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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

In vivo measurement of surgical gestures.

Virtual reality techniques are now more and more widely used in the field of surgical training. However, the realism of the simulation devices requires a good knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the living organs. To provide perioperative measurement of laparoscopic surgical operations, we equipped a conventional operating grasper with a force sensor and a position sensor. The entire apparatus was connected to a PC that controlled the real-time data acquisition. After calibrating the sensors, we conducted three series of in vivo measurements on animals under video control. A standardized protocol was set up to perform various surgical gestures in a reproducible manner. Under these conditions, we can assess an original tool for a quantitative approach of surgical gestures' mechanics. The preliminary results will be extended by measurements during other operations and with other surgical instruments. The in vivo quantification of the mechanical interactions between operating instruments and anatomical structures is of great interest for the introduction of the force feedback in virtual surgery, for the modeling of the mechanical behavior of living organs, and for the design of new surgical instruments. This quantification of manipulations opens new prospects in the evaluation of surgical practices.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

An analysis of some behavioural effects of the vibration and noise components of transport in pigs.

The reactions of pigs to the vibration and noise components of transport were examined with the use of an apparatus which simulated these factors. The pigs were trained to switch off the apparatus by pressing a switch panel with their snouts. It was found that vibration was aversive but that noise was not. The pigs switched off the apparatus more frequently when the vibration was fast and when they had been fed a large meal before the test. Although the sedative tranquillizing drug azaperone decreased the number of times the apparatus was switched off, the effect appeared to be non-specific because azaperone also reduced the number of responses that pigs would make in order to receive food.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A simulation study for the design of a control system for the blood concentration process in autotransfusion.

Autotransfusion is the process in which a patient serves as his or her own blood donor; its most important application is the intraoperative blood salvage, in which the blood collected during a surgical operation is filtered, concentrated, washed, and then reinfused. In an automatic autotransfusion device, such as the DIDECO Compact Advanced, red blood cells (RBCs) are separated from the other unwanted components and concentrated by using a rotating bowl and the effect of centrifugal force. An important characteristic of concentrated RBCs is their hematocrit (Hct), i.e., percent RBC volume divided by total blood volume. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of a controller, based on the artificial neural network approach, which is able to provide a closed loop control of the hematocrit of the blood in the bowl at the end of the concentration phase. A simulation approach was adopted both for training the network and for assessing its performances. The results obtained are quite satisfactory, since the target Hct was typically reached within a 3% error, and always within 6% in highly challenging situations.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1996

A national survey of screening for congenital dislocation of the hip.

OBJECTIVE: To identify current screening and management practices for congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH), and determine the extent to which ultrasound imaging of the hips is practised throughout the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. METHODS: Postal questionnaire to paediatricians responsible for the routine neonatal care of infants in all maternity units in the UK and the Irish Republic. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned for 254 maternity units (92% response rate). By 1994, 69% of maternity units had access to ultrasound imaging of the hips, compared to 14% in 1984. Ultrasound imaging of the hip was not used for universal primary screening, but in 93% of units was undertaken for further assessment of infants with clinically detected hip instability or those identified as being at high risk of CDH, or both. Clinical screening of newborn infants was performed by junior paediatricians, but training with a 'Baby Hippy' hip simulator model was provided in only 37% of units. Treatment of clinically detected hip instability, initiated by an orthopaedic surgeon in 93% of units, varied widely in type and duration. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound imaging of the hip is increasingly used in the UK for secondary, rather than primary, screening. Current recommendations are implemented to a variable extent nationally, and the existing wide variation in screening and management for CDH reflects a lack of research evidence to support current screening practices. The effectiveness of screening for CDH needs to be established.

Hip Dislocation, Congenital↗
PubMed2003

Slow dynamics of embedded fluid in mesoscopic confining systems as probed by NMR relaxometry.

Mesoscopic media such as porous materials or colloidal dispersions strongly influence the dynamics of the embedded fluid. In the strong-adsorption regime, it was recently proposed that the effective surface diffusion on flat surface is anomalous and exhibits long-time pathology, enlarging the time domain of the embedded-fluid dynamics towards the low-frequency regime. An interesting way to probe such a slow interfacial process is to use the field-cycling NMR relaxometry. This technique is used here to probe the fluid dynamics in two types of interfacial systems: i) a colloidal glass made of thin and flat particles; ii) a fully saturated porous media, the Vycor glass. Experimental results are critically compared to either a simple theoretical model of NMR dispersion involving elementary steps of the fluid dynamics near an interface (loops, trains, tails) or Brownian-dynamics simulations performed inside 3D reconstructions of these confined systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

A tabular learning structure with an adaptable k-d tree for relaxation of the curse of dimensionality.

Memory-based learning schemes are characterized by their memorization of observed events. A memory-based learning scheme either memorizes the collected data directly or reorganizes such information and stores it distributively into a tabular memory. For the tabular type, the system requires a training process to determine the contents of the associative memory. This training process helps filter out zero-mean noise. Since the stored data are associated to pre-assigned input locations, memory management and data retrieval are easier and more efficient. Despite these merits, a drawback of tabular schemes is the difficulty in applying it to high-dimensional problems due to the curse of dimensionality. As the input dimensionality increases, the number of quantized elements in the input space increases at an exponential rate and that causes a huge demand of memory. In this paper, a dynamic tabular structure is proposed for possible relaxation of such a demand. The memorized data are organized as part of a k-d tree. Nodes in the tree, called vertices, correspond to some regularly assigned input points. Memory resource is allocated only at locations where it is needed. Being able to easily compute the vertex positions helps reduce the searching cost in data retrieval. In addition, the learning process is able to expand the tree structure into one covering the problem domain. With memory allocated based on demand, memory consumption becomes closely related to task complexity instead of input dimensionality, and is minimized. Algorithms for structure construction and training are presented in this paper. Simulation results demonstrate that the memory can be efficiently utilized. The developed scheme offers a solution for high-dimensional learning problems with a manageable size of effective input domain.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Molecular and cellular biology animations: development and impact on student learning.

Educators often struggle when teaching cellular and molecular processes because typically they have only two-dimensional tools to teach something that plays out in four dimensions. Learning research has demonstrated that visualizing processes in three dimensions aids learning, and animations are effective visualization tools for novice learners and aid with long-term memory retention. The World Wide Web Instructional Committee at North Dakota State University has used these research results as an inspiration to develop a suite of high-quality animations of molecular and cellular processes. Currently, these animations represent transcription, translation, bacterial gene expression, messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, mRNA splicing, protein transport into an organelle, the electron transport chain, and the use of a biological gradient to drive adenosine triphosphate synthesis. These animations are integrated with an educational module that consists of First Look and Advanced Look components that feature captioned stills from the animation representing the key steps in the processes at varying levels of complexity. These animation-based educational modules are available via the World Wide Web at http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations. An in-class research experiment demonstrated that student retention of content material was significantly better when students received a lecture coupled with the animations and then used the animation as an individual study activity.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enabling disabled people: responsibilities of nurse education.

This article examines some evidence concerning the approach nurse education takes in relation to disability issues and considers whether it is 'disabling' or 'enabling'. The role and purpose of education and training, along with an analysis of simulation as a teaching method and skills development, are explored. It is argued that nursing curricula has a key responsibility in ensuring that nursing practice is enabling rather than disabling in relation to patients with impairments who may be classed as disabled people by themselves or within society more generally.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

Effects of heavy drinking by maritime academy cadets on hangover, perceived sleep, and next-day ship power plant operation.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of an evening of heavy drinking on next-day occupational performance are mixed across studies and have not been investigated for ship-handling performance. Furthermore, it is not known whether the residual effects of alcohol on next-day performance are due to its effects on sleep. METHOD: Merchant marine cadets (N=61) who had been trained on a diesel power plant simulator and who drank heavily at least episodically were given placebo beer one evening and were randomized on a second evening to placebo or real beer that resulted in a mean breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of .115 g%. After an 8-hour sleep period, a meal, and a return to < or = .02 g% BrAC, cadets were assessed with self-report measures and the power plant simulator. RESULTS: No effects of beverage condition were seen on actual performance, although cadets who consumed alcohol rated their performance as impaired compared with the placebo conditions. Alcohol consumption also increased the Acute Hangover Scale score, improved perceived sleep quality, and decreased perceived latency to sleep onset while not affecting perceived sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: While residual alcohol effects are found on some complex performance tasks, residual effects of .11 to .12 g% BrAC were not seen on ship engine simulator performance despite increased hangover symptoms and perceived impairment from the hangover. Therefore, this level of heavy drinking might not be deleterious to next-day routine occupational performance by young ship engineers despite the subjective ill effects. The perception that alcohol improves sleep onset might be a motivation for some to drink heavily. The effects on older engineers, at higher alcohol levels, and on other ship-handling tasks still need to be studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Training self-advocacy skills to adults with mild handicaps.

We developed and empirically evaluated an instructional program to teach self-advocacy skills to eight young adults with mild handicaps. Participants were taught to discriminate whether or not possible violations of legal rights occurred in socially validated scenarios and, if so, to role-play how to redress rights violations. Experimental control was demonstrated with a multiple probe design across four general legal rights categories for the discrimination component of training, and a multiple probe across groups of subjects for the redressing legal rights component of training. Participants' behavior was probed in simulations and deceptions of legal rights violations in natural settings. There were marked increases in dependent measures after instruction. Difficulties in assessing generalization and maintenance of low-rate behaviors and suggestions for future research are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

If you could feel what I feel. Learning to care for the elderly.

It's a familiar scene for any EMS responder who has transported nursing home residents. The room is filled with people apparently suffering the various afflictions of time: those with problems hearing, seeing, walking, feeding and expressing themselves, and performing the simple, everyday tasks younger people ordinarily do without conscious effort. Some people are in wheelchairs. Others hobble about on canes or crutches.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Virtual reality--current multimedia--the world of virtual reality for children.

Some people go as far to say that the invention of virtual technology is comparable to Columbus' discovery of the American continent. Nowadays, computers are regarded as essential tools for children to explore their new world. It will be interesting to observe and guide the growth of these children who have entered into such a world filled with many possibilities.

Child↗
PubMed1990

The strategic role of exercise devices in manned spaceflight.

Exercise appears in various contexts during spaceflight. It serves as a key countermeasure against adverse physiological adaptation processes; it also plays a role in life sciences research as reference state or stimulus. Further aspects concern human factors, recreational activities, health monitoring and training for emergency egress and extra-vehicular activities. Current approaches rely on conventional ergometers, they add rather than integrate training programs, and they tend to disregard applications other than "countermeasures". Two major consequences are an appreciable impact on available crew-time and an unsolved problem: Exercise countermeasures use extrapolations of 1g-physiology in order to eliminate what physiologists would like to study: adaptation to weightlessness. New concepts and devices are required to reconcile such conflicting demands and to reduce time consumption for physical training. Key elements are an improved simulation of terrestrial locomotion and a recombination of work and physical exercise. The GRASIM device will be presented as an example for a new generation of multi-purpose "exercisers".

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1963

Preparation and results of a 24-hour orbital flight.

The space age presents man with unprecedented opportunities for discovery and for cooperative endeavors to benefit all mankind. My flight of August 6-7, 1961 was conducted for the purpose of determining whether man can stay and work effectively and whether all systems of the spaceship can operate successfully during a period of 24 hours in space. The flight of Vostok II represents an experimental step in a logical sequence which included the first earth orbiting flight of USSR citizen Yuri A. Gagarin. Preparation for the flight included the study of theoretical and applied subjects, testing in various kinds of apparatus which provide acceleration, heat and isolation experience, brief airborne weightless flights and parachute landings, in addition to extensive training in a real spacecraft having simulators for normal and emergency contingencies of space flight. The actual flight was therefore carried out with a sense of confidence and familiarity and with continuous close radio contact with ground centers from whom my fellow cosmonauts served as spokesmen. Sequential boosters totaling 600 000 kg thrust placed the 4731 kg spaceship into a perfect orbit varying in altitude from 178-246 km in a plane 64 degrees 58' inclined to the equator. The spaceship made 17 orbits around the earth landing 25 hours, 18 minutes after take-off. The cabin had full atmospheric pressure and a comfortable habitability which could be extended for 10 days. I was able to maneuver the spaceship and perform many other control functions, make observations and take pictures of the earth and its cloud cover, eat meals and sleep all with good efficiency. I experienced mild symptoms suggestive of seasickness which were aggravated by head turning, ameliorated by sleep and entirely relieved by resumption of g-loading during descent. Altogether analyses of the physical and structural performance of the spaceship and the continuously monitored physiological responses of the pilot indicate that all systems operated with high reliability and according to our scientific expectations.

Aerospace Medicine↗