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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Are there hangover-effects on physical performance when melatonin is ingested by athletes before nocturnal sleep?

Athletes ingest melatonin in an attempt to improve sleep quality or alleviate symptoms of jet lag after transmeridian travel. It is not known whether there are residual effects of this hormone on physical performance in fit subjects. After a sample size estimation involving a meaningful effect on performance of 5%, five milligrams of melatonin or placebo were ingested by twelve physically-active subjects before sleep in a double-blind experiment. The following morning, subjective sleep quality (latency and maintenance) were measured together with intra-aural temperature, grip strength of the left and right hands, and time to complete a 4 km time trial on a cycle ergometer. The subjects also rated perceived exertion during the latter test. The null hypothesis of no effect of melatonin on either subjective sleep quality or physical performance measured the morning after administration could not be rejected on the basis of our observations (P > 0.30). The mean differences between treatments were less than 1% for the strength tests and time trial performance. The confidence intervals for these differences for left and right grip strength and the cycling test were - 2.1 to 2.8 kg, - 3.1 to 2.7 kg and -3.0 to 4.5 s, respectively. In conclusion, it is unlikely that 5 mg of melatonin would have any meaningful effects on physical performance in the morning after fit subjects ingest the hormone. There was also little evidence that it improves sleep quality in this population. Further research is needed concerning the effects of daytime and nighttime admistration of melatonin on performance, in both situations of normal and disturbed sleep.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Reproducibility of physical performance and physiologic assessments.

UNLABELLED: We evaluate the test-retest stability of physical performance and physiologic assessments used in epidemiologic research. METHOD: Eighty subjects aged 50 to 65 were randomly selected from a probability sample of African Americans for test-retest assessments 5 to 45 days after baseline. Physical performance assessments included grip strength, chair stands, gait speed, and four standing-balance measures. Physiologic assessments included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, height, weight, body fat, and peak expiratory flow. RESULTS: Intraclass correlations coefficients (ICCs) were .81 for grip strength, .72 for chair stands, .56 for gait speed, .60 for one-leg stand, .52 for semitandem stand, .58 for tandem stand with eyes closed, and .27 for tandem stand with eyes open. Except for blood pressure (ICCs of .51 and .55 for systolic and diastolic), the physiologic assessments had ICCs > .89. DISCUSSION: Additional interviewer training may improve the reproducibility of the tandem stand with eyes open.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Use of the physical performance test to assess preclinical disability in subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and occlusion demonstrate deficits in physical performance compared with a comparison group. These deficits may indicate that a person is demonstrating preclinical disability. SUBJECTS: Seventy-one subjects with no known disease and 39 subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis of moderate and severe degrees or with occlusion were included. METHODS: Physical performance was assessed with the 9-item and 7-item versions of the Physical Performance Test (PPT). Individual tasks also were timed for the subjects with disease. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the comparison group and the subjects with carotid artery stenosis on the 9-item PPT (P<.00) and on the 7-item PPT (P<.03). Subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and occlusion demonstrated less than optimal performance on the PPT (9-item PPT, mean=27 of 36; 7-item PPT, mean=21 of 28). Subjects with moderate stenosis were the slowest in performing the task of simulated eating. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and occlusion exhibited changes in function, as indicated by their performance on the PPT relative to that of a comparison group. This finding may be indicative of preclinical disability, indicating that these people are symptomatic. This indication may affect the medical and surgical options that can be considered for their care.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Improved physical performance in older adults undertaking a short-term programme of high-velocity resistance training.

BACKGROUND: The age-related loss of muscle power in older adults is greater than that of muscle strength and is associated with a decline in physical performance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a short-term high-velocity varied resistance training programme on physical performance in healthy community-dwelling adults aged 60-80 years. METHODS: Subjects undertook exercise (EX; n=15) or maintained customary activity (controls, CON; n=10) for 8 weeks. The EX group trained 2 days/week using machine weights for three sets of eight repetitions at 35, 55, and 75% of their one-repetition maximum (the maximal weight that an individual can lift once with acceptable form) for seven upper- and lower-body exercises using explosive concentric movements. RESULTS: Fourteen EX and 10 CON subjects completed the study. Dynamic muscle strength significantly increased (p=0.001) in the EX group for all exercises (from 21.4 +/- 9.6 to 82.0 +/- 59.2%, mean +/- SD) following training, as did knee extension power (p <0.01). Significant improvement occurred for the EX group in the floor rise to standing (10.4 +/- 11.5%, p=0.004), usual 6-metre walk (6.6 +/- 8.2%, p=0.010), repeated chair rise (10.4 +/- 15.6%, p=0.013), and lift and reach (25.6 +/- 12.1%, p=0.002) performance tasks but not in the CON group. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive resistance training that incorporates rapid rate-of-force development movements may be safely undertaken in healthy older adults and results in significant gains in muscle strength, muscle power, and physical performance. Such improvements could prolong functional independence and improve the quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1978

Smoking, lung function, physical performance and latent coronary heart disease in presumably healthy middle-aged men.

During a cardiovascular survey comprising 2014 presumably healthy men aged 40-59 years, latent (previously undetected) coronary heart disease (CHD), lung function and physical performance were related to differences in smoking habits. The survey examination classified 1 832 individuals as "normals" (without clinical signs/symptoms of CHD). Among the others, a strong supicion of CHD was found in 115, of whom 105 had diagnostic coronary angiography. No angiography was performed in another 35 individuals with slight, albeit typical angina pectoris. The remaining 42 men were excluded from this presentation for various reasons. The following findings were obtained: 1) in the 69 men with positive coronary angiography, the extent of coronary atheromatosis was positively related to the number of cigarettes smoked. 2) The smoking habits of the 35 individuals with slight angina pectoris but no angiography did not differ from those of the "normals". 3) Physical performance during a near maximal bicycle exercise test and lung function according to spirometry were strongly and negatively related to smoking (in "normals"). 4) Previous smokers and never-smokers among "normals" had almost identical lung function and physical performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1972

Effects of emotional factors on physical performance of dogs on the treadmill.

In dogs exercising on a treadmill, increase of physical performance was particularly pronounced when the animals were punished by an electric shock for slowing the speed of running and also upon hypothalamic stimulation producing flight response. This was accompanied by alterations of autonomic and metabolic functions. Food and stimulation of hypothalamic self-stimulation areas used as a reward for better performance was also effective, but only at the beginning of the work. On the other hand, hypothalamic and midbrain stimulation which produced a passive fear response decreased the intensity of work. Autonomic and metabolic functions were strongly affected. It appears that both the animal's motor activity and vegetative processes may be influenced by motivational factors in the course of physical performance.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effects of repeated administration of zolpidem on sleep, diurnal and nocturnal respiratory function, vigilance, and physical performance in patients with COPD.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of repeated 10-mg oral doses of zolpidem on diurnal and nocturnal respiratory function, as well as on diurnal vigilance and physical performance in COPD patients with disordered sleep. DESIGN: Prospective single-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. SETTING: Outpatients of a respiratory medicine department. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with stable COPD were enrolled for 10 days (D0 to D10), ie, 9 consecutive nights (N1 to N9). They received placebo on N1 and N9 and zolpidem, 10 mg, from N2 to N8. MEASUREMENTS: The following parameters were measured: nocturnal polysomnographic recordings with respiratory signals and arterial blood gas values on retiring and awakening on N0, N1, N2, N8, and N9; subjective evaluation of the quality of sleep and of diurnal vigilance by visual analog scales every day from D0 to D10; pulmonary function test, central control of breathing, and walking test on D0 and D9; biological laboratory tests and theophylline level on D0 and D8. RESULTS: Ten COPD patients (PaO2 = 72.7 +/- 7.6 mm Hg; PaCO2 = 47.7 +/- 5.4 mm Hg; FEV1 = 0.84 +/- 0.3 L; FEV1/vital capacity = 42.5 +/- 12.3%), 56.8 +/- 8.3 years old, were studied. Compared with placebo, no significant change was found for the various sleep architecture parameters, except an increase in the duration of stage 2 during the D8/N8 night (p < 0.05). In contrast, the autoevaluation score for the quality of sleep was significantly improved during the D6/N6 night relative to that with placebo (p < 0.05), with no change in the other subjective criteria. No variable of the nocturnal respiratory parameters, pulmonary function test, central control of breathing, and physical performance was altered by zolpidem. Arterial blood gas values on awakening were not altered. Clinical and biological tolerance of zolpidem was correct with no significant variation of the theophylline level. CONCLUSION: This study shows that repeated 10-mg oral doses of zolpidem during 8 days does not impair nocturnal respiratory and sleep architecture parameters or diurnal pulmonary function tests, central control of breathing, and physical performances in patients with stable COPD.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

Development of a physical performance and mobility examination.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate the Physical Performance and Mobility Examination (PPME), an observer-administered, performance-based instrument assessing 6 domains of physical functioning and mobility for hospitalized elderly. DESIGN: Development of a pass-fail and 3-level scoring system and training manuals for the PPME instrument for use in both clinical and research settings. Two patient samples were used to assess construct validity and interrater reliability of the PPME. A third sample was selected to assess the test-retest reliability of the instrument. SETTING/PATIENTS: (1) 146 subjects > or = 65 years of age with impaired mobility admitted to Medical Units of Stanford University Hospital. (2) 352 subjects > or = 65 admitted to acute Medical and Surgical Services of the Palo Alto VA Medical Center. Patient samples were obtained during hospitalization and followed until 3 months post-discharge. To study test-retest reliability, 50 additional patients, whose clinical condition was stable, were selected from both settings. METHODS: An expert panel selected 6 mobility tasks integral to daily life: bed mobility, transfer skills, multiple stands from chair, standing balance, step-up, and ambulation. Tasks were piloted with frail hospitalized subjects for appropriateness and safety. Test-retest and interrater reliability and construct validity were evaluated. Construct validity was tested using the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Geriatric Depression Scale, and modified Medical Outcomes Study Measure of Physical Functioning (MOS-PFR). Two scoring schema were developed for each task: (1) dichotomous pass-fail and (2) 3-level high pass, low pass, and fail. A summary scale was developed for each method of scoring. MAIN RESULTS: High interrater reliability and intrarater reliability were demonstrated for individual tasks. The mean percent agreement (interrater) for each pass/fail task ranged from 96 to 100% and from 90 to 100% for the 3 pairs of raters for each task using the 3-level scoring. Kappas for individual pairs of raters ranged from .80 to 1.0 for pass-fail scoring and from .75 to 1.0 for 3-level scoring (all P < 0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficients for 3-level scoring by pairs of raters ranged from .66 to 1.0. For summary scales, the mean intraclass correlation was .99 for both scoring schema. Test-retest reliability for summary scales using kappa coefficients was .99 for both pass-fail and 3-level scoring, and .99 and .98, respectively, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Correlations of PPME with other instruments (construct validity) suggest that the PPME adds a unique dimension of mobility beyond that measured by self-reported ADLS and physical functioning, and it is not greatly influenced by mood or mental status (r = 0.70 (ADL), r = 0.43 (IADL), r = 0.36 (MMSE), r = 0.71 (MOS-PFR), r = 0.23 (GDS)). The 3-level summary scale was sensitive to the variability in the patient population and exhibited neither ceiling nor floor effects. CONCLUSIONS: The PPME is a reliable and valid performance-based instrument measuring physical functioning and mobility in hospitalized and frail elderly.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Influence of xamoterol, a partial beta 1-selective agonist, on physical performance capacity and cardiocirculatory, metabolic and hormonal parameters.

In a double-blind, random, cross-over study, 14 healthy male volunteers received xamoterol 200 mg (Corwin; C) twice daily or placebo (P) for two seven-day medication periods to investigate effects on physical performance, cardiocirculatory parameters, metabolism and hormone levels during exercise. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also done. C showed a positive inotropic effect up to an exercise intensity of 100 W, corresponding to a heart rate of about 100 beats.min-1. Chronotropic regulation of the heart remained unchanged, but the increase in systolic blood pressure was more pronounced and the catecholamines behaved as after P. From 150 W onwards, C exhibited beta-blocking properties; heart rate was reduced by up to 8 beats.min-1; systolic blood pressure remained unchanged; and the catecholamines showed a more pronounced increase than after P. Diastolic blood pressure behaved almost identically under all test conditions. With the exception of a slightly increased level of free fatty acids at rest, the parameters of physical performance, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and the hormone levels under all conditions after C showed similar behaviour to that after as P. The findings indicate that physical performance capacity, cardiocirculatory system, metabolism and hormones were not negatively influenced by C.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMed2002

Effects of raw garlic on physical performance and learning behaviour in rats.

The effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on physical performance and learning behaviour were evaluated in male rats (7-8 months old, weighing 250-400 g) by comparison with the effects of pentoxifylline, a haemorheological agent with antiplatelet activity. The tests were designated as experiment A and experiment B, both conducted in two consecutive 4-week sessions. In experiment A, the rats performed in a learning maze model during the first 4 weeks then followed by moving along the rope model for another 4 weeks. In experiment B, the rats were first tested in a rotarod treadmill for 4 weeks and then a step down test model for another 4 weeks. Each experiment consisted of four groups with 6-8 rats per group. Aqueous garlic homogenate at doses of 1 and 2 g (of raw garlic)/kg/day were given orally to group 1 and group 2, respectively, while pentoxifylline dispersion at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day was given to group 3. Group 4 served as the control group and was given water. All tests (maze model, rope model, rotarod model and step down model) were performed three times a week. The number of successful tasks and the acquisition time in 1 week intervals were used for the statistical analysis. The present results demonstrated that neither aqueous garlic homogenate at both doses nor pentoxifylline exhibited any benefit in the maze model or the rotarod model. Garlic only at the lower dose and pentoxifylline however, showed benefit in the rope model and step down model. These findings may provide some evidence to support the beneficial effect of long-term garlic consumption on physical performance and learning behaviour in normal subjects.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Influence of acupuncture on physical performance capacity and haemodynamic parameters.

In a single blind study the question as to whether the needling of specific acupuncture points is able to produce an increase in physical performance capacity and better regulation of heart rate and blood pressure was examined. Thirty-six healthy young men were assigned at random to three groups, receiving either actual acupuncture, placebo acupuncture or no stimulation. Performance was determined by means of a spiro-ergometer test which was carried out at the beginning and at the end of five weeks of treatment consisting of one session per week. The subjects from the group which actually received acupuncture were able to increase maximum performance capacity significantly and also physical performance at the anaerobic threshold. This may be interpreted as a sign of functional improvement in haemodynamic and metabolic mechanisms. There was, on the whole, no noticeable effect produced by the placebo acupuncture. The control group, which received no stimulation, showed unfavourable changes in the values obtained compared with the results of the performance test at the commencement of the study.

Acupuncture Points↗

PubMed1998

Is lower extremity strength gain associated with improvement in physical performance and disability in frail, community-dwelling elders?

BACKGROUND: Strength loss is strongly associated with functional decline and is reversible with exercise. The effect of increased strength on function has not been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to determine whether strength gain is associated with improvement in physical performance and disability. METHODS: One hundred functionally impaired community-dwelling men and women (77.6 +/- 7.6 yrs) were tested at baseline and outcome for lower extremity strength, physical performance, and disability. After random group assignment, exercise participants received strengthening exercises in their homes three times a week for 10 weeks while control subjects continued their normal activities. Using multiple regression techniques, the relationship between strength gain and improvement in physical performance and disability was assessed, controlling for age, depression, and baseline strength. RESULTS: A significant impact of strength gain on mobility skills (p = .0009) was found. The impact of strength gain on chair rise performance was significant in participants who were more impaired (p = .04). Strength gain was associated with gain in gait speed (p = .02) and in falls efficacy (p = .05), but not with other balance, endurance, or disability measures. CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity strength gain is associated with gains in chair rise performance, gait speed, and in mobility tasks such as gait, transfers, stooping, and stair climbing, but not with improved endurance, balance, or disability. Strength gain is also associated with improvement in confidence in mobility. Factors that may influence the ability of strength gain to affect function are initial level of frailty and specificity of exercise. These results support the idea that strength training is an intervention that can potentially improve physical health status in many frail elders.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1991

Relationships between muscle fibre characteristics and physical performance capacity in trained athletic boys.

The relationships between muscle fibre characteristics and the physical performance capacity of trained athletic boys (aged 11-13 years) were studied over 2 days. The subjects were divided into two groups according to muscle fibre distribution. The 'fast' group (FG) comprised 10 subjects (sprinters, weightlifters, tennis players) with more than 50% fast-twitch fibres (type II), and the 'slow' group (SG) comprised 8 subjects (endurance runners, tennis players, one weightlifter) with more than 50% slow-twitch fibres (type I) in their vastus lateralis muscle. The 'fast' group had 59.2 +/- 6.3% and the 'slow' group had 39.4 +/- 9.8% type II fibres. Other clear differences (P less than 0.05-0.01) between the groups were observed as regards reaction time, rate of force development and rise of the body's centre of gravity in the squatting jump. For these variables, the 'fast' group was superior to the 'slow' group. Muscle fibre distribution (% type II) correlated (P less than 0.05-0.01) negatively with reaction time. Muscle fibre area (% type II) correlated negatively with reaction time (P less than 0.05-0.001) and positively with chronological age (P less than 0.05) height (P less than 0.05), mass (P less than 0.001), serum testosterone (P less than 0.05), force production (P less than 0.05-0.01) and blood lactate (P less than 0.05) in the 60-s maximal anaerobic test. There were no significant correlations between muscle fibre characteristics and maximal oxygen uptake. The present study assumes that heredity partly affects the selection of sporting event. Growth, development and training are associated with muscle fibre area, which affects the physical performance capacity of the neuromuscular system in trained young boys.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

Physical performance characteristics of women with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine physical performance in women with fibromyalgia (FM) using methods that are easy to use in clinical settings and to compare our findings with published norms or a healthy comparison group. METHODS: Measures of shoulder pain and range-of-motion, isometric shoulder endurance, neck rotation, leg strength, hand grip strength, back flexibility, 6-minute walk distance, and symptom duration were completed on 97 subjects with FM. The comparison group was 30 age-matched healthy women. RESULTS: The FM group had significantly lower physical functioning scores on all variables when compared to the healthy group or published norms. When pain at rest was controlled, pain on motion was the most significant predictor of variance in shoulder range of motion, whereas range of motion was the most significant predictor of right shoulder endurance and grip strength of both hands. CONCLUSIONS: Women with FM are markedly below average in physical performance abilities when measured by clinical tests.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The relationship between body composition and physical performance in older women.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between age-associated change in body composition and physical disability is still unknown. Skeletal muscle mass declines with age in both sexes; however, since women have less muscle mass per unit of weight than men, these changes may be more debilitating in women. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between body composition and physical performance. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: 144 women aged 68 to 75 were selected randomly from the general population of Verona. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition was evaluated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioimpedance. Physical performance was evaluated using a modified version of the Activities of Daily Living scale. Distance walked in 6 minutes was calculated, and isometric knee strength was tested. RESULTS: Normal women had a significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat. These women also had a higher ratio of body cell mass (BCM) and total fat free mass (FFM) than women with physical impairments. After adjusting for BMI, women in the lowest tertile of muscle strength had significantly lower BCM than those in the highest tertile. CONCLUSIONS: These cross-sectional data show that although muscle strength is related to fat-free mass, disability in older women is associated with heavier BMI and with a higher percentage of body fat.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1997

Reliability of impairment and physical performance measures for persons with Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia, and tremor, as well as other musculoskeletal impairments and functional limitations. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability and stability of measures of impairments and physical performance for people in the early and middle stages of PD, Subjects. Thirteen men and 2 women in Hoehn and Yahr stages 2 and 3 of PD participated. Their mean age was 74.5 years (SD = 5.7, range = 64-84). METHODS: Thirteen impairment-level variables and 8 physical performance variables were measured. Measurements were taken on two consecutive days and again a week later on the corresponding two consecutive days. Reliability and stability were assessed using analysis of variance and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS: Test-retest reliability (ICCs) of variables ranged from .69 (hamstring muscle length) to .97 (lumbar flexion). Intraclass correlation coefficients were .85 or greater for 10 of the variables. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION: The results suggest that in the early and middle stages of PD, many of the measures of impairment and physical performance are relatively stable.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Contribution of psychosocial and mechanical variables to physical performance measures in knee osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study evaluated the relative contributions of psychosocial and mechanical variables to physical performance measures in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA). SUBJECTS: Fifty-four subjects (age, in years: mean=68.3, SD=8.7, range=50-87) with radiographically confirmed knee OA were included in this study. METHODS: Physical performance measures included the Six-Minute Walk Test (SMW), the Timed "Up & Go" Test (TUG), and a stair-climbing task (STR). Responses to psychosocial questionnaires that reflect depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy (a person's confidence in his or her ability to complete a task) were collected. Mechanical variables measured included body mass index and knee strength (force-generating capacity of muscle). Stepwise linear regressions were performed with the SMW, TUG, and STR as separate dependent variables. RESULTS: Functional self-efficacy explained the greatest amount of variance in all performance measures, contributing 45% or more. Knee strength and body weight also explained some variance in performance measures. Anxiety and depression did not explain any variance in performance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Physical therapists evaluating the significance of the SMW, TUG, and STR scores in subjects with knee OA should note that a large part of each score reflects self-efficacy, or confidence, for physical tasks, with some contributions from knee strength and body weight.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Soy isoflavones, body composition, and physical performance.

OBJECTIVES: Physiologic changes, occurring during the process of aging, can have serious health consequences, such as increased risk of chronic disease and disability. Decline in estradiol levels after menopause is hypothesized to contribute to this risk. Thus, hormone therapy (HT) might prevent or delay those changes. However, HT has serious side effects and alternative approaches are needed. METHODS: We performed a 12-month double-blind randomized trial comparing soy protein containing 99mg isoflavones (aglycone weights) with milk protein (placebo) daily in 202 postmenopausal women aged 60-75 years. Endpoints were body composition, and physical performance. Randomization resulted in reasonable well-balanced groups, 153 (76%) women completed the trial. Compliance was good (plasma genistein levels 55 +/- 101 and 1259 +/- 1610 nmol/L for placebo and soy group, respectively). The changes in the endpoints during the intervention period among the two intervention groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio did not change during intervention. Handgrip strength at the final visit was slightly worse in the soy group compared to the placebo group (-0.45 kg (95% C.I.: -2.5, 1.6 kg; p = 0.7), but this difference was not statistically significant. Self-reported functional status, mobility and physical performance, all slightly improved during intervention but there were no differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present trial do not support the view that soy isoflavones have favorable effects on body composition and physical performance in postmenopausal women.

Aged↗