Induced bad habits: adjunctive ingestion and grooming in human subjects.
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Animals↗
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Distribution of apelin-synthesizing neurons in the adult rat brain.
The peptide apelin originating from a larger precursor preproapelin molecule has been recently isolated and identified as the endogenous ligand of the human orphan G protein-coupled receptor, APJ (putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT(1)). We have shown recently that apelin and apelin receptor mRNA are expressed in brain and that the centrally injected apelin fragment K17F (Lys(1)-Phe-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe(17)) decreased vasopressin release and altered drinking behavior. Using a specific polyclonal antiserum against K17F for immunohistochemistry, the aim of the present study was to establish the precise topographical distribution of apelin immunoreactivity in colchicine-treated adult rat brain. Immunoreactivity was essentially detected in neuronal cell bodies and fibers throughout the entire neuroaxis in different densities. Cells bodies have been visualized in the preoptic region, the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and in the highest density, in the arcuate nucleus. Apelin immunoreactive cell bodies were also seen in the pons and the medulla oblongata. Apelin nerve fibers appear more widely distributed than neuronal apelin cell bodies. The hypothalamus represented, by far, the major site of apelin-positive nerve fibers which were found in the suprachiasmatic, periventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial nuclei and in the retrochiasmatic area, with the highest density in the internal layer of the median eminence. Fibers were also found innervating other circumventricular organs such as the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the subfornical and the subcommissural organs and the area postrema. Apelin was also detected in the septum and the amygdala and in high density in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the periaqueductal central gray matter and dorsal raphe nucleus, the parabrachial and Barrington nuclei in the pons and in the nucleus of the solitary tract, lateral reticular, prepositus hypoglossal and spinal trigeminal nuclei. The topographical distribution of apelinergic neurons in the brain suggests multiple roles for apelin especially in the central control of ingestive behaviors, pituitary hormone release and circadian rhythms.
Animals↗
Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol metabolizing enzymes.
Alcohol metabolism is one of the biological determinants that can significantly influence drinking behavior and the development of alcoholism and alcohol-induced organ damage. Most ethanol elimination occurs by oxidation to acetaldehyde and acetate, catalyzed principally by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Other ethanol oxidation pathways, including catalase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS/CYP2E1), as well as the nonoxidative pathway (FAEES), which forms fatty acid ethyl esters, appear to play a minor role. The major alcohol metabolizing enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphism and ethnic variation. In this review recent advances in the understanding of the functional polymorphisms of ADH, ALDH and CYP2E1 and their metabolic, physiologic and clinical correlations are presented.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
Regional CNS densities of monoamine receptors in alcohol-naive alcohol-preferring P and -nonpreferring NP rats.
The densities of subtypes of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) receptors were determined in the CNS of alcohol-naive alcohol-preferring P and -nonpreferring NP lines of rats. Autoradiography studies were undertaken to measure the densities of 5-HT1B sites labelled with 100 pM [125I](-)-iodocyanopindolol, 5-HT3 sites labelled with 2 nM [3H]LY 278584, and D1 sites labelled with 1 nM[3H]SCH 23390. Membrane binding, using tissue combined from the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens, was carried out to determine Kd and B max values for the binding of 0.25-8.0 nM[3H]7-OH DPAT to D3 sites. Among the 48 regions measured for differences in 5-HT1B recognition sites, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found only in the cingulate and retrosplenial cortices, in the lateral and medial septum, and in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, with lower values being found in the P than the NP line. There were no significant differences in the regional CNS densities of D1 or 5-HT3 sites between the P and NP lines. There were also no differences between the rat lines in the Kd or Bmax values for [3H]7-OH DPAT binding to D3 sites. The lower densities of 5-HT1B sites in the CNS of the P compared to the NP rats may be a result of reduced numbers of 5-HT1B presynaptic autoreceptors as well as postsynaptic receptors in the P line. The observation that there are no differences in the amount of radioligand binding to D1, 5-HT3, and D3 sites between the P and NP lines suggests that the disparate alcohol drinking behaviors of these two lines is not associated with an innate alteration in the densities of these receptor subtypes.
Animals↗
Naltrexone vs. nefazodone for treatment of alcohol dependence. A placebo-controlled trial.
This study compared the effects of nefazodone, a serotonergic antidepressant, with the opioid antagonist naltrexone, and an inactive placebo in 183 alcohol-dependent subjects receiving weekly relapse prevention psychotherapy. Following a single-blind, placebo lead-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to receive study medication, which they took under double-blind conditions for 11 weeks. Naltrexone treatment was associated with significantly more adverse neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal effects, poorer compliance, and a greater rate of treatment attrition. There were no reliable between-group differences in drinking behavior. These results indicate that nefazodone is not efficacious for treatment of alcohol dependence. Furthermore, the clinical utility of naltrexone seems to be limited by its adverse effects, a finding that has important implications for efforts to develop medications to treat alcohol dependence.
Adult↗
Maternal demographic and psyhosocial factors associated with low birth weight in eastern Taiwan.
The relationship between birth weight and maternal sociodemographic characteristics was examined in a sample from two teaching hospitals in eastern Taiwan. Using a structured questionnaire, we conducted face-to-face interviews with women at antenatal clinics between 1998 and 1999 in Hualien City. One year later, we took the outcome of pregnancy from medical records and birth certificates from the Public Health Bureau of Hualien County. Of the 1,128 single live births, 6.8% had low birth weight (LBW) using the World Health Organization cut-off of 2,500 g. LBW was more common in teenage (< 20 years), older (> 30 years), first-time, and unmarried mothers; those with basic/intermediate educational attainment; and residents of aboriginal districts. Teenage pregnancies were more likely than those in adults to be unplanned, and such mothers had smoking or alcohol-drinking behavior. Prevention of teenage pregnancy is crucial to lower LBW rates in eastern Taiwan. For adult mothers, basic or intermediate educational attainment, residence in an aboriginal district, and first-term pregnancy were significant factors associated with LBW, after adjustment for other psychosocial attributes, such as psychologic distress and poor family support. Thus, we should pay more attention when caring for pregnant women with such sociodemographic characteristics, and ensure that they have adequate prenatal care and can adopt a healthy lifestyle.
Adolescent↗
Contributions of parental alcoholism, prenatal substance exposure, and genetic transmission to child ADHD risk: a female twin study.
BACKGROUND: Genetic influences have been shown to play a major role in determining the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, prenatal exposure to nicotine and/or alcohol has also been suggested to increase risk of the disorder. Little attention, however, has been directed to investigating the roles of genetic transmission and prenatal exposure simultaneously. METHOD: Diagnostic telephone interview data from parents of Missouri adolescent female twin pairs born during 1975-1985 were analyzed. Logistic regression models were fitted to interview data from a total of 1936 twin pairs (1091 MZ and 845 DZ pairs) to determine the relative contributions of parental smoking and drinking behavior (both during and outside of pregnancy) as risk factors for DSM-IV ADHD. Structural equation models were fitted to determine the extent of residual genetic and environmental influences on ADHD risk while controlling for effects of prenatal and parental predictors on risk. RESULTS: ADHD was more likely to be diagnosed in girls whose mothers or fathers were alcohol dependent, whose mothers reported heavy alcohol use during pregnancy, and in those with low birth weight. Controlling for other risk factors, risk was not significantly increased in those whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. After allowing for effects of prenatal and childhood predictors, 86% of the residual variance in ADHD risk was attributable to genetic effects and 14% to non-shared environmental influences. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal and parental risk factors may not be important mediators of influences on risk with much of the association between these variables and ADHD appearing to be indirect.
Adolescent↗
[Acute fever in infants].
The body temperature is influenced among other things by time of day or age and exhibits a Gaussian inter-individual distribution. If measured orally, normal values vary between 35.6 degrees C and 38.2 degrees C. Temperature exceeding the 99th percentile (> 37.7 degrees C) can therefore be interpreted as fever. Nevertheless, an universally accepted definition of fever does not exist. Viral infection is the most frequent cause of acute fever in infants, even in the absence of a source. Bacterial infections are by far a rarer reason. Nevertheless, below the age of 3 years, acute fever is a ticklish issue because of the higher risk for rapidly evolving life-threatening invasive bacterial infections. Following introduction of vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae has advanced to the most frequent cause of invasive bacterial infections in infants. Fever is rarely seen in newborns (age 1-28 days), but when present, it is more frequently serious. Around 12% of these newborns show an invasive bacterial infection. Therefore, a full workup for sepsis is strongly indicated. This includes cultures of blood,urine and cerebrospinal fluid plus a chest radiography. In addition, immediate start of an empirical intravenous antibiotic therapy and monitoring in a hospital setting are necessary. Apart from this exception, primary antibiotic therapy is rarely necessary in fever without a detectable focus and source. Also, routine prescription of antipyretics is not indicated. Though paracetamol may improve well-being and drinking behavior of infants, it does neither shorten the duration of fever duration, nor prevent febrile seizures.
Acute Disease↗
The timeline followback reports of psychoactive substance use by drug-abusing patients: psychometric properties.
The Timeline Followback (TLFB; L. C. Sobell & M. B. Sobell, 1996) interview, which uses a calendar method developed to evaluate daily patterns and frequency of drinking behavior over a specified time period, has well-established reliability and validity for assessing alcohol consumption. Although several investigators have used the TLFB to evaluate drug-using behavior, few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the interview for this purpose. The authors conducted TLFB interviews with a sample of adult drug-abusing patients seeking treatment for substance abuse (n = 113) at baseline, posttreatment, and quarterly thereafter for 12 months. It was found that the patients' reports about their drug consumption using this method generally had high (a) retest reliability, (b) convergent and discriminant validity with other measures, (c) agreement with collateral informants' reports of patients' substance use, and (d) agreement with results from patients' urine assays.
Adult↗
Consummatory behaviors and locomotor exploration evoked from self-stimulation sites in rats.
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Animals↗
Sensorimotor dysfunctions and aphagia and adipsia following pallidal lesions in rats.
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Animals↗
Flavor preexposure and "learned safety".
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Animals↗
Evaluation of a self-rating screening test for areca quid abusers in Taiwan.
Areca quid chewing is a popular habit and areca is a well-known ethnopsychopharmalogic agent in southeast Asia. While the chewing habit is legal and also socially acceptable in many places of Taiwan, the public health problem of high oral cancer incidence has remained a priority on the health care list in our local health department. Helping areca quid chewers to reduce or even stop the habit will be paramount in the oral cancer prevention programme. Hence, in order to identify the appropriate strategy for stopping the chewing habit, it is important to distinguish whether an areca quid chewer has reached the level of substance abuse.In accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental disorder (fourth edition, DSM-IV), we developed a specific self-report questionnaire modified from the famous SCAN system, DSM-IV and ICD-10. The initial screening test for areca quid abusers had 52 questions. Its components included the onset age and frequency, subjective craving and feeling, social problems, physical problems, oral symptoms, psychological and abstinence-related problems, the motivation and capacity to abstain, and demographic data. The answers were divided into 'Yes' or 'No'. One hundred and twenty-five areca quid users (53 men, 72 women) were recruited. The abusers tended to have older age, less education, and higher daily consumption of areca quid. There were no differences on motivation to quit chewing (abstinence) between abusers and non-abusers. There were no statistical differences on tobacco-smoking and alcohol-drinking behavior. Based on the statistical analysis of receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curves, 11 questions were chosen for the Self-report Screening Test for Areca quid Abuser (SSTAA). An areca quid chewer's answers with a score of 4 or more in these 11 questions would be considered an areca quid abuser. The modified process of SSTAA is performed for the evaluation of the native culture-related substance user. At this current stage, the SSTAA developed from the study is the first instrument for screening areca quid abuser.
Adult↗
Factors associated with dysphonia in high school cheerleaders.
Questionnaire responses that encompassed the severity of acute, cheering-related dysphonia, typical vocal use, vocal history, medical history, smoking and drinking behaviors, and A-Scale personality characteristics were obtained from 146 female high school cheerleaders. Multiple-regression analysis was chosen to examine the degree to which the dysphonia severity items could be associated with the remaining items. The results indicated that acute, cheering-related dysphonia may be preceded or accompanied by a compact set of clinical signs that could be incorporated easily into a screening protocol for prospective cheerleaders.
Adolescent↗
Alcohol problems among young adult emergency department patients: making predictions using routine sociodemographic information.
OBJECTIVES: The study aims were to explore the process of identifying young adult Emergency Department (ED) patients at risk for alcohol problems, examine the sociodemographic predictors of patient alcohol problems, and determine differences between patients who screened positive and those who screened negative for alcohol problems. Implications for ED practice are discussed. METHOD: As part of a larger study, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was administered to consenting patients ages 18 to 29. A score of greater than 5 (out of 40) was considered a positive screen for alcohol problems. Sociodemographic information was collected from a generic Individual Information Form. RESULTS: Approximately 48% (1855 of 3890) of patients screened positive for alcohol problems. Among screen-positive patients, 91% (1689) had scores that corresponded to mild to moderate alcohol problems. Compared with screen-negative patients, screen-positive patients were almost 3 times more likely to be men (odds ratio [OR] = 2.70); 2.5 times more likely to use tobacco (OR = 2.43); 2 times more likely to be single (OR = 2.03); and 1.5 times more likely to have some college education (OR = 1.41), be an 18- to 20-year-old adult (OR = 1.61), be a college student (OR = 1.60), be unemployed (OR = 1.39), and cohabitate with friends (OR = 1.19). Screen-positive patients also were more likely to have made at least one past attempt to change their drinking behavior (OR = 3.21). CONCLUSION: Routine patient information presented an accurate risk profile for alcohol problems among patients in this study. If ED-based health care professionals routinely screened patients for alcohol problems or could predict potential alcohol problems by using routinely collected information, then intervention or referral for additional services may increase.
Adolescent↗
Role of centrally administered melatonin and inhibitors of COX and NOS in LPS-induced hyperthermia and adipsia.
In the present study we have examined the effect of centrally administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor and melatonin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hyperthermia and its anti-dipsogenic effect. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of LPS (100-200 ng/rat) induces a dose dependent elevation in body temperature and decreases water consumption in 24 h water deprived rats. Coadministration of NSAIDS (indomethacin and nimesulide: 10 nM/rat each) with LPS (100 ng) reversed, whereas NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME: 10-20 microg/rat) enhanced LPS-induced hyperthermia. In contrast L-NAME reversed the LPS-induced anti-dipsogenic effect in a dose dependent manner, whereas NSAIDS showed no change in the effect of LPS. Further, centrally administered prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 0.5-1 microg/rat) produced hyperthermia without affecting the drinking behavior, suggesting that two independent mechanisms operate in LPS-induced hyperthermia and in the anti-dipsogenic effect. The pineal hormone melatonin is known to inhibit cellular damage caused by LPS, produced dose dependent (5-10 nM i.c.v.) inhibition of LPS-induced hyperthermia and adipsia, but failed to reverse the PGE2-induced hyperthermia, shows reversal of LPS-induced hyperthermia by melatonin is due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis rather than antagonism of prostaglandin action. The overall study reveals that inhibition of both NO and prostaglandin production by melatonin might be responsible for its reversal of LPS-induced hyperthermia and adipsia.
Animals↗
[Medical treatment of psychiatric disorders in alcoholics].
PURPOSE: Epidemiological studies show that alcoholics have a high life-time prevalence of psychiatric illnesses, particularly of anxiety, depressive and schizophrenic disorders. But the complex relationships between elevated alcohol consumption and psychiatric symptomatology frequently Iead to problems in finding diagnosis and thereafter in planning therapeutic strategies. METHODS: In this article the results of the studies concerning the medical treatment of psychiatric comorbidity of alcoholics are critically reviewed. RESULTS: According to the available results a therapy with antidepressive drugs indicated in alcoholics with depression lasting over 14 days. Anxiety disorders seem to have little influence on the course of alcoholism. Thus, an anxiolytic medication has to be considered carefully in view of the addiction potency of tranquilizers. There is a paucity of data concerning drug treatment of schizophrenics with alcohol abuse. Thus far only a few studies have shown an effect of a drug treatment of the psychiatric comorbidity on the drinking behavior. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of studies on specific treatment strategies of psychiatric comorbid alcoholics, particularly of schizophrenics with alcohol abuse.
Alcoholism↗
Protein kinase Cdelta mediates ethanol-induced up-regulation of L-type calcium channels.
Brief ethanol exposure inhibits L-type, voltage-gated calcium channels in neural cells, whereas chronic exposure increases the number of functional channels. In PC12 cells, this adaptive response is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC), but the PKC isozyme responsible is unknown. Since chronic ethanol exposure increases expression of PKCdelta and PKCepsilon, we investigated the role these isozymes play in up-regulation of L-type channels by ethanol. Incubation with the PKC inhibitor GF 109203X or expression of a PKCdelta fragment that inhibits phorbol ester-induced PKCdelta translocation largely prevented ethanol-induced increases in dihydropyridine binding and K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake. A corresponding PKCepsilon fragment had no effect on this response. These findings indicate that PKCdelta mediates up-regulation of L-type channels by ethanol. Remaining responses to ethanol in cells expressing the PKCdelta fragment were not inhibited by GF 109203X, indicating that PKCdelta-independent mechanisms also contribute. PKCdelta overexpression increased binding sites for dihydropyridine and L-channel antagonists, but did not increase K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake, possibly because of homeostatic responses that maintain base-line levels of channel function. Since L-type channels modulate drinking behavior and contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability during alcohol withdrawal, these findings suggest an important role for PKCdelta in alcohol consumption and dependence.
Animals↗