakfast consumption with and without vitamin-mineral supplement use favorably impacts daily nutrient intake of ninth-grade students.

PURPOSE: To assess the contribution of breakfast consumption (with and without dietary supplement intake) on total daily nutrient intake of ninth-grade students. METHODS: Twenty-four-hour recall of dietary intake was collected from a random sample of 711 ninth-grade students attending 12 Archdiocesan high schools in New Orleans, Louisiana. Analysis of variance techniques, Pearson's Chi-square statistic, and Breznahn-Shapiro method with Scheffé probabilities were used to analyze nutrient intake data, dietary adequacy, and nonorthogonal comparisons, respectively. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of 15-year-olds skipped breakfast, with more females skipping breakfast than males (23% vs. 14%, respectively). Thirty-six percent of nonwhite females versus 20% white females skipped breakfast. Eleven percent of subjects took some type of dietary supplement, most commonly a multivitamin and mineral supplement. Among those who ate breakfast, average energy intake from breakfast was 437 kcal. Percentage of total daily energy intake was higher from fats and lower from carbohydrates for adolescents who skipped breakfast, compared with adolescents who consumed breakfast. The percentage of subjects consuming at least two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance was significantly lower among adolescents skipping breakfast than those consuming breakfast. CONCLUSION: Regardless of supplement use, breakfast consumption makes an important nutritional contribution to total daily intake of ninth-grade students. Encouraging breakfast consumption and healthful breakfast choices is an important step toward improving the nutritional quality of diets of this age group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Influence of maternal education on food consumption and energy and nutrient intake in a group of pre-school children from Madrid.

A study was conducted on the influence of maternal education level on food consumption, energy and nutrient intake, and dietary adequacy in 110 pre-school children from Madrid, Spain. With increasing maternal education, children consumed more sugar(p < 0.05), fruit (p < 0.05), and fish (p < 0.05). Snacking was more frequent with decreasing maternal education (p < 0.05). Though statistical significance was not reached, the consumption of pre-cooked foods was greater among children of mothers educated to a higher level, a phenomenon probably related to the work situation of these women. With respect to dietary composition, no significant differences were found between groups for macronutrient, fiber and energy intakes, except for energy supplied by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was greater in the children of less educated women (p < 0.01). This is probably due to their greater consumption of sunflower seed oil. The diets of children belonging to well-educated mothers came closer to meeting the recommended intakes for folate, vitamin C, and iodine. It would seem that maternal educational level influences the food habits of children. Mothers with less education may require special advice in this area.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The nutritional impact of breakfast consumption on the diets of inner-city African-American elementary school children.

To determine the contribution of breakfast-eating behavior to dietary adequacy among low-income African-American children, 1151 children attending grades two through five at four elementary schools in East Orange, New Jersey were studied. Results of a 4-day eating behavior survey and a 24-hour dietary recall reveal that on any given day, 12% to 26% of children attend school without having eaten anything. Thirty-six percent of the children were obese, which did not vary with breakfast-eating behavior. A significantly greater proportion of the children who skipped breakfast compared to those who ate breakfast failed to achieve dietary adequacy for nearly every nutrient studied. More than one third of breakfast skippers consumed < 50% of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamins A, E, B6, and folacin, and nearly one fourth consumed < 50% of the recommended dietary allowance for calories, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. Not eating breakfast results in substantial deficits in dietary intake of a variety of essential nutrients among low-income African-American school children. Efforts to improve the nutritional status of children should include nutrition education to promote breakfast.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2002

The contribution of breast milk to toddler diets in western Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relative contributions of breast milk and the weaning diet to overall nutrient intake, with a view to designing and implementing appropriate programmes to improve complementary feeding in developing countries. METHODS: Complementary food intake was measured in a sample of 250 toddlers (mean baseline age: 13.9 +/- 2.4 months) using 24-h dietary recall interviews administered once every 3 weeks over a 6-month period. Breast-milk intake over a 24-h period was measured using the test-weighing method in a subsample of 50 children. Regression effects of age and sex on observed milk intakes were estimated and imputed to the whole sample to estimate mean intake over the observation period. Total energy and nutrient intakes were evaluated for adequacy with reference to published estimates of toddler requirements. FINDINGS: Total energy intake (1029 kcal/day) was adequate, with breast milk supplying an average of 328 kcal/day (32%), but vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium, iron and zinc intakes were below current estimates of required intakes. Observed limitations in nutrient intake were consistent with the finding that almost half of the toddlers were stunted. The prevalence of wasting was 6% at baseline and 4% at final assessment. Although food consumption increased when breastfeeding stopped, it could not fully compensate for the fat and vitamin A previously supplied by breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional role of mother's milk in the second year is inversely related to the adequacy of the complementary diet. In this study, breast milk was an irreplaceable source of fat and vitamin A. When the weaning diet is inadequate for key nutrients because of low intake or poor bioavailability, breast milk assumes greater nutritional significance in the second year of life but does not guarantee adequate nutrient intakes.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1998

Intragastric intubation: important aspects of the model for administration of ethanol to rat pups during the postnatal period.

One technique for the controlled delivery of ethanol to neonatal rat pups is intragastric intubation. Often, the vehicle used for delivery of ethanol is composed of a nutrient mixture to compensate for decreased suckling or other possible nutritional compromise. This study analyzed the selection of nutrient vehicle, the combination of experimental treatment groups within a litter, and the overall litter size on the growth rate of ethanol-intubated and intubated-control pups, compared with mother-raised control pups. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were raised in litters of 8 or 10, and administered ethanol by intragastric intubation with 20% (v/v) Sustacal or 80% (v/v) Intralipid-II nutrient vehicle. Pups were treated between postnatal days 2 and 10, and body weight was analyzed on day 10. Pups were assigned to a treatment group as either intubated ethanol, intubated control, or nonintubated mother-raised controls. Experimental comparison by statistical analyses was performed to identify the optimal treatment design (mixed treatment groups in a single litter or a single treatment group per litter), the optimal vehicle (Sustacal or Intralipid-II), and the optimal number of pups per litter (8 vs. 10). The analyses demonstrate that the mixing of intubated control, intubated ethanol, and nonintubated mother-raised control treatment groups within a single litter introduced an uncontrolled variable that confounded measurement of ethanol-specific alterations. The sensitivity of treatment groups to inclusion in mixed litters was dependent on the nutrient vehicle and thus nutritional adequacy. Our results suggest that an optimal design was achieved with eight pups per litter. Furthermore, ethanol intubated and intubated control pups grow at a rate identical to parallel litters of eight mother-raised control pups when Intralipid-II is used as nutrient vehicle, and a single treatment group is present in a litter. Optimization of these experimental parameters has provided an excellent neonatal rat model for analysis of specific ethanol effects on brain development during the third trimester.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Dual forms of malnutrition in the same households in Malaysia--a case study among Malay rural households.

This report is a part of a multi-centre study in Asia on the problem of dual forms of malnutrition in the same households. In Malaysia, the prevalence of underweight and stunting persist among young children from poor rural areas. Overweight in adults, especially women from poor rural areas has been reported in recent years. Thus, this study was undertaken in order to assess the presence of the dual burden of underweight child-overweight mother pairs in a poor rural community. Out of 140 Malay households identified to have at least one child aged 1-6 years and mother aged above 20 years, 52.1% of the mothers were overweight, 15.7% of the children were underweight, 27.1% stunted and 5% wasted. Socio-economic background and food intake frequency data were collected from 54 underweight child/overweight mother pairs (UW/OW) and 41 normal weight child/normal weight mother pairs (NW/NW). Compared with the overweight mothers, a higher percentage of the normal weight mothers had received secondary education, were employed and with a higher household monthly income, although these differences were not significant. Patterns of food intake of the mothers and children appeared to have more similarities than differences between the UW/OW and NW/NW groups. Quantitative dietary intakes for 2 days using 24-hr recall and physical activity energy expenditure over the same period were assessed in a sub-group of UW/OW and NW/NW mothers and children. The NW/NW children showed significantly higher intake of total calories, fat and riboflavin than the UW/OW counterparts. Mean energy and nutrient intake of mothers from both groups were not significantly different, although the NW/NW mothers showed higher intake adequacy for total calories and most nutrients. While most of the mothers from both groups reported having no chronic illnesses, about half of the children in both groups had infections, especially gastrointestinal infections, over a 2-week period. Energy expenditure from physical activity for both UW/OW and NW/NW mothers and children did not differ significantly. This study confirmed inadequate intake of total energy and nutrients as the major factor for underweight in Malay children from rural areas. However, assessing intake and physical activity by interview methods were not sensitive enough to overcome perceived problems of under-reporting of energy intake and over-estimation of energy expenditure, especially by overweight subjects. Further investigations on a larger sample are necessary to understand the family dynamics leading to the double burden of malnutrition within the same household.

Adult↗