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Results for “perceived”

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PubMed1996

Perceptual stability and the selective adaptation of perceived and unperceived motion directions.

Adaptation was studied in a paradigm in which the adapting stimulus was a variably biased version of a bistable apparent motion stimulus, a motion quartet, and the post-adaptation test stimulus was a "neutral" motion quartet. Either horizontal or vertical motion was perceived, never both at the same time. When only one of these was perceived during the entire adaptation phase of a trial, and the perceived motion was highly stable, adaptation effects were greater for the perceived than the unperceived motion directions (i.e., adaptation was selective to the perceived motion). However, when the perceived motion during adaptation was relatively unstable (i.e., when the perceived motion was more likely to spontaneously change directions), similar levels of adaptation were obtained for perceived as well as unperceived, but possible motion directions. Thus, adaptation occurs prior to the determination of which of the competing motion directions will be perceived. The relationship between the stability of the adapting percept and the selectivity of adaptation is explained in terms of differences in the activation of mutually inhibitory horizontal and vertical motion detectors.

Adaptation, Ocular↗

PubMed2006

Perceived direction of plaid motion is not predicted by component speeds.

It has been shown that the perceived direction of a plaid with components of unequal contrast is biased towards the direction of the higher-contrast component [Stone, L. S., Watson, A. B., & Mulligan, J. B. (1990). Effect of contrast on the perceived direction of a moving plaid. Vision Research 30, 1049-1067]. It was proposed that this effect is due to the influence of contrast on the perceived speed of the plaid components. This led to the conclusion that perceived plaid direction is computed by the intersection of constraints (IOC) of the perceived speed of the components rather than their physical speeds. We tested this proposal at a wider range of component speeds (2-16deg/s) than used previously, across which the effect of contrast on perceived speed is seen to reverse. We find that across this range, perceived plaid direction cannot be predicted either by a model which takes the IOC of physical or perceived component speed. Our results are consistent with an explanation of 2D motion perception proposed by [Bowns, L. (1996). Evidence for a feature tracking explanation of why Type II plaids move in the vector sum direction at short durations. Vision Research, 36, 3685-3694.] in which the motion of the zero-crossing edges of the features in the stimulus contribute to the perceived direction of motion.

Contrast Sensitivity↗

PubMed2000

Exposure to, and perceived usefulness of, school-based tobacco prevention programs: associations with susceptibility to smoking among adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationships of exposure to school-based tobacco prevention programs and perceived usefulness of such programs to smoking susceptibility. METHODS: An ethnically representative sample of 6929 Grade 10 students participated in a cross-sectional survey of tobacco-related activities and behaviors. Perceived usefulness of prevention programs was investigated according to two dimensions: perceived helpfulness of information received at school with regard to making decisions about tobacco use and perceived availability of social resources that might help students cope with tobacco-related issues. RESULTS: The extent of exposure to school prevention programs and both dimensions of perceived usefulness of these programs were inversely associated with susceptibility to smoking. In addition, perceived information helpfulness mediated the effect of program exposure on susceptibility status, whereas perceived availability of social resources moderated that effect. The study also presented evidence suggesting ethnic/cultural variability in the status of susceptibility to smoking at this age. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates a need to examine the perceptions of students receiving school prevention programs. Perceived usefulness of school prevention programs may be used to identify youth at high risk for smoking susceptibility. Future studies, however, should investigate other dimensions of perceived usefulness as well as intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental correlates of this construct.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Master scaling of perceived intensity of touch, cold and warmth.

A new approach is presented for scaling perceived intensity of touch, cold and warmth based on magnitude estimation. In this method named master scaling thenar is utilized as common reference area for scaling and calibrating perceived intensity. The master scaling is particularly well suited for clinical applications in which the stimulation in pain-affected body areas creates a complex perception (e.g., paradoxical heat for cold stimulation) and/or aberrant psychophysical functions for perceived intensity. The results from three different experiments showed that: (a) All patients and healthy subjects were able to scale adequately the perceived intensity of touch, cold, and warmth at unaffected body areas. (b) Thenar stimulations were shown to be adequate common references in the joint scaling of perceived intensity of other body areas in pain patients as well as healthy persons. (c) Individual thenar psychophysical functions can be used for screening patients and healthy persons with regard to their ability to scale perceived intensity of touch, cold and warmth. (d) Master scaled perceived intensity scales can be used for determining if various pain-unaffected body areas are normal or abnormal in patients and in healthy persons. (e) The interindividual variation in perceived intensity is considerably reduced after master scaling and approaches that of intraindividual variation as found in olfaction and hearing. Finally, empirically based thenar Master Functions of perceived intensity for touch, cold and warmth are proposed to be used in future sensory testing of patients, as well as of healthy persons.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Osteogenesis imperfecta in childhood: perceived competence in relation to impairment and disability.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the perceived competence of children with different types of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and to investigate the possible relationships between their perceived competence and impairment parameters. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: National referral center (hospital) for the treatment of children with OI. PATIENTS: Forty children with OI (type I = 17; type III = 11; type IV = 12) with a mean age +/- standard deviation of 12.6 +/- 3.2 years. INTERVENTIONS: Measured joint range of motion (ROM) in the upper extremities (UEs), and lower extremities (LEs), muscle strength, functional skills, ambulation, and perceived competence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Joint ROM in UE and LE; muscle strength (using the manual muscle testing criteria of the Medical Research Council); functional skills using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory in 3 domains (self-care, mobility, social function). Ambulation (according to Bleck and classified as nonwalking, therapy walking, household walking, neighborhood walking, community walking with or without the use of crutches), and perceived competence (using the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children, which was cross-culturally validated for Dutch children). RESULTS: In children with type I, joint ROM and muscle strength were almost comparable to the healthy population. In children with type III, a severe decrease in joint ROM was measured, especially in the LEs, and muscle strength was severely decreased in the UEs and LEs. In children with type IV, joint ROM and muscle strength decreased, especially in the LEs. In all types, fairly to strongly positive perceived competence was measured except for fairly negative perceived competence in the athletic performance subscale in type I and a fairly negative perceived competence in the romance subscale in type III. No correlations were found between (1) joint ROM and athletic performance and physical appearance, (2) muscle strength and athletic performance or physical appearance, or (3) the functional skills, concerning self-care and mobility, with the subscales of the perceived competence. CONCLUSIONS: Although joint ROM, muscle strength, and functional and walking ability were related to the severity of the disease and differed significantly between the different types of OI, overall perceived competence in children with OI was fairly to strongly positive, without significant differences between the different types of OI.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Perceived age as a predictor of old age mortality: a 13-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether in older people perceived age is associated with risk of total mortality independent of chronological age. DESIGN: Prospective population-based study (Evergreen project) with mortality surveillance for 13 years after the baseline. SETTING: Face-to-face interview among community-dwelling residents of the city of Jyväskylä, Finland. SUBJECTS: 395 men and 770 women aged 65-84 years at baseline. MEASURES: Perceived physical age and perceived mental age were rated either as younger, the same or older in comparison with subject's chronological age. Death dates were received from the official register of the province of Central Finland. Confounders used were chronological age, education in years, number of long-term illnesses, self-rated health, depression score (Beck's 13-item depression scale), and cognitive status. RESULTS: Mortality rates per 1,000 person-years from the older to younger perceived physical age category were 99, 65 and 59 in men, and 81, 54 and 36 in women. In the perceived mental age categories, correspondingly, mortality rates were 139, 63 and 64 in men, and 82, 55 and 44 in women. The fully adjusted relative risk (RR) of death over 13 years with the perceived younger physical age category as referent was 1.42 (95% CI 1.00-2.02) in the older category and 1.28 (1.03-1.60) in the same age category (P=0.049). The crude RR of mortality for perceived mental age categories was 1.56 (1.09-2.23) in the older and 1.10 (0.92-1.31) in the same age as compared with the younger category (P=0.046). Adding cognitive status into the model diminished the predictive value of the model (P=0.545). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived age predicted worsening of health as described as mortality. Perceived age may indicate general well-being and faith in the future, potentially reflecting changes in health.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Determinants of change in perceived health in a longitudinal study of older adults.

To determine the factors that are predictive of a negative decline in perceived health in a longitudinal study of 251 men and women aged 62 and older, we developed a "synthetic" cohort of individuals who experienced a decline in perceived health between two time points and a control cohort of those who did not. The longitudinal design of the study made it possible to evaluate the effects of "baseline" predictors, gathered prior to the time interval during which the reported change in perceived health occurred, in addition to measures assessed at the two time points between which the change in health was reported. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of demographic, psychosocial, and illness measures on change in perceived health. These analyses revealed that increases in new illnesses, increased physician visits, and worsening of preexisting conditions (in subjects who had higher feelings of self-efficacy) were all associated with a decline in perceived health, after controlling for the effects of baseline illnesses and medication use. After accounting for these effects of changes in objective illness indicators, we found that changed psychosocial factors also predicted a decline in perceived health. Lower life satisfaction and higher depression at baseline were predictive of a later decline in perceived health. In addition, data collected at the third consecutive time point were evaluated to assess determinants of a sustained vs transient decline in perceived health. A sustained decline in perceived health was associated with increased depression and decreased self-efficacy.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

General practitioners' self-perceived ability to recognize severity of common mental disorders: an underestimated factor in case identification?

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that general practitioners (GPs) under-diagnose common mental disorders, and that training courses hardly improve this practice. The influence of GPs' self-perceived ability to recognize the severity of such disorders on these facts has not been investigated. This study explores: 1) GPs' perceived ability to recognize major depressive episode (MDE) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in their patients; 2) The GPs' observed ability to recognize severity of these disorders; and 3) If the observed ability to recognize severity is associated with their perceived ability. METHODS: In a cross-sectional design 40 Norwegian GPs examined 15-28 patients each (total N = 724). The GPs' rated their perceived ability to recognize MDE and GAD on a four-point Likert-scale. The GPs' observed ability to recognize severity was defined as the mean of the correlations between the GPs rating of Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale and the diagnostic reference standards for MDE and GAD filled in by patients. RESULTS: Twenty-two GPs considered their perceived ability to recognize MDE as rather good, and the other 18 as moderate/bad. For GAD 12 GPs' perceived their ability as rather good, while 28 considered their ability to be moderate/bad. The observed ability to recognize severity concerning MDE was 0.63 and concerning GAD 0.45. There was no significant association between GPs' perceived and observed abilities to recognize MDE (p = 0.19) and GAD (p = 0.34) CONCLUSION: This study found a discrepancy between the GPs' perceived and observed ability to recognize common mental disorders. The lack of association between GPs' perceived and observed ability to recognize such disorders indicate low understanding of own recognition abilities. This might contribute to explain the low effectiveness of interventions aimed to increase GPs' abilities to recognize mental disorders.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Perceived addiction treatment needs among alcohol using injection drug users.

Hazardous drinking is common among active injection drug users (IDUs). This report examines: (1) the perceived alcohol and drug treatment needs of a cohort of IDUs, and (2) whether perceived needs predict treatment entry. One hundred and eighty-seven AUDIT-positive (> or = 8), active IDUs were recruited between 2/98-10/99 for the Brief Alcohol Intervention for Needle Exchangers (BRAINE) trial. At entry, about 18% of participants perceived no need for substance abuse treatment, 52% for drug treatment alone, 26% for drug and alcohol treatment, and only 3% a need for alcohol treatment only. Very high levels of drinking and adverse drinking consequences were observed among those perceiving no need for treatment of alcohol problems. Perceived need for alcohol treatment was positively associated with measures of adverse drinking consequences and DSM-IV diagnosis for alcohol dependence. Persons who at baseline perceived the need for alcohol treatment were more likely to enter alcohol treatment at 6-month follow-up than those without a perceived need (20% vs. 5%; p = .006). We conclude that IDUs with co-occurring alcohol-use disorders perceive alcohol treatment needs as less immediate than drug treatment. Because perceived need predicts treatment entry, changing alcohol treatment perceptions in IDUs promises the potential of significant long-term public health benefits.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Coping with ovarian cancer risk: the moderating effects of perceived control on coping and adjustment.

OBJECTIVE: Although perceived control and coping have been studied across various health conditions, these relationships have been less well studied in the context of coping with cancer risk over time. The present study was a longitudinal study of the effects of perceived control and problem-focused coping on changes in psychological adjustment and behavioural outcomes among women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. DESIGN AND METHODS: Eighty women enrolled in a familial cancer risk assessment programme participated in this study. Assessments of problem-focused coping, perceived control and distress were collected upon entry into the programme and again at 3-month follow-up. Behavioural adherence to screening during the 12-month period following programme entry was obtained from clinic records. RESULTS: Using hierarchical regression analysis, we observed a significant interaction between perceived control and problem-focused coping for psychological distress, beta=0.94, p<.05. Specifically, problem-focused coping was associated with increasing distress over time among women who perceived high control. A significant control by coping interaction was also observed for behavioural adherence to pelvic ultrasound and CA125 screening, such that women who perceived high control and utilized problem-focused coping were less likely to undergo screening. CONCLUSIONS: Under conditions of high perceived control, problem-focused coping was associated with increasing distress as well as poorer behavioural adherence. Thus, perceived control and problem-focused coping may not always yield positive psychological or behavioural health outcomes. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of how problem-focused coping and perceived control may influence the course of adjustment to cancer risk over time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Predicting perceived vulnerability for breast cancer among women with an average breast cancer risk.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate predictors of perceived vulnerability for breast cancer in women with an average risk for breast cancer. On the basis of empirical findings that suggested which variables might be associated with perceived vulnerability for breast cancer, we investigated whether knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, cancer worry, intrusions about breast cancer, optimism about not getting cancer and perceived health status have a predictive value for perceived breast cancer vulnerability. DESIGN: In a 3-step approach, we recruited 292 women from the general public in Germany who had neither a family history of breast cancer nor breast cancer themselves. After receiving an initial informational letter about study objectives, the women were interviewed by telephone and then asked to fill in a self-administered questionnaire. METHODS: We used structural equation modelling and hypothesized that each of the included variables has a direct influence on perceived vulnerability for breast cancer. RESULTS: We found a valid model with acceptable fit indices. Optimism about not getting cancer, intrusions about breast cancer and women's perceived health status explained 32% of the variance of perceived vulnerability for breast cancer. Cancer worry and knowledge about breast cancer did not influence perceived vulnerability for breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Perceived vulnerability for breast cancer is associated with health-related variables more than with knowledge about breast cancer risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Intersubject variability in perceived oscillation as a function of threshold for binocular disparity.

Four groups of 15 female subjects each were classified along a quantitative dimension for proportion of perceived oscillation and threshold for binocular disparity. Analyses of variance showed that significant differences in proportion of perceived oscillation were accompanied by significant differences in threshold for binocular disparity for perceivers of "high" and "low" oscillation (p less than .05). For perceivers of "intermediate" oscillation significant differences in proportion of perceived oscillation but not threshold for binocular disparity were found. It was suggested that: (1) intersubject variability in perceived oscillation may be governed by the threshold for binocular disparity, (2) "low" perceivers may be especially sensitive to the magnitude of the cue, (3) "intermediate" perceivers' subjective reports may be primarily dependent on response criteria and the multiplicity of subjective factors which constitute it, (4) "high" perceivers apparently have least response sensitivity and they cannot maintain a consistent response criterion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Relative contributions of perceived mattering to parents and friends in predicting adolescents' psychological well-being.

Perceived mattering is the psychological tendency to perceive the self as significant to specific other people. The central goal of this study was to examine whether adolescents' perceived mattering across social spheres (parents and friends) is addtive or compensatory in predicting adolescents' psychological well-being. Tests of the relative importance of adolescents' perceived mattering to parents and friends for psychological well-being were conducted using data from two convenience samples. Study 1 participants were, on the average, 17.5 yr. old and living in rural northwestern United States (N=128, 50% male, n=64; 50% female, n=64). Study 2 participants, on the average, were 16.9 yr. old, from a suburban western Canadian region (N=532, 51.4% male, n=273; 48.6% female, n=259). Hierarchical regression analysed with indicators of self-concept and behavioral misconduct as dependent variables used perceived mattering to parents and perceived mattering to friends and the interaction between these two variables as independent variables. Perceived mattering in both social spheres seemed the optimal condition for adolescents. Perceived mattering to friends "added" to perceived mattering to parents in explaining variance in assessments of psychological well-being in both studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Measures of perceived linear size, sagittal motion, and visual angle from optical expansions and contractions.

Using monocular observation, open-loop measurements were obtained of the perceptions of linear size, angular size, and sagittal motion associated with the terminal (largest or smallest) stimuli of repetitive optical expansions and contractions using 1-D or 2-D displays produced on a video monitor at a constant distance from the observer. The perceptions from these dynamic conditions were compared with those from static conditions in which the stimuli were of the same physical size and at the same physical distance as the terminal dynamic stimuli, but that were not part of the optical expansions or contractions. One result, as expected, was that the measures of perceived linear and angular size differed, but also, unexpectedly, some substantial errors were associated with the measures of perceived angular size. Another result was that the amount of size constancy was considerably less than was expected from the obtained amount of perceived motion in depth. Consistent with the latter result, it was found that the size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH), using the physical visual angles of the terminal stimuli, predicted only about half of the perceived motion in depth obtained with the dynamic changes. Using the obtained measures of perceived visual angles in the SDIH increased rather than decreased the error in predicting the amount of motion in depth as perceived. An additional experiment suggests that at least some of the error in the measurement of the perceived visual angle is a consequence of error in the perceived origin of the visual angles. The absence of the expected relation between size constancy and perceived motion in depth in the dynamic conditions is hypothesized to be due to cognitive processes associated with off-sized perceptions of the stimuli.

Depth Perception↗

PubMed2001

Factors associated with perceived risk in automotive employees at increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Risk perception may be an important motivator of health-related behaviors. To develop effective risk communication messages, it is important to understand both the patterns of association between perceived risk and health-related behaviors as well as the correlates of risk perception. Very little is known about whether correlates of risk perception are similar in cross-sectional data compared with prospective data. Furthermore, there are scant data on consistency of correlates of risk perception across groups who vary in objective medical risk. If correlates differ, it would underscore the need to tailor intervention messages based on subgroup characteristics as well as increase awareness of the limitations of basing intervention messages only on cross-sectional data. We analyzed data on a subset of 5042 employees who participated in The Next Step Trial, a randomized health promotion trial to encourage colorectal cancer screening and dietary change. We restricted our analysis to only those automotive workers who were white, male, and did not have colorectal cancer (4477/5042) and who returned surveys both at baseline (2,684/4,477) and at year 2 of follow-up (1955/2684). Initial analyses detected interactions between a history of polyps and several of the other covariates. Therefore, univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted separately for men with and without a personal history of colorectal polyps. Within each of the four subgroups (those with or without polyps in the baseline or follow-up analyses), we examined associations between perceived risk measured at baseline (cross-sectional analyses) and at year 2 of follow-up (prospective analyses) in relation to intervention group status, demographic, medical history, psychosocial, and worksite characteristics measured at baseline. To assess the predictive ability of the models, we computed sensitivity and specificity as measures of each model's ability to correctly classify men into their respective subgroup. Although there was no association between perceived risk and intervention group status in the four subgroups analyzed, we included intervention group status as a covariate in all analyses. At baseline (cross-sectional analyses) among men with and without a history of polyps, perceived risk was positively associated with family history of colorectal polyps or cancer, family support for screening, and worry about being diagnosed with colorectal cancer. In addition, for men without polyps, perceived risk was positively associated with being a current smoker. At year 2 of follow-up (prospective analyses) for men with and without polyps, perceived risk at year 2 was positively associated with family history and baseline perceived risk and was negatively associated with having a normal screening examination or no examinations during the trial. In addition, for men with polyps, perceived risk was positively associated with belief in the salience and coherence of screening and with intention to be screened and was negatively associated with access to screening at the worksite. Specificity was higher than sensitivity in three of four subgroups and was >65% in all subgroups. Except for family history, messages to influence perceived risk would emphasize different factors, depending on whether associations were based on baseline or follow-up data and depending on whether men reported a personal history of polyps. For example, although intervention messages using baseline data would emphasize the same factors for men with or without polyps, messages based on follow-up data would emphasize psychosocial characteristics, such as salience and coherence of screening and intention for men with a history of polyps but not for men without. Our findings support the need to delineate subgroups in the study population to target and tailor health-related messages based on respondent characteristics. Our findings also underscore the need to base health-related messages on prospective data as well as cross-sectional data to better address health-related beliefs and behaviors.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Perceived risk of cancer and practice of cancer prevention behaviors among employees in an oncology center.

METHODS: A survey of oncology center employees was conducted to determine those factors associated with perceived risk of cancer and compliance with preventive care guidelines. Five hundred six employees participated in the survey. RESULTS: The average perceived absolute risk of developing cancer in the next 20 years was 29%. Perceived risk for cancer was higher among women than men. Among men, only current smoking and duration of employment, adjusting for age, were significantly associated with the perceived risk of developing cancer. For women, in addition to smoking, personal experience with cancer among family and friends and perceived health status were significantly associated with the perceived risk of cancer. The practice of cancer preventive behaviors was unrelated to personal risk perception. Less than one-fourth of participants age 40 years and older had a sigmoidoscopy in the last 3 years and less than one-third reported having had their stool checked for blood. The majority of women had a pap smear in the past 10 years; 89% had a pap smear in the past 3 years. Eighty-eight percent of women over 40 and 94% of women over 50 had ever had a mammogram; the majority of these women had had mammograms in the past two years. CONCLUSION: Perceived risk of developing cancer was significantly higher than in projected probabilities based on the incidence of cancer in the United States. Despite the high perceived risk of developing cancer, the practice of colon cancer screening was low. Factors other than perception of personal risk of cancer may be important in encouraging participation in screening programs.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with perceived stigma for alcohol use and treatment among at-risk drinkers.

This study examined the perceived public stigma for alcohol use and treatment among a sample of 733 at-risk drinkers living in the South. Substantial levels of perceived stigma were reported for the community's judgment about at-risk drinking (86.1%), community's judgment about seeking primary care treatment for alcohol disorders (48.9%), community's judgment about seeking specialty treatment (56.3%), and primary care providers' judgment about their patients who were at-risk drinkers (35.7%). Similarly, respondents perceived a substantial lack of privacy associated with primary care treatment (42.0%) and specialty treatment (45.2%). African Americans were more likely to perceive a lack of treatment privacy but they were less likely to perceive community judgment about seeking specialty treatment. Those with greater social network contact intensity were more likely to perceive community judgment about at-risk drinking and more likely to perceive a lack of treatment privacy. Rural at-risk drinkers were more likely to perceive a lack of privacy in primary care.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Early predictors of parent- and self-reported perceived global psychological difficulties among adolescents: a prospective cohort study from age 3 to age 15.

AIMS: To study predictors at age 3 and at age 12 for parent and self-reported perceived global psychological difficulties at age 15. METHOD: A representative birth cohort was prospectively followed from early childhood to age 15. Ratings of children's behavioral and emotional problems were collected at age 3 (Child Behavior Check List 2/3) and at age 12 (Child Behavior Check List 4-16, Youth Self Report). Mothers and fathers separately completed a questionnaire on their own well-being, health and mental distress when the child was 12. At the same time-point, family functioning was measured with the Family Assessment device. Outcome variables included both parent and self-reports of children's perceived psychological difficulties at age 15. RESULTS: At age 15, of the 707 children with both parent and self-reports on perceived difficulties available, 10% had more perceived difficulties than peers of the same age in parent or self-reports. There was a significant increase in perceived difficulties from age 12 to age 15 in self-reports but not in parent reports. The parent-child agreement on difficulties at both time-points was very low (proportion of agreement 0.12-0.17). At age 3, externalizing problems, especially aggressiveness, predicted parent reports of child's difficulties at 15 years of age in univariate analysis. At age 12, parent-reported child's externalizing symptoms and perceived difficulties, poor social competence in self-reports, and mothers' reports of her own poor well-being, independently predicted parents' reporting of their child's perceived difficulties at age 15. Self-reports of internalizing problems and mother's own reports of her depressiveness when the child was 12 independently predicted the 15-year old's self-reported difficulties. Furthermore, in univariate analysis, poor family functioning at age 12 predicted perceived difficulties in parent and self-reports. CONCLUSIONS: Both parent and self-reports of a child's difficulties are the outcome of an accumulation of the child's psychopathology, parental distress, and family dysfunction. The results emphasize the importance of early detection of children at risk of negative developmental pathways. In clinical practice and in prevention interventions, it is important to take into account the child's individual psychopathology, parental distress, and family dysfunction.

Adolescent↗