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PubMedDate not supplied

Gender-related biases in admission decisions.

This study tested the effects of applicant gender and attractiveness on admission ratings, personality attributions and causal attributions in the student admission decision-making process in allied health education. The study showed that although gender stereotypes are very strong, they did not affect admission ratings. However, the study did reveal that attractive candidates received higher admission ratings than unattractive applicants and the past successes of attractive applicants were more likely attributed to internal causes while the past successes of unattractive applicants were more often attributed to external causes.

Behavior↗

PubMed1997

Breast cancer and pesticides in Hawaii: the need for further study.

Only 30% of all breast cancer can be explained by known risk factors. Increases in breast cancer incidence rates in Hawaii over the past few decades cannot be attributed solely to improvements in screening and detection. Avoidable environmental factors may contribute to a proportion of the unexplained cases. Emerging evidence on endocrine disruption suggests that environmental chemicals may play a role in the development of breast cancer. Agricultural chemicals, including endocrine disruptors, have been used intensively in Hawaii's island ecosystem over the past 40 years leaching into groundwater, and leading to unusually widespread occupational and general population exposures. This paper discusses breast cancer patterns in Hawaii in the context of documented episodes of exposure to two endocrine-disrupting chemicals, chlordane/heptachlor and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), at levels that sometimes exceeded federal standards by several orders of magnitude. In light of this history, detailed geographic-based studies should be undertaken in Hawaii to elucidate the potential role of environmental factors in the development of breast cancer and other diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Progress in prevention and control of urological complications associated with carcinoma of the cervix. Third communication: Renographic representation of functional disorders of the upper urinary tract (author's transl)].

Reported in this paper is the use of isotope nephrography in longitudinal examinations of 151 patients with cervix carcinoma who had undergone radical abdominal or vaginal surgery in the Gynaecological Hospital of Charité Berlin, between 1971 and 1973. Also included were 140 patients whose carcinoma treatment dated back nine to 15 years. While functional disturbances of the upper urinary tract within the five-year follow-up period dropped continuously from about 29 to five per cent in recent time, persisting disorders of secretion and/or ureteral dynamics recorded in ING checks from 16.4 per cent of earlier carcinoma treatments. The number of pathological isotope nephrograms recorded presurgically from patients who eventually died of recurrent carcinoma had been five times as high (49 per cent) as that recorded from cured patients. Only to some extent had those findings been attributable to the given carcinoma stage. Routine ING (isotope nephrography) also helped to identify nine cases of carcinoma recurrence, and its systematic use facilitated just as many decisions on fistulation of the functionally better kidney in cases of imminent anuria (uraemia). Yet, as a whole voiding disorders of the upper urinary tracts have decreased in the authors' hospital, as compared to records in the past. That improved situations is attributed to progress in carcinoma therapy but even more to energetic early action against urinary tract infections and postsurgical impairment of bladder voiding as well as to high-continuity monitoring of renal and ureteral functions. ING, today, deserves a firm position in all after-care programmes following treatment of cervical carcinoma.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Complications after pancreatoduodenectomy: imaging and imaging-guided interventional procedures.

Over the past decade, performance of the Whipple procedure, or pancreatoduodenectomy, to treat both malignant and benign disease has increased. This increase is in large part due to the decreasing perioperative mortality rate, which is down from historic highs of 25% to the 1.0%--1.5% now achieved in large centers. Although advances in surgical management have improved the outlook for patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy, the improving mortality rate is also in part attributed to improvements over the past 2 decades in cross-sectional imaging and imaging-guided interventional procedures. Although the mortality rates have improved, the morbidity, or rate of complications, has remained relatively constant. Contributions by radiologists in both diagnosis and treatment of complications are crucial in certain patients with postpancreatoduodenectomy abdominal abscesses, bilomas, liver abscess, and biliary obstruction. Familiarity with normal variations in the postoperative appearance of the upper abdomen, awareness of pitfalls in interpretation, and knowledge of the available imaging-guided interventions will facilitate recognition of postpancreatoduodenectomy complications and allow prompt triage of patients to imaging-guided interventions.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Culture and judgment of causal relevance.

The authors hypothesized that because the causal theories of East Asians were more holistic and complex than those of Americans, the amount of information considered before making a final attribution would be larger for East Asians than for Americans. This hypothesis was supported through 4 studies. When participants attempted to explain a deviant behavior (Study 1) or a prosocial behavior (Study 2), Korean participants took into consideration a greater amount of information than did either American or Asian American participants. Study 3 replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 within each culture. Finally, Study 4 established a link between the present findings and past research on culture and attribution. Namely, Study 4 found that Koreans made more external attributions than Americans because Koreans considered more information than did Americans.

Culture↗

PubMed2000

[Deaths attributable to anesthesia: a survey in Icelandic hospitals.].

OBJECTIVE: During the past 50 years many studies have been carried out to investigate deaths attributable to anesthesia. It can by difficult to interpret and compare the outcome as studies differ considerably in the methodology employed. However the trend seems to be that anesthetic mortality has indeed decreased over the years. No investigation of this kind is known to have taken place in Iceland. Therefore it was decided to conduct a survey in Icelandic hospitals in order to make comparison with these studies in other countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective survey was carried out in Icelandic hospitals during the five year period from 1992 to 1996. A letter was sent to all anesthesiologists in the country and also other health care professionals known to administer anesthesia. The purpose and the protocol were explained. At each year during the study period the chairmen of the departments of anesthesiology in the larger hospitals and those who administered anesthesia in the smaller hospitals were contacted in order to seek information as to whether any deaths due to anesthesia had taken place during the year and the number of anesthesias performed. The chief anesthesia nurses in the larger hospitals as well as the operating room nurses in other hospitals were asked if they were aware of any such deaths. The Directorate of Health was contacted to find out if any complaints had been filed during this period related to deaths under anesthesia. RESULTS: No reports of deaths came from individuals. There were 14 hospitals which proveded information. During the study period 134,762 anesthesias were performed. No death was considered to be caused directly by anesthesia. No complaints related to anesthetic deaths were filed with the Directorate of Health. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents a low anesthetic mortality and compares favorably with results in other countries.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2000

Maxillary sinusitis as an indicator of respiratory health in past populations.

Chronic infectious respiratory disease in a past human population is investigated through the quantification of maxillary sinusitis among Iroquoian horticulturists. Three hundred forty-eight right and left maxillae of a Southern Ontario Iroquoian skeletal sample, Uxbridge Ossuary, ca. AD 1440, were examined for evidence of chronic infection (minimum number of individuals = 207: 114 adults, 22 adolescents, 38 juveniles and 33 infants). Modern clinical criteria were applied to differentiate lesions of respiratory and dental origin. Osseous lesions of the maxillary sinuses were observed in 50% of the individuals examined. These lesions are morphologically consistent with nonspecific lesions observed in other past populations that have been attributed to the presence of pathogens. The prevalence of maxillary sinusitis increases with age. Osseous changes suggestive of maxillary sinusitis of respiratory origin are at a maximum prevalence in juveniles and adolescents. In adults, infection of dental origin becomes a confounding factor in the identification of sinusitis of respiratory origin. Fifteenth century Iroquoians were experiencing high airborne pathogen levels and poor indoor air quality. The prevalence of maxillary sinusitis and the exploration of the origin of tissue injury may contribute to our reconstruction of the quality of life and the respiratory health status of past human populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The ethics of research using biobanks: reason to question the importance attributed to informed consent.

BACKGROUND: During the past decade, the use of stored tissue has become an object of increased ethical query. A Swedish biobank and a biotech company have been praised for solving the ethical problems with explicit informed consent procedures, and we decided to investigate donors' perceptions of the system. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to a randomized sample of 1200 donors who had donated blood and signed informed consent forms. RESULTS: The response rate was 80.9%. Of the respondents, 64.5% were aware that they had consented to donate a blood sample, 55.4% thought that they had consented to donate phenotypic information, and 31.6% believed that they could withdraw their consent. Among respondents, 3.9% considered informing donors about the research objective as the most important ethical issue in relation to biobanks, and 5.6% were unsatisfied with the information they had been given. There was 85.9% acceptance of surrogate decision making by regional research ethics committees. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that the donors in this study were not always aware of their donation but generally were not unsatisfied with the information they had received, and that they did not rate being informed about the research objective as an important issue, informed consent seems to be an inadequate measure of public acceptance of biobank-based research.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed1984

Bridging hepatic necrosis in acute viral hepatitis.

Bridging hepatic necrosis has, in the past, been found to be of prognostic significance in patients with acute viral hepatitis. In two studies performed on a selected group of patients with acute viral hepatitis, one-third of the patients with bridging hepatic necrosis developed chronic liver disease. These patients differed from the average hepatitis patient in that they were more severely ill and a higher percentage of them had acute viral hepatitis Type B. As all army personnel in Israel who develop jaundice and are suspected of having acute viral hepatitis are hospitalized, regardless of their clinical state, they constitute a group of patients not preselected for severity of illness. Forty-eight soldiers diagnosed clinically and biochemically as having viral hepatitis were hospitalized during a 27-month period. After giving informed consent, 41 of them underwent a liver needle biopsy within a few days of hospitalization. Each histological specimen was coded, and was then examined for bridging hepatic necrosis by three independent observers. Fourteen patients (34%) were found to have bridging hepatic necrosis. Clinically, these patients could not be clearly separated from the group without bridging hepatic necrosis, although hepatomegaly was more frequent among them, and their mean leukocyte count and bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels were higher. During a follow-up of more than 1 year, patients in both groups recovered completely. Four patients, two in each group, consented to a second liver needle biopsy, which was found to be normal. We conclude that bridging hepatic necrosis seems to be more common than expected, and does not seem to have the severe prognostic significance attributed to it in the past.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1992

The past is the past--or is it? The use of retrospective accounts as indicators of past strategy.

This study challenges the common assumption that retrospective accounts of business strategy are reliable and valid. Chief executives reported their firms' current strategies, and two years later, they reported their firms' strategies of two years earlier. Of these retrospective accounts, 58 percent did not agree with the previous and validated reports of past strategy. Retrospective errors appear to occur systematically and may be attributable to faulty memory or to attempts to cast past behaviors in a positive light.

Chief Executive Officers, Hospital↗

PubMed1995

Rising primary malignant brain tumor mortality in the elderly. A manifestation of differential survival.

BACKGROUND: Increasing primary malignant brain tumor mortality among the elderly in developed countries over the past three decades has been attributed to improved diagnostic techniques and increased environmental carcinogens. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that rising primary malignant brain tumor mortality among the elderly can be accounted for by differential survival. DATA SOURCE: Published United States mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics, 1962 to 1989. MEASURES: Age-specific primary malignant brain tumor mortality rates were determined for the age groups of more than 60 years old and compared with the population size of these age groups. RESULTS: Increasing primary malignant brain tumor mortality rates among the oldest age groups in the United States from 1962 to 1989 were directly proportional to the increasing population size of these age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons between age-specific mortality rates are generally considered valid since they are inherently age- and sex-matched. Moreover, age-specific mortality rates should not be related to population size. Rather than implying improved diagnosis or enhanced carcinogenesis, these results suggest that differential survival and its effect on the surviving gene pool in an aging population is an alternative explanation for the observed increase in primary malignant brain tumor mortality among the elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

The aetiology of diarrhoea in newborn infants.

Diarrhoea is a common problem in newborn infants in hospital nurseries. In the past, sporadic diarrhoea was often attributed to dietary indiscretion by the mother, and epidemic diarrhoea was though to be caused by an unknown infectious agent. Techniques with which to locate non-cultivable viruses and untypable enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli allow reevaluation of the aetiology of diarrhoea in newborn infants. Preliminary results from Melbourne, Australia, suggest that most diarrhoea in newborn infants is induced by a specific infectious agent. During 1975 the agent most often identified from sporadic and epidemic diarrhoea in hospital nurseries was a reovirus-like particle ("duovirus"). Enterotoxin-producing strains of E. coli were rarely isolated. Future attempts to protect newborn infants from developing diarrhoea must be based on an accurate understanding of the aetiology of this disease.

Australia↗

PubMed2001

Mouse models for sporadic cancer.

Much of the advancement in mouse models for cancer during the past 2 decades can be attributed to our increasing capacity to specifically modify the mouse germ line. The first generations of oncomice and tumor-suppressor gene knockouts are now being succeeded by regulatable or conditional mouse tumor models, which can be utilized more effectively to establish correlations between distinct genetic lesions and specific tumor characteristics and to design and improve therapeutic intervention strategies. In this review we try to give the reader a flavor of how the latest reagents can be utilized.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Perception of nocturia and medical consulting behavior among community-dwelling women.

We investigated the perception of nocturia and possible explanatory factors for medical consultation among community-dwelling women. Between October 2004 and February 2005, women aged > or =40 years living in Matsu, Taiwan, who were identified as having nocturia in a previous epidemiological survey, were interviewed with a questionnaire eliciting information about nocturia-specific quality of life impact (N-QOL), perceptions of nocturia, and medical-consultation behavior. A total of 328 women completed this study. Of these, 187 (57%), 99 (30.2%), 30 (9.1%), and 12 (3.7%) reported one, two, three, and four or more nocturia episodes, respectively, per night during the past 4 weeks. Most women attributed nocturia to aging or excessive fluid intake and had a lack of medical information. Overall, only 13.1% had visited a doctor for this condition. Nocturia episodes [> or = three vs <three, odds ratio (OR) 3.8], N-QOL score (OR 2.0, per 10-point decrement), linking nocturia to a disease (OR 2.9), and medical information (OR 2.2) were independent factors associated with medical-consultation, whereas the lack of knowledge that nocturia was treatable appeared to be an important barrier to medical-consultation. Only 62.8% of the women were offered treatment upon consultation, even though nearly half of those treated reported significant improvement. A few women with nocturia have sought medical help, which appears to be affected by a compendium of factors. This study suggests that more information about nocturia should be provided to health providers and patients to identify and meet their most essential needs.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Firing properties of chopper and delay neurons in the lateral superior olive of the rat.

Neurons in the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) respond to acoustic stimuli with the "chopper response", a regular repetitive firing pattern with a short and precise latency. In the past, this pattern has been attributed to dendritic integration of synaptic inputs. We investigated a possible contribution of intrinsic membrane properties using intracellular recording techniques in a tissue slice preparation. We found two electrophysiological classes of neurons in the LSO. Chopper neurons responded to depolarizing current pulses with a single onset spike at short, precise latency close to threshold and with repetitive, regular, but accommodating discharges at greater current intensities. An emphasis of response onset and subsequent rate accommodation resulted from the activation of a voltage- and time-dependent sustained outward rectification in a range depolarized from rest. Responses to hyperpolarizing pulses were characterized by an inward rectification, which caused a depolarizing voltage sag in a range negative to -65 mV. Peristimulus time histograms were multimodal, and discharge regularity was evident in narrow unimodal interspike interval time histograms and low coefficients of variation. The accommodation time course was usually fit best by two exponentials with time constants of tau1=3-8 ms and tau2=32-97 ms. Delay neurons responded with a regular repetitive firing to depolarization by current pulses. However, repetitive spike discharge occurred with a prolonged, variable delay of 25-180 ms. High current intensities evoked an additional onset spike with short, precise latency. Activation of a transient outward conductance in the depolarized voltage range caused an early repolarization, which terminated as a depolarizing ramp, reaching spike threshold after the delay. Flat peristimulus time histograms characterized the repetitive discharge in spite of narrow unimodal interspike interval time histograms and low coefficients of variation. Intracellular neurobiotin injections revealed morphological differences between these classes. Chopper neurons were large and fusiform, with a bipolar dendritic distribution oriented perpendicular to the curvature of the LSO. Delay neurons were small and spherical, with highly branched tortuous dendritic arbours of bipolar origin and variable orientation. Chopper and delay neurons are probably LSO principal cells and lateral olivocochlear efferent neurons, respectively. Our findings suggest that the pattern of firing activity of LSO neurons to sound, in vivo, is determined to a large extent by intrinsic membrane properties. Somato-dendritic integration of synaptic inputs are fundamental to the encoding of interaural sound differences, but membrane non-linearities play an important role in determining postsynaptic response patterns.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with continent urinary diversion.

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion, although challenging even for the skilled laparoscopist, has evolved rapidly throughout the past decade. These advances are attributable to a series of well-designed animal studies transitioned carefully to humans. Short-term data have shown that this is a feasible technique that respects the basic principles of surgical oncology. However, the possibility of decreased blood loss, improved visualization, shorter hospital stay, and less postoperative pain are balanced against technical difficulty, long operative times, and unproved long-term efficacy compared with the open gold standard. The goal of this review is to reflect the available literature with regard to surgical indications, the current technique in evolution, short-term morbidity, and oncologic outcomes.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗

PubMed1984

Cell culture of mammalian thymic epithelial cells: growth, structural, and antigenic properties.

The thymus plays an important role in the maturation and differentiation of T lymphocytes. Many of its functions have been attributed to its epithelial component. Past in vitro studies of putative thymic epithelial cells have been hampered by the inability to produce well-characterized cultures of these cells. Using lethally irradiated 3T3 cells as a feeder layer, we have succeeded in growing virtually pure cultures of thymic epithelial (TE) cells from rabbits, mice, and humans. Antikeratin staining provides an unambiguous criterion for positive identification of the epithelial cells. These cells were found to lack Ia-like or theta-like antigens. The ability to culture large quantities of mammalian TE cells should allow for their detailed functional characterization.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Voltammetric carbon paste electrodes monitor uric acid and not 5-HIAA at the 5-hydroxyindole potential in the rat brain.

Changes in the height of peak 2 obtained using linear sweep voltammetry and carbon paste electrodes chronically implanted in discrete brain regions of the unrestrained rat were measured under a variety of conditions; in the past this peak has been attributed to the oxidation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Unilateral 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) lesions of the medial forebrain bundle reduced the 5-HIAA content of the striatum and hippocampus to 10% of the unlesioned side, but did not alter the height of peak 2 recorded in these regions. In contrast, microinfusion of uricase beside striatial electrodes reduced the height of peak 2 by 96%; systemic amphetamine-induced increases in the height of the peak were also prevented by this enzyme. These results indicate that uric acid, and not 5-HIAA, is mainly responsible for peak 2, and that changes in the height of this peak reflect changes in the extracellular concentration of uric acid.

Animals↗