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PubMed1993

Attitudes to identification of dentures: the patients' perspective.

The importance of placing identification marks on dentures has long been acknowledged by the dental profession. More recently, following the fatalities at the Bradford City, England, football club fire, the need for marking dentures has been made more public. This paper outlines the different types of marking systems available and describes a survey on denture wearers to investigate their attitude toward the placement of identification marks on dentures. Results show that few dentures are marked at manufacture but that wearers are in favor of having their name on their denture. Of the 63 subjects sampled, 93.5% did not know that identification marks could be placed on dentures. The profession must be encouraged to routinely label all dentures at manufacture.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Wristband identification error reporting in 712 hospitals. A College of American Pathologists' Q-Probes study of quality issues in transfusion practice.

The correct wristband identification of patients is essential to prevent acute, hemolytic transfusion reactions from incompatible transfusion. We compared wristband identification errors for 712 hospitals. Phlebotomists checked patient wristbands on 2,463,727 occasions, finding 67,289 errors; in 33,308 instances, patient wristbands were missing entirely. The median total error rate was 2.2%; 10% of participants had error rates of 10.9% or greater. Absent wristbands represented 49.5% of errors; multiple wristbands with different information, 8.3%; wristbands with incomplete data, 7.5%; erroneous data, 8.6%; illegible data, 5.7%; and patients wearing wristbands with another patient's identifying information, 0.5%. The monitoring for errors by phlebotomy staff was the most important policy associated with lower error rates. Initial placement of wristbands by nursing staff was the only policy associated with increased error rates. We conclude that wristband identification error rates depend on differences in hospital policy and procedure and should be responsive to quality improvement efforts.

Blood Group Incompatibility↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The psychophysiological mechanisms of awareness: the hypothesis of self-identification].

A hypothesis is advanced concerning the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the mental process of self-identification. It is assumed that a specific excitation pattern produced by a stimulus in one of several cortical areas is transmitted back to the neurons of the same cortical areas via massive parallel feedback pathways. The coincident (identical) excitation patterns--those produced by the stimulus and relayed by backward projections add together in the same neuronal structures thus inducing their intensive firing. This cyclic process amplifies the specificity and intensifies a representation of the stimulus thus creating the most favorable conditions for its categorization by distributed long-term memory. The result of categorization, a symbol or an image, is physiologically expressed by a pattern of neuronal activity, which is also included in the cycle of self-identification. This process underlies representation of subjective meaning of sensory characteristics of the stimulus. Symbolic representation of the stimulus signifies the transition of the perception process from the physiological (objective) to the mental (subjective) level. Theoretical analysis and experimental data show that the cyclic processes of self-identification and symbolic interpretation of sensory signals are likely to produce the phenomenon of awareness.

Awareness↗

PubMed1998

Intrapsychic outcome in projective identification.

Four possible outcomes of projective identification (Klein, 1946) are identified. First is a parallel sending, receiving, and giving back between both parties. Second, there is an inability to access the receiver, leading to annihilation anxieties. Third is an experience of the receiver not being able to process the message, leading to the sender's fantasy of hurting or destroying the object. Finally, there is the experience of the object becoming outraged at being asked to receive a message and subsequently attacking the sender. These are all fantasy states that come about in the context of the most basic of human communications, the process of projective identification. Projective identification is a fantasy-dominated experience and a dialectical process within both interpersonal and intrapsychic forums. These four potential states are separated for theoretical purposes but are always cross-influencing and creating each other in the unconscious. The situations described between mother and infant are paralleled in the analytic situation, the difference being the chronological and developmental passage of time and the evolution of the original fantasy material.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Patient ethnicity and the identification and active management of depression in late life.

BACKGROUND: Black Americans are more likely to obtain mental health care from a primary care physician than from a mental health specialist. We investigated the association of ethnicity with the identification and active management of depression among older patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 355 older adults with and without significant depressive symptoms. At the index visit, the physician's ratings of depression and reports of active management were obtained on 341 of the 355 patients who completed in-home interviews. RESULTS: Older black patients were less likely than older white patients to be identified as depressed (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.63) and their depression was less likely to be actively managed in the 6 months before the interview (unadjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.19-2.16). In multivariate models that controlled for potentially influential characteristics such as patient age, sex, marital status, level of education, functional status, physical health, severity of depressive symptoms, severity of anxiety symptoms, attitudes about depression, number of office visits in the last 6 months, and the physician's rating of how well they knew the patient, the associations of identification (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.17-0.39) and management (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.19-1.77) with patient ethnicity remained substantially unchanged. CONCLUSION: Our study calls attention to the role ethnicity may play in the identification and active management of depression among older primary care patients.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1998

Rapid identification and speciation of Haemophilus bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Several species of the genus Haemophilus are well known etiological agents of pneumonia, meningitis, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis and chancroid. However, identification and speciation of Haemophilus is both time consuming and labor intensive. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS) has been used by several investigators to profile proteins from intact and disrupted bacteria; consequently, MALDI/TOF-MS has emerged as a powerful tool in diagnostic bacteriology. This paper reports the use of MALDI/TOF-MS as a technique for the rapid identification and speciation of Haemophilus. This technique was used to not only identify the pathogen, H. ducreyi, but also to determine strain differences from different isolates. Mass spectral 'fingerprints' were obtained which permitted the rapid speciation of not only pathogenic forms of Haemophilus, but also those bacteria which are normally regarded as non-pathogenic and members of the normal flora. MALDI/TOF mass spectra can be acquired in 10 min, allowing the identification of Haemophilus spp. within 24 h rather than the 48 h or more needed for traditional bacteriological methods. In addition, these are the first mass spectral fingerprints available in the literature for many of these organisms.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗

PubMed1998

Mass spectrometric mapping of ion channel proteins (porins) and identification of their supramolecular membrane assembly.

Mass spectrometric peptide mapping, particularly by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI-MS), has recently been shown to be an efficient tool for the primary structure characterization of proteins. In combination with in situ proteolytic digestion of proteins separated by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), mass spectrometric peptide mapping permits identification of proteins from complex mixtures such as cell lysates. In this study we have investigated several ion channel membrane proteins (porins) and their supramolecular assembly in mitochondrial membranes by peptide mapping in solution and upon digestion in the gel matrix. Porins are integral membrane proteins serving as nonspecific diffusion pores or as specific systems for the transport of substrates through bacterial and mitochondrial membranes. The well-characterized porin from Rhodobacter capsulatus (R.c.-porin) has been found to be a native trimeric complex by the crystal structure and was used as a model system in this study. R.c.-porin was characterized by MALDI-MS peptide mapping in solution, and by direct in situ-gel digestion of the trimer. Furthermore, in this study we demonstrate the direct identification of the noncovalent complex between a mitochondrial porin and the adenine nucleotide translocator from rat liver, by MALDI-MS determination of the specific peptides due to both protein sequences in the SDS-PAGE gel band. The combination of native gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric peptide mapping of the specific gel bands should be developed as a powerful tool for the molecular identification of protein interactions.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗

PubMed1998

Microfabricated device coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer: protein identifications based on enhanced-resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry data.

We describe the coupling of a microfabricated fluidic device to an electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QqTOFMS) for the identification of protein samples. The microfabricated devices consisted of three reservoirs connected via channels to a main capillary, which in turn was linked via a microspray interface to the QqTOFMS. Here we present preliminary results obtained using this system. Standardized solutions of myoglobin tryptic digest were analyzed indicating a limit of detection at the low to sub fmol/microL. The combination of the microfabricated device for rapid sample delivery and the rapid acquisition capability, enhanced resolution and mass accuracy of the QqTOF offers unique possibilities for the rapid identification of proteins by database searching. This platform can generate MS data suitable for protein database searching by the peptide-mass fingerprinting approach and MS/MS data suitable for protein database searching. Here the results of the two database-searching approaches are compared and the possibilities of combining the two approaches for rapid identification of protein are discussed. Also, we present a comparison of the results obtained using the three-position microfabricated device coupled to the ESI-QqTOFMS and to an ESI-ion trap MS. Finally the combination of C-terminal 18O labeling of peptides and the microfabricated system for automated combined peptide-mass fingerprinting and sequence-tag database searching is discussed.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed1999

Identification of segments VI and VII of the liver based on the ramification patterns of the intrahepatic portal and hepatic veins.

We describe the pattern of intrahepatic vessel ramification in the right posterior hepatic sector in a population of 197 adults. Each specimen was dissected from its visceral (inferior) surface in order to demonstrate variations in the distribution of the portal vein branches to the hepatic segments of the right lobe, especially to segments VI (S6) and VII (S7) as described by Couinaud. We also examine whether three hepatic veins, i.e., the right hepatic vein (RHV), middle hepatic vein (MHV), and the short hepatic vein (SHV), aid the identification of segmental portal branches in the lower posterior sector. Four major patterns of branching of the posterior sectorial trunk of the portal vein system are described. In group A (32.0%) a single posterior trunk formed an arch-like pattern sending multiple branches to S6 and S7 (P6 and P7). We named the multiple branches to the apparent S6 the inferoposterior portal branches. It was difficult to identify which of these branches were equivalent to P6. In group B (27.9%), the posterior sectorial trunk bifurcated to form P6 and P7. In most of the specimens in this group, therefore, we were able clearly to identify both S6 and S7 based on the portal vein system. In group C (6.6%), the trunk trifurcated to form P6, P7, and an intermediate branch, which supplied both segments or a gray zone between them. Group D (33.5%) included variations of the anterior segmental branches, and in specimens of this group, the anteromedial border of the sector was difficult to identify. Notably, the three-dimensional interdigitating topographical relationship of the hepatic veins and the portal branches was not evident in the lower posterior sector, since tributaries of the RHV and the portal branches followed similar courses and paralleled each other in the region and since the territory of the SHV was usually restricted to the superficial parenchyma near the inferior surface. In group A, tributaries of the RHV/SHV (>3 mm in diameter) passed between the inferoposterior portal branches in only 22.2%/14.3% of the specimens. Thus the hepatic veins often did not reveal which of the multiple inferoposterior branches was P6. Moreover, in the subset of Group B in which the segments were identified based on the portal vein ramification, tributaries of the RHV/SHV (>3 mm in diameter) showed the intersegmental interdigitating arrangement in only 32.0%/6.0% of the specimens. In addition, a thick tributary of the MHV, sometimes arising from S6, did not run along, but penetrated the S5/S6 border plane from the lateral to the medial side. Therefore, the three hepatic veins (RHV, SHV, MHV) often did not aid the identification of the liver segments in the region. Consequently, the less than ideal combinations of irregular configurations of the portal and hepatic venous systems suggest that the right posterior segments cannot be conclusively identified anatomically in 30-40% of cases. Other means of identification, such as the conventional proportional manner (the upper and lower halves of the posterior sector roughly correspond to S6 and S7) may be required.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Use of mathematically enhanced spectral analysis and spectral contrast techniques for the liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic detection and identification of pharmaceutical compounds.

The use of mathematically enhanced ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorbance spectral analysis and spectral contrast software techniques in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MECC) as an aid for the determination of peak homogeneity, identification, and tracking during method development was investigated. Various structurally similar pharmaceutical compounds, and compounds present as either cis/trans isomers, diastereomers, or enantiomers were used as test compounds to probe the limits of this technique. Two tricyclic antidepressants, nortriptyline and imipramine, were employed to study the effects of HPLC mobile phase composition and pH on the ability to identify and track peaks during method development. It was found that method changes altered the spectral matches used for identification, but not enough to cause incorrect peak identification. It was also shown using HPLC that the cis/trans isomers of doxepin and the diastereomers ephedrine and pseudoephedrine could be distinguished. The mathematically enhanced spectral analysis and spectral contrast software techniques were also employed with MECC. Peaks tracking during method development as pH and the concentration of surfactant changes is shown for a separation of various penicillin type antibiotics. It was shown that during chiral MECC (CMECC) analyses ephedrine/pseudoephedrine diastereomers as well as ephedrine enantiomers could be distinguished. The determination of enantiomers is possible in CMECC since enantiomers are eluted as diastereomeric complexes, as opposed to HPLC where they are eluted in their native state.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗

PubMed1999

Novel application of PhastSystem polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using restriction fragment length polymorphism--internal transcribed spacer patterns of individuals for molecular identification of entomopathogenic nematodes.

différences! [editorial] [editorial]onomic way of identifying and assigning nematodes to taxons, which had already been determined either by comparative sequence analysis of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region or by other methods of molecular or conventional taxonomy, is provided. Molecular identification of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) can be upgraded by basing it on PhastSystem polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA derived from single nematodes of Steinernema or Heterorhabditis spp. Although analysis from single worms has previously been made on agarose gel, the resolution on PhastSystem PAGE gel is much higher. The DNA sequences selected for analysis were those constituting the internal transcribed spacer region between the 18S and 26S rDNA genes within the rRNA operon. RFLP analysis was carried out by gel electrophoresis on the PhastSystem (Pharmacia) as detailed elsewhere (Triga et al., Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 1272-1277. The downscaling from conventional agarose to PhastSystem gels resulted in pattern of DNA fragments differing from those obtained with agarose gel electrophoresis under conventional conditions by increasing the number of detected fragments. The approach supported previous species identifications and was able to identify several unclassified isolates, such as those from Hungary and Ireland, and provides a method for identification of previously unclassified strains. We confirmed that Heterorhabditis "Irish Type", represented by two strains of different geographical origin, comprise a species different from H. megidis. We also confirmed that strain IS5 belongs to the species H. indicus rather than to H. bacteriophora, as had been suggested previously.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The utility of short tandem repeat loci beyond human identification: implications for development of new DNA typing systems.

Since the first characterization of the population genetic properties of repeat polymorphisms, the number of short tandem repeat (STR) loci validated for forensic use has now grown to at least 13. Worldwide variations of allele frequencies at these loci have been studied, showing that variations of interpopulation diversity at these loci do not compromise the power of identification of individuals. However, data collected for validation of these loci for forensic use has utility beyond human identification; the origin and past migration history of modern humans can be reconstructed from worldwide variations at these loci. Furthermore, complex forensic cases previously unresolvable can now be investigated with the help of the validated STR loci. Here, we provide the absolute power of the validated set of 13 STR loci for addressing these issues using multilocus genotype data on 1,401 individuals belonging to seven populations (US European-American, US African-American, Jamaican, Italian, Swiss, Chinese and Apache Native-American). Genomic research is discovering new classes of polymorphic loci (such as the single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) and lineage markers (such as the mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers); our aim, therefore, was to determine how many SNP loci are needed to match the power of this set of 13 STR loci. We conclude that the current set of STR loci is adequate for addressing most problems of human identification (including interpretations of DNA mixtures). However, if suitable number of SNPs are used that would match the power of the STR loci, they alone cannot resolve more complex cases unless they are supplemented by the validated STR loci.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1999

The use of mitochondrial DNA and short tandem repeat typing in the identification of air crash victims.

In February 1998, a civilian air plane crashed into a remote mountainside in the Philippines, killing all 104 passengers and crew. The victims were subjected to severe environmental insult, preventing conventional identification methods in most cases. As part of the identification process, samples were subjected to a combination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and short tandem repeat (STR) DNA profiling. The DNA extracted from the victims' remains was in all cases highly degraded. However, profiling using mtDNA was still successful with 95% of the victims' samples; this compared to a 50% success rate using three STR loci. The use of mtDNA and STR profiling enabled 187 human fragments from the crash site to be placed into 80 distinct groups; when combined with postmortem data, the samples could be further separated into 95 distinct groups, thereby assisting in the identification process.

Accidents, Aviation↗

PubMed1999

Identification of synaptic vesicle, pre- and postsynaptic proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid using liquid-phase isoelectric focusing.

Synaptic pathology is central in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders, for example in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Quantification of specific synaptic proteins has proved to be a useful method to estimate synapitc density in the brain. Using this approach, several synaptic proteins have been demonstrated to be altered in both AD and schizophrenia. Until recently, the analysis of synaptic pathology has been limited to postmortem tissue. In living subjects, these synaptic proteins may be studied through analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In an earlier study performed by us, one synaptic vesicle specific protein, synaptotagmin, was detected in CSF for the first time using a procedure based on affinity chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and chemiluminescence immunoblotting. However, other synaptic proteins were not detectable with this procedure. Therefore, we have developed a procedure including precipitation of CSF proteins with trichloroacetic acid, followed by liquid-phase isoelectric focusing using the Rotofor Cell, and finally analysis of Rotofor fractions by Western blotting for identification of synaptic proteins in CSF. Five synaptic proteins, rab3a, synaptotagmin, growth-associated protein (GAP-43), synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP-25) and neurogranin, have been demonstrated in CSF using this method. The major advantage of liquid-phase isoelectric focusing (IEF) using the Rotofor cell is that it provides synaptic proteins from CSF in sufficient quantities for identification. This method may also be suitable for identification of other types of trace amounts of brain-specific proteins in CSF. These results demonstrate that several synaptic proteins can be identified and measured in CSF to study synaptic function and pathology in degenerative disorders.

Calcium-Binding Proteins↗

PubMed1999

Comparison between capillary and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for identification of Lolium species and cultivars.

In recent years variety discrimination has been achieved in a range of agricultural crops by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Previous works on genus Lolium have shown the effectiveness of this technique for the topic of cultivar identification. In the present research the potential of capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) for identification of Italian (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), annual (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) and perennial (Lolium perenne L.) ryegrass cultivars in comparison with SDS-PAGE was investigated. Separation conditions of SDS-CGE were chosen in order to obtain electrophoretic data comparable with those of SDS-PAGE, at the expense of analysis speed. Both peak area and migration time of SDS-CGE electropherograms were reproducible. In the examined cultivars, a total of 27 (16.8-96.8 kDa) and 28 (13.2-111.5 kDa) protein subunits were detected by SDS-PAGE and SDS-CGE, respectively. The variability in seed storage protein composition was processed by numerical taxonomy. All cultivars were clearly identified by both electrophoresis systems. The orthogonality between SDS-PAGE and SDS-CGE was suggested by the lack of correlation among protein profiles obtained with the two separation systems. The nonredundant information from these analytical systems should provide a relevant benefit for identification of Lolium cultivars and wild biotypes that are extremely uniform phenotypically.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗

PubMed2000

Protein identification methods in proteomics.

A combination of high-resolution two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, highly sensitive biological mass spectrometry, and the rapidly growing protein and DNA databases has paved the way for high-throughput proteomics. This review concentrates on protein identification. We first discuss the use of protein electroblotting and Edman sequencing as tools for de novo sequencing and protein identification. In the second part, we highlight matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) as one of the main contemporary analytical methods for linking gel-separated proteins to entries in sequence databases. In this context we describe the two main MALDI-MS-based identification methods: (i) peptide mass fingerprinting, and (ii) post-source decay (PSD) analysis. In the last part, we briefly emphasize the importance of sample preparation for obtaining highly sensitive and high-quality MALDI-MS spectra.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Electrophoretic mobility-assisted identification of proteins by nanoelectrospray capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry under methanolic conditions.

A novel method for electrophoretic mobility-assisted identifications of proteins, using capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) under methanolic conditions, was developed. The number of functional groups of the enzymatic digest peptides was estimated from a single run CE/MS analysis and utilized as an additional tag for database searching in addition to the mass map of the peptides. The additional amino acid information thus obtained can improve the confidence level of the protein identification. The database searching software algorithm ProFound was modified to accept the tag, based on this new concept. In this study, optimization of the CE/MS conditions for the estimation of basic functional groups was performed as an example. An accurate value of the number of such functional groups was obtained from CE characteristics when methanolic buffer (methanol/formic acid/water = 60:20:20) was used, via an excellent correlation (r = 0.997) between the number of functional groups of the peptides and [MW((2/3))]. The mass spectrometry sensitivity was also improved when using the methanolic buffer in comparison with that obtained using aqueous 1% formic acid buffer. The identification of a protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which was separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis, was performed using the methanolic buffer in combination with sheathless nanoelectrospray CE/MS. A protein spot that had not been identified by MALDI-TOFMS and LC/MS/MS was successfully identified using this new method.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Rapid identification and determination of purity of flow-sorted plant chromosomes using C-PRINS.

BACKGROUND: Flow-sorted plant chromosomes are being increasingly used in plant genome analysis and mapping. Consequently, there is a need for a rapid method for identification of sorted chromosomes and for determination of their purity. We report on optimization of procedures for primed in situ DNA labeling (PRINS) and cycling-PRINS (C-PRINS) for fluorescent labeling of repetitive DNA sequences on sorted plant chromosomes suitable for their identification. METHODS: Chromosomes of barley, wheat, and field bean were sorted onto microscope slides, dried, and subjected to PRINS or C-PRINS with primers for GAA microsatellites (barley and wheat) or FokI repeat (field bean). The following parameters were optimized to achieve the highest specificity and intensity of fluorescent labeling: ratio of labeled versus unlabeled nucleotides, nucleotide concentration, and the number and concentration of primers. RESULTS: Under optimal conditions, C-PRINS resulted in strong and specific labeling of GAA microsatellites on sorted barley and wheat chromosomes and FokI repeats on sorted field bean chromosomes. The labeling patterns were characteristic for each chromosome and permitted their unequivocal identification as well as determination of purity after sorting, which ranged from 96% to 99%. A standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with chromosome-specific primers was not sensitive enough to detect low-frequency contamination. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that a single C-PRINS assay with primers that give chromosome-specific labeling pattern is sufficient not only to determine chromosome content of peaks on flow karyotype but also to determine the purity of sorted chromosome fractions. The whole procedure can be performed in less than 3 h on the next day after sorting. Numerous applications are expected in the area of plant flow cytogenetics.

Chromosomes↗