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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Learning and memory in rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown memory deficits among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, high rates of comorbid conditions, including alcoholism, make it difficult to definitively associate these findings with the PTSD diagnosis. In this study the authors examined memory functioning among rape survivors without alcoholism or substance abuse but with PTSD. METHOD: Rape victims with (N = 15) and without (N = 16) PTSD were compared to age- and education-matched nontraumatized comparison subjects (N = 16) on measures of learning and memory. RESULTS: The subjects with PTSD performed significantly worse than the other groups on delayed free recall. The deficits were ameliorated by cueing and recognition testing. CONCLUSIONS: Recall deficits in noncombat PTSD patients strengthen the theory that memory deficits are associated with the PTSD diagnosis. The deficits were mild and were not attributable to comorbid depression, anxiety, or substance abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Experimental techniques for developing new drugs acting on dementia (8)--Characteristics of behavioral disorders in senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP8): possible animal model for dementia].

Experimental methods to assess age-related behavioral disorders such as impairments of learning and memory, emotional disorder and abnormality of circadian rhythms in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8), and the characteristics of the behavioral disorders are described. SAMP8 shows age-related impairments of learning and memory assessed by passive avoidance, two-way active avoidance and Morris water maze tasks, and the impairments are significant even at 2 months of age and become obvious with aging. Age-related emotional disorder is also observed in SAMP8 mice. SAMP8 mice exhibit age-related emotional changes as compared with the SAMR1 control; they show apparent increases in the number of entries into open arms and time spent on open arms in the elevated plus-maze test. In addition, punished drinking in SAMP8 is markedly increased in the water-drinking conflict test. It is implicated that the reduced anxiety-like behavior is closely related to learning impairments in the strain. Cholinergic drugs and a sustained formulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone ameliorate impairments of learning behavior and the emotional disorder in SAMP8. Furthermore, SAMP8 shows an age-dependent abnormality of circadian rhythms of spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and ingestive behavior compared with the SAMR1 control, diurnal SMA and water intake in SAMP8 being higher than those of SAMR1. These findings suggest that the SAMP8 strain is a useful animal model for learning and memory impairments, emotional disorder and abnormality of circadian rhythms in patients with dementia.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Reduced long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of transgenic mice with cerebral overexpression of interleukin-6.

The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) may be a contributing mediator of CNS injury in several neurological disorders. To investigate the role of IL-6 in memory-related disorders, we examined transgenic mice (GFAP-IL6) with cerebral overexpression of IL-6 using paired-pulse facilitation, paired-pulse inhibition, and long-term potentiation (LTP) in an in vitro preparation. We found that paired-pulse potentiation and inhibition in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal slices prepared from the GFAP-IL6 mice did not differ significantly from age-matched control animals, suggesting that the increase in paired-pulse inhibition seen previously in in vivo studies of this model was due to alterations of afferents from other brain regions. However, LTP in the dentate was significantly reduced in slices from GFAP-IL6 transgenic mice when compared with littermate wild-type controls, providing support for a role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative associated memory-related disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Memory performance in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated memory performance in Holocaust survivors and its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and age. METHOD: Memory performance was measured in Holocaust survivors with PTSD (N=31) and without PTSD (N=16) and healthy Jewish adults not exposed to the Holocaust (N=35). Explicit and implicit memory were measured by paired-associate recall and word stem completion, respectively. RESULTS: The groups did not differ by age or gender, but the survivors with PTSD had significantly fewer years of education and had lower estimated IQs than the survivors without PTSD and the nonexposed group. There was a significant overall group effect for paired-associate recall but not word stem completion. The survivors with PTSD recalled fewer semantically unrelated words than did the survivors without PTSD and the nonexposed group and fewer semantically related words than the nonexposed group. Of the survivors with PTSD, 36% performed at a level indicative of frank cognitive impairment. Older age was significantly associated with poorer paired-associate recall in the survivors with PTSD but not in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Markedly poorer explicit but not implicit memory was found in Holocaust survivors with PTSD, which may be a consequence of or a risk factor for chronic PTSD. Accelerated memory decline is one of several explanations for the significantly greater association of older age with poorer explicit memory in survivors with PTSD, which, if present, could increase the cognitive burden of this illness with aging.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

A functional MRI study of working memory task in euthymic bipolar disorder: evidence for task-specific dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: Even when euthymic bipolar disorder patients can have persistent deficits in working memory, but the neural basis of this deficit remains unclear. We undertook an functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of euthymic bipolar disorder patients performing two working memory paradigms; the two-back and Sternberg tasks, selected to examine the central executive and the phonological loop respectively. We hypothesized that neuronal dysfunction would be specific to the network underlying the executive rather than the phonological loop component of working memory. METHODS: Twelve right-handed euthymic bipolar I males receiving lithium carbonate monotherapy were matched with 12 controls. The two-back task comprised a single working memory load contrasted with baseline vigilance condition. The Sternberg paradigm used a parametric design incorporating variable working memory load with fixed delay between presentation of an array of items to be remembered and a target item. Functional activation data were acquired during performance of the tasks and were analysed to produce brain activation maps representing significant group differences in activation (ANOVA). Load-response curves were derived from the Sternberg task data set. RESULTS: There were no significant between-group differences (t-test) in performance of the two-back task, or in 2 x 5 group by memory load ANOVA for the performance data from Sternberg task. In the two-back task, compared with controls bipolar disorder patients showed reductions in bilateral frontal, temporal and parietal activation, and increased activations with the left precentral, right medial frontal and left supramarginal gyri. No between-group differences were observed in the Sternberg task at any working memory load. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the notion that, in euthymic bipolar disorder, failure to engage fronto-executive function underpins the core neuropsychological deficits.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Functional MRI of visuospatial working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: a region-of-interest analysis.

BACKGROUND: Functional MRI studies have begun to identify neural networks implicated in visuo-spatial working memory in healthy volunteers and patients with schizophrenia. The study of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) provides regional analysis in unmedicated patients in the schizophrenia spectrum. METHOD: Unmedicated patients with SPD by DSM-IV criteria and normal controls were assessed with fMRI while performing a visuo-spatial working-memory task. It required the subjects to retain the location of three dots located on the circumference of an imaginary circle and then respond to a query display in which one dot was presented and the subject required to press a button to indicate whether the probe dot location was previously displayed. Subject groups did not differ significantly in spatial memory scores. The exact Talairach and Tournoux coordinates of brain areas previously reported to show activation with spatial memory tasks were assessed. RESULTS: The majority of these locations showed BOLD response activation significantly less in patients during the memory retention period, including the left ventral prefrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, intraparietal cortex and posterior inferior gyrus. Regions in the right middle prefrontal and prestriate cortex showed greater activation at a trend level for patients with SPD than for normal controls. In addition, we replicated the findings of increased activation with the task in healthy volunteers in the premotor areas, ventral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: SPD patients show decreased activation compared to healthy volunteers in key frontal regions and we also provided a partial replication of findings reported in healthy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Working memory: neuropsychological and neurobiological issues].

Working memory denotes an ability to remember information for a short-time and to manipulate it. The memory allows including correct information depending on the situation, to keep the information on present activities for a while and enables changing the reaction according to new criteria. The relation between working memory and efficiency of complex cognitive processes and also with the control of emotional processes, plasticity of behaviour and consciousness was demonstrated. Working memory is connected with the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the brain. Recently, it has been shown, that working memory disturbances play an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of psychiatric disturbances such as schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Working memory disturbances are also shown in a proportion of healthy first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders. Working memory disturbances are presently regarded as a cognitive endophenotypic marker of vulnerability to these illnesses. In recent years, an association between working memory abilities and activity of different neurotransmitters, especially with the dopaminergic system in the brain, has been shown. Molecular genetic studies show an association between working memory abilities and polymorphism of the dopaminergic system genes in schizophrenia and polymorphism of BDNF gene in bipolar affective disorders. So far not much data about the genetics of working memory in healthy subjects has been gathered. Currently in Poland such research is carried on in the Clinical Neuropsychology Unit Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz in cooperation with the Department of Adult Psychiatry and Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics University of Medical Sciences in Poznań.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2001

Autobiographical memory style in seasonal affective disorder and its relationship to future symptom remission.

Autobiographical memory was examined in participants with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). In Experiment 1, participants with SAD performed an autobiographical memory task (AMT) in the winter, when depressed. The AMT required participants to generate autobiographical memories to positive and negative cue words. Symptom levels were reassessed in the summer, when participants were remitted. The number of overly general memories to positive cues generated when the SAD participants were depressed predicted symptom levels when remitted, over and above initial symptom levels, with greater winter overgenerality being associated with high levels of summer symptoms. However, this was dependent on the exact measure of depressive symptoms used. The degree of overgenerality of memories in SAD participants was further investigated in Experiment 2. Results revealed that SAD participants did not show elevated recall of overgeneral memories relative to controls. The results as a whole indicate that, even when levels of general memories are no greater in a given target group than in controls, the absolute level of general memories to positive cue words is still independently related to symptom outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Extent, profile and specificity of visuospatial impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Recent reviews on the neurocognitive profile of patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have converged on the assumption that both visuospatial and especially nonverbal memory performance are impaired in OCD. However, as most prior studies have contrasted performance of OCD patients with healthy controls only, no inferences can yet be drawn about the specificity of these deficits to OCD. Further, the administration of complex and multifunctional tasks limit conclusions about clearly defined cognitive deficits. The present study compared 71 OCD patients to 30 healthy and 33 psychiatric control participants on a large battery of visuospatial and nonverbal memory tasks at two time-points. In addition, a visuospatial battery (VS battery), which assesses a wide range of elementary visuospatial functions, was administered. While OCD patients performed worse than healthy controls on some complex tasks (e.g., Block Design), no visuospatial component proved to be impaired specifically in OCD. OCD patients and controls performed similarly on parameters of nonverbal memory. Regarding organizational strategy, OCD patients performed worse than healthy (but not psychiatric) control participants on two out of three Rey-figure trials (copy and immediate). It is suggested that prior research overestimated the severity and significance of visuospatial and nonverbal memory impairment in OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Memory for acute stress disorder symptoms: a two-year prospective study.

The present study aimed to index the accuracy of memory for acute trauma symptoms by comparing the symptoms reported by motor vehicle accident (MVA) victims within 1 month posttrauma with the recall of these symptoms at 2 years posttrauma. Ninety-two consecutive MVA admissions were assessed for the presence of acute stress disorder (ASD) within 1 month posttrauma. At 2 years posttrauma, 61% (N = 56) of the sample were reassessed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and for accuracy of recall of the symptoms reported during the first assessment. At least one of the four ASD diagnostic clusters was recalled inaccurately by 75% of patients. High levels of posttraumatic stress severity and high subjective ratings of injury severity at 2 years posttrauma were associated with errors of addition (i.e., recalling the presence of acute symptoms 2 years posttrauma that were not reported during the first assessment). Low levels of posttraumatic stress severity and low subjective ratings of injury severity at 2 years posttrauma were associated with errors of omission (i.e., omitting to recall acute symptoms 2 years posttrauma that were reported during the first assessment). These results suggest that retrospective reports of acute stress symptoms should be interpreted cautiously because of the influence of current symptoms on recall of acute symptoms.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2003

Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: a comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

This study investigated theoretical claims that different emotional disorders are associated with different patterns of cognitive bias, both in terms of the cognitive processes involved and the stimulus content that is preferentially processed. These claims were tested by comparing clinically anxious (generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and clinically depressed children and adolescents on a range of cognitive tasks measuring attention, memory, and prospective cognition, with both threat-related and depressogenic stimulus materials. The results did reveal some relative specificity of processing in that the anxious participants exhibited a greater selective attentional bias for threat relative to depressogenic material with no such difference being apparent in the depressed sample. However, this bias was only clear-cut on a dot-probe measure of attentional processing and not on a modified Stroop measure, and indeed threat-related bias on the 2 tasks was uncorrelated. On the prospective cognition task, anxious participants exhibited an other-referent bias in their risk estimations regarding future negative events that was absent in the depressed sample. No specificity effects were evident on the memory task. The results are discussed in terms of the strengths and weaknesses of carrying out direct comparisons across groups and tasks versus drawing conclusions from overall patterns across multiple studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Intrusive images and "hotspots" of trauma memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: an exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes.

This study aimed to investigate the emotions and cognitions contained in "hotspots" of memory for trauma, as well as their associated images. Thirty-two participants at a specialist outpatient trauma clinic had experienced a range of traumatic events and met diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Data were collected within an agreed protocol, involving reliving therapy. Patients described the different intrusive images of the trauma that they were re-experiencing. Their reports of cognitions and emotions during "hotspots" in their memory of the traumatic experience were recorded as part of reliving therapy. Hotspots refer to moments of peak emotional distress during the event. There was a high degree of match reported between intrusive images and hotspots. The cognitive and emotional contents of hotspots were qualitatively analysed into themes. The relative of frequency of these peritraumatic themes is presented. The exploratory findings are discussed with respect to our understanding and treatment of intrusive imagery in PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Mnestic disorders in tumors of the temporal lobe].

The paper contains some results of a neuropsychological study of memory in 32 patients with tumors of the temporal lobe. The authors distinguished syndromes of disturbed speech memory (mainly--auditory-verbal) in tumors of the medial, posterior and, to a less degree, frontal areas of the left temporal lobe. In tumors of the right temporal lobe changes of memory were less expressed and had prevalently a visual-image character. An involvement into the process of the hyppocampus leads to a model nonspecific drop of short-time memory, while the expansion of the tumor towards the diencephalo-mesencephalic structures--to a formation of the Korsakoff syndrome. The results of the study demonstrate a certain correlation of disturbed memory with degree of emotional changes. It is being assumed that the defect of a retarded reproduction is due to an inertia of the nervous processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

How do we age?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Effects of dexamethasone on declarative memory function in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hippocampal-based memory have been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the administration of exogenous glucocorticoids has been shown to result in a transient verbal declarative memory impairment in healthy human subjects. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone on verbal declarative memory function in patients with PTSD. Forty-two men and women with (n=14) and without (n=28) PTSD received placebo or dexamethasone (1 and 2 mg on two successive days) in a double-blind, randomized fashion. Declarative memory was assessed with paragraph recall at baseline (day 1) and day 3. There was a significant interaction between diagnosis and drug (dexamethasone vs. placebo) on paragraph recall related to a relative detrimental effect of dexamethasone on memory function in healthy subjects, but not those with PTSD. These findings are consistent with an altered sensitivity of declarative memory function in PTSD to regulation by glucocorticoids, possibly explainable by alterations in glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus or other brain regions mediating declarative memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The differential impact of executive attention dysfunction on episodic memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with checking symptoms vs. those with washing symptoms.

Neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have pointed to memory and attention deficits among its sufferers, but these reports have largely ignored the possibility that cognitive disturbances may vary across OCD clinical subtypes, or that their interactions may differ between subtypes. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether "checkers" and "washers" demonstrate differences in their memory and executive attention function. Fifty-three outpatients with primary DSM-IV diagnosis of OCD with typical checking (n=27) or washing (n=26) rituals participated in the study. Patients were administered the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery to assess executive attention function. Various neuropsychological tests were then subjected to factor analysis. Neuropsychological test results and obtained factor scores were compared between "washers" and "checkers". Effects of these factor scores on memory by OCD subtypes were examined. No significant difference in terms of demographic and clinical variables was found between the two groups. Checkers displayed performance deficits on Stroop test, Trail Making Test, GO/NO GO test (commission errors) and category fluency. Three factors, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and multi-tasking, were obtained. Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups on the inhibition and the cognitive flexibility scores, but not on the general memory or the multi-tasking score. There was a statistically significant interaction between groups and the inhibition score. Only among "checkers", a significant correlation was noted between the inhibition factor and the general memory, while no such correlation was observed among "washers". Among "checkers", poor general memory was related to inhibition deficits.

Adolescent↗