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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The taming of immunohistochemistry: the new era of quality control.

The most critical factor for interpreting the results of immunohistochemistry is verification of antibody sensitivity and specificity. While some manufacturers supply material data sheets with this information, many do not. This paper describes a well-defined quality assurance program for testing immune reagents. This program can be used to provide commercial suppliers of antisera with analyses of their products destined for government licensure applications. This paper illustrates the protocol and explains the testing philosophy developed over the last eight years.

Immunohistochemistry↗
PubMed2003

[An economic evaluation of strategy for expanding influenza vaccination in Japan].

Two years ago, the Japanese government decided to partially pay the influenza vaccination cost for residents over 65 years. About 23 million people are over 65 years-old, and 8 million elderly were vaccinated in this program. Hospitals and clinics usually charge about 5,000 yen for each patient given a vaccination. Since this program pays about 80% of the charge, the government paid about 32 billion yen for this program. Few studies have been done of the economics of influenza in Japan. One study found the total cost of treating hospitalized patients and outpatients was about 489 billion yen. Another study found the hospitalization cost from influenza to be about 187,000 yen for each admission. Assuming the effect of vaccination to be 70%, hospitalization and outpatient costs would be reduced by about 45 billion yen. The hospitalization cost alone would be reduced approximately 25 billion yen. Influenza vaccination is obviously cost effective.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2006

Recent improvements in polio and pertussis vaccination policy in Israel, 2005.

For children born after 1 January 2005, use of the Sabin oral polio vaccine in combination with the enhanced-potency Salk inactivated polio vaccine as part of the routine vaccination schedule was discontinued. The schedule now includes only IPV. In September 2005, a fifth dose of pertussis vaccine was added for pupils in their second year of elementary school. This article describes the reasons for these changes, which have rendered Israel's routine vaccination program one of the most effective in the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A prototype Web site for immunization knowledge maintenance.

IMM/Web is a prototype Web site designed to assist in the maintenance of the knowledge required to perform computer-based forecasting for childhood immunization. IMM/Web operates in conjunction with IMM/Serve, a immunization forecasting program that takes a child's immunization history and produces recommendations as to which vaccinations are due, and which should be scheduled next. IMM/Serve's domain knowledge is expressed in both tabular and rule-based form. Using IMM/Web, the various tabular forecasting parameters can be modified via the Web. Test cases can then be generated automatically which can be used to help verify the new version of logic. Finally, the test cases can be automatically passed for IMM/Serve to analyze using the newly defined parameters. The IMM/Web project is exploring how the process of updating, customizing, and testing new versions of a computer-based clinical guideline might be performed and guided in an organized fashion via the World-Wide Web.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Vaccine coverage with hepatitis B and other vaccines in the Colombian Amazon: do health worker knowledge and perception influence coverage?

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a vaccination coverage survey in the Colombian Amazon, an area highly endemic for hepatitis B (HB), where HB vaccine was introduced in 1992. The aim was to measure vaccine coverage and factors influencing it, especially those related to health services. METHODS: A total of 3573 children younger than 11 years were randomly selected from four populations. Vaccination status was ascertained through the vaccination card and a questionnaire on socio-demographic factors was applied to children's caretakers. Health workers (HW) in charge of vaccination in rural and urban areas were interviewed regarding knowledge and practices in vaccination. Individual and HW characteristics were related to individual vaccination using logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall cumulated vaccination coverage was high for polio (96%, 95% CI: 94-98), measles (94%, 95% CI: 92.8-95.2), BCG (91%, 95% CI: 90-93), DPT (90%, 95% CI: 88-92) and HB (88%, 95% CI: 86-90). However, <50% of children completed the primary course of vaccination in the first year of life. Individual factors improving the likelihood of being either fully or HB vaccinated were: age>1 year, living in Leticia, being affiliated to the social security, and living in a house with a roof made of tiles rather than palm tree leaf. Among the variables related to HWs, poor knowledge of vaccine contraindications predicted a lower chance of being fully or HB vaccinated in the population served by them, even after controlling for individual variables. CONCLUSIONS: The HB control program in Colombia has achieved good coverage in one of the most endemic areas of the country. However, barriers to vaccination arise from inequities in the distribution of health insurance and inadequate HW knowledge.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Stereotyped and specific gene expression programs in human innate immune responses to bacteria.

The innate immune response is crucial for defense against microbial pathogens. To investigate the molecular choreography of this response, we carried out a systematic examination of the gene expression program in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells responding to bacteria and bacterial products. We found a remarkably stereotyped program of gene expression induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and diverse killed bacteria. An intricately choreographed expression program devoted to communication between cells was a prominent feature of the response. Other features suggested a molecular program for commitment of antigen-presenting cells to antigens captured in the context of bacterial infection. Despite the striking similarities, there were qualitative and quantitative differences in the responses to different bacteria. Modulation of this host-response program by bacterial virulence mechanisms was an important source of variation in the response to different bacteria.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Medicaid program; rescission of the guidelines for documenting Medicaid recipient access to immunizations under the Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program--HCFA. Notice.

This notice rescinds the guidelines that we published in the Federal Register on October 3, 1994, that required States to document equal access to immunizations for Medicaid children if States elected to use lower vaccine administration fees than the maximum charges that were published and applicable under the Vaccines for Children program. These guidelines are rescinded in response to public comments on the October 3, 1994 notice. States indicated that there were numerous problems regarding the collection of useable data.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunization education among family practice residency programs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The dynamic nature of immunization schedules, shortages, and administration techniques makes keeping up to date with current national recommendations difficult and necessitates periodic evaluation of immunization teaching resources. METHODS: This study surveyed family practice residency program directors in 1998 to assess their satisfaction with immunization teaching resources and interest in new resources. Subsequently, with funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Group on Immunization Education developed a series of educational materials devoted to educating family physicians about immunizations. In 2001, residency directors were surveyed again to evaluate the educational resources. RESULTS: Most program directors reported satisfaction with resources currently available to them for teaching residents about childhood immunizations, but about half (41% in 1998 versus 55% in 2001) agreed that keeping up to date on childhood immunizations was difficult. The corresponding figures for adult immunizations were 27% in 1998 and 36% in 2001. Pocket-size immunization schedules were ranked highly important (53% in 1998 versus 45% in 2001). Many would use handheld computer immunization schedules (53%). Although satisfaction with available resources did not increase following introduction of a newly developed journal supplement and Web site, the limited response received was favorable. CONCLUSIONS: Immunization teaching materials developed by family physicians, especially those that make use of evolving technologies, can be useful resources for individuals teaching family practice residents and for keeping up to date on recommendations for immunizations.

Family Practice↗
PubMed2004

Remove vaccination barriers for children 12 to 24 months.

Vaccinations were one of the top ten public health achievements of the 20th century, yet currently more than 900,000 U.S. children aren't properly immunized. The purpose of this study was to increase compliance rates in children 12 to 24 months from 38% to 80%. This was done by determining what factors impacted compliance and by instituting an immunization surveillance program.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed2005

Immune response to Hepatitis B vaccine among children in Yemen.

OBJECTIVE: This study looks into the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) among children who completed the 3 doses of vaccine 7-years after inclusion of HBV vaccination to the National Extended Program for Immunizations (EPI) in Yemen. METHODS: Between March 2002 and October 2002, a total of 170 children, aged 13-73 months with a mean age of 43.64 +/- 17.42 SD months; and have completed the 3 HBV vaccine doses were investigated for immune response to HBV vaccine by quantifying anti-HBs. Past infection was investigated by testing children to total anti-HBc. RESULTS: Of all children, 49.4% were males and 50.6% were females. One hundred and forty-two (83.5%) responded to the vaccine (antibody level > or = 10 mIU/ml). Only 3 children of 153 (2%) were reactive to anti-HBc indicating that the response was due to vaccination rather than combined effect of vaccine and HBV past-infections. There was a trend of decreasing antibody level with an increasing age. However, the difference in antibody levels between age groups was not statistically significant (p=0.40). Significantly lower antibody level (p=0.02) was found among children with a low economic status. CONCLUSION: This study has revealed a high response rate to HBV vaccine. However, a considerable proportion (32.4%) of vaccinated children remains to be reconsidered for either revaccination or booster doses due to lack, inadequate or low response. The trend of decreasing antibody level with increasing age suggests a need of careful monitoring of HBV vaccine efficacy in Yemen. Demographic factors such as gender number of inhabitants per room and educational level of father did not significantly affect the immune response to HBV vaccine.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elimination of poliomyelitis in France: epidemiology and vaccine status.

In France, both inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) were used until 1983. By that time a new enhanced-potency IPV (eIPV) was licensed and recommended by the French Ministry of Health as the vaccine of choice. Ninety-five per cent of infants have received four doses of eIPV by 24 months of age. No cases of vaccine-associated paralysis among either recipients or those in contact with recipients have been reported since 1983. Only four wild indigenous cases of paralytic poliomyelitis have been reported among unvaccinated children in the past five years and none since 1990. Although paralytic poliomyelitis has been virtually eliminated in France, vaccination programs as well as active surveillance of the community and environment for poliovirus circulation should be reinforced to reach the goal of wild poliovirus eradication.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Modeling measles, mumps, and rubella: implications for the design of vaccination programs.

Mathematical models of disease transmission are being used increasingly in the design of population-based vaccination programs. Their use is illustrated in a review of some modeling studies that have implications for the use of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Investigations of vaccination strategy options yield predictions for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analyses. A quantitative understanding of the factors affecting disease transmission enables the setting of targets for vaccination programs and underpins disease elimination initiatives.

Carrier State↗
PubMed2026

In vivo immune cell engineering from bench to clinical reality.

Adoptive immune cell therapies, exemplified by chimeric antigen receptor T cells, have transformed the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, their broader clinical application is limited by complex ex vivo manufacturing, high cost, and safety concerns. In vivo immune cell engineering has emerged as an alternative strategy that delivers genetic instructions directly to immune cells, thereby generating or modulating therapeutic immune cells within the body and reducing the reliance on individualized in vitro operations. These advances underscore the need for a systematic evaluation of this emerging field. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the mechanistic principles and delivery strategies underlying in vivo immune cell engineering, with an emphasis on in vivo CAR-T cell generation and the engineering of other immune cells. We then discuss major viral and non-viral delivery platforms and clarify how these platforms influence cargo delivery, cell specificity, and functional immune-cell programming. We further discuss recent preclinical and emerging clinical advances across cancer, autoimmune diseases, and degenerative diseases, while examining key translational challenges, including delivery specificity, off-target effects, controllability, persistence, and manufacturing standardization. Overall, although the field of in vivo immune cell engineering is advancing rapidly, its clinical success will depend on coordinated improvements in delivery precision, therapeutic efficacy, safety, and controllable immune-cell programming.

Cancer immunotherapy↗
PubMed1994

Impact of a promotion program for hepatitis B immunisation.

This study compared levels of hepatitis B immunisation in a group of 524 infants in Northland, New Zealand, with levels in the remainder of the country. The Northland sample had specific encouragement from an immunisation coordinator and had been followed from birth. Levels throughout the rest of the country were estimated from four samples totalling 317 infants whose parents were interviewed when the child was at least two years old. The cross-sectional nationwide sample had fewer children 'fully immunised' by two years of age (minimum estimate 61.8 per cent, maximum estimate 69.7 per cent) than the cohort of children (not lost to follow-up) who were encouraged to have the immunisations in Northland (77.5 per cent) (Z = 4.73, P < 0.001 for comparison with the minimum nationwide estimate; Z = 2.45, P = 0.014 for comparison with the maximum estimate). Of the Northland cohort, 13.5 per cent were lost to follow-up before the scheduled completion of the hepatitis B vaccinations. Assuming that every child lost to follow-up was not fully immunised, the efforts of the immunisation promotion program operated by a nurse coordinator increased the percentage of children fully immunised by between about 7.8 per cent and 15.7 per cent. A promotion program for hepatitis B immunisation, operated by an immunisation coordinator, is an effective tool for increasing immunisation coverage.

Bias↗