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PubMed1992

Intraoral corrosion resulting from coupling dental implants and restorative metallic systems.

Materials used for the construction of dental restorations and implants include a wide range of metals and alloys, ceramics and carbons, and polymers. When metals and alloys are placed in direct contact in the oral cavity, a galvanic cell can be formed that may compromise the longevity of one or more of the materials in the couple. In vitro electrochemical corrosion analyses have proven to be a valuable tool for providing guidance on the selection of metallic materials. These analyses can provide basic data on electrochemical potentials, current rates, and the evaluation of galvanic corrosion conditions. This article seeks to provide the clinician with information that can be valuable in the selection of metallic materials that may be placed in direct contact with one another in the oral cavity.

Copper↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Single-tooth replacement by osseointegrated Astra Tech dental implants: a 2-year report.

This study presents the outcome of single-tooth restorations supported by Astra Tech single-tooth implants followed for 2 years. Forty-seven implants were placed in the same number of patients. Forty-three patients attended the second recall visit, and none of the evaluated implants have been removed. The mean marginal bone loss after 2 years of service was 0.31 (SD = 0.48) mm. Overall, few complications were recorded during the 2-year period, the most frequent of which were loose crowns (7).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Edentulous mandible. Contraindications for placement of dental implants].

Between 1987 and 1990, 30 patients with edentulous mandibles have been treated by implantological means. 11 of these patients suffered also from one or more associated disease. The surgical procedure has been carried out without any complication occurrence. One of these patients presented an early osteolysis located in the implant bearing area. From a total number of 42 patients, 12 have been excluded from the implant treatment; 6 of them on psychiatric ground. In conclusion, the absolute and temporary contra-indications are distinguished.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of dehiscences and fenestrations around dental implants using resorbable and nonresorbable membranes associated with bone autografts: a comparative clinical study.

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of poly(lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid) (PLA/PGA) resorbable membranes in conjunction with autogenous bone grafts when used for the treatment of implant dehiscences and/or fenestrations. Nine patients with a total of 18 implants participated. Nine implants were associated with dehiscences, and 9 with fenestrations; 16 implants were in the maxilla, and 2 in the mandible. Nine defects were treated with PLA/PGA membranes (test group), and the nine were treated with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membranes (control group). Second-stage surgery was performed after 6 to 7 months of healing. Overall results of the regenerative therapy of the 18 defects showed a highly significant (P < .001) defect reduction, with a 93.38% (SD = 15.88) bone fill. A slightly higher percentage of bone fill was found in the e-PTFE group (98.20%) than in the PLA/PGA group (88.56%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .207). This study demonstrated that resorbable PLA/PGA membranes can be equally effective as e-PTFE in the treatment of implant dehiscences and fenestrations when associated with autogenous bone chips.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphisms, and early failure of dental implants.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human interleukin (IL)-2 (T-330G) and IL-6 (G-174C) genes have modified the transcriptional activity of these cytokines and are associated with several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and early implant failure. A sample of 74 nonsmokers was divided into 2 groups: test group comprising 34 patients (mean age 49.3 years) with >or=1 implants that failed and control group consisting of 40 patients (mean age 43.8 years) with >or=1 healthy implants. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid from oral mucosa was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Monte Carlo simulations (P < 0.05) were used to assess differences in allele and genotypes frequencies of the single nucleotide polymorphisms between the 2 groups. No significant differences were observed in the allele and genotypes distribution of both polymorphisms when the 2 groups were compared. The results indicate that polymorphisms in the IL-2 (T-330G) and IL-6 (G-174C) genes are not associated with early implant failure, suggesting that the presence of those single nucleotide polymorphisms does not constitute a genetic risk factor for implant loss in the studied population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of three different dental implants in ligature-induced peri-implantitis in the beagle dog. Part II. Histology and microbiology.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate experimental peri-implant breakdown microbiologically, radiographically and histologically. Hydroxyapatite-coated, titanium plasma-sprayed, and titanium alloy surfaces were investigated. Eighty-four implants were placed in 14 beagle dogs. Standardized radiographs and microbiologic samples (DNA) were obtained. Dogs were sacrificed at 3 and 6 months. Undecalcified histologic sections were prepared. Thickness of hydroxyapatite coating, changes in crestal bone height, and marginal changes in osseointegration were measured. Vertical bone loss was computed. Radiographs were analyzed using computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA). Microbial analysis (DNA) did not clearly favor any of the examined surfaces. CADIA did not show differences among implant surfaces. No significant differences among the three implants were noted for histometry, except the experimental titanium plasma-sprayed surface showed an increase in vertical bone loss 6 months (P < .05). Thickness of hydroxyapatite was decreased in active peri-implantitis sites (P < .05). Clinical attachment level was shown to be the most sensitive clinical parameter for detecting histologic changes. All implants were equally susceptible to peri-implantitis.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed2007

Vertical ridge augmentation with guided bone regeneration in association with dental implants: an experimental study in dogs.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of using guided bone regeneration (GBR) with a titanium-reinforced e-PTFE membrane in alveolar bone defects with titanium implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Following extraction of three mandibular premolars and a molar on both sides of the jaw in three dogs, alveolar bone defects (depth: 5-7 mm) were produced. After 4 months, three implants were inserted into each defect to a depth of approximately 4 mm, so that their coronal portion was protruding about 5 mm. Four sides in the dogs were assigned to a test group and the remaining two sides to a control group. The 12 implants in the test group were covered with a reinforced e-PTFE membrane. The space under the membrane was filled with peripheral venous blood from the animal, and the flaps were sutured over the membrane. The six control implants received no membrane before the suturing of the flaps to complete wound closure. The animals were sacrificed after 6 months, and non-decalcified histological specimens of the implants and surrounding tissues were prepared. RESULTS: Histologic and histomorphometric analyses revealed a significantly (Mann-Whitney test; P=0.08) larger amount of bone fill in the test group (mean=57.42%) than in the controls (mean=11.65%), and clinical evaluation of one test site showed that the implants were completely covered with tissue resembling bone. In most of the specimens, bone had grown in height close to, or in direct contact with the membrane. However, the new bone generally was not in direct contact with the implants. Regularly, a zone of dense connective tissue was interposed between the implants and the newly formed bone. CONCLUSION: The formation of even considerable amounts of bone following vertical ridge augmentation with GBR and implants was not accompanied by predictable osseointegration of the implants.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1994

Guided tissue regeneration around dental implants in immediate extraction sockets: comparison of e-PTFE and a new titanium membrane.

To evaluate the efficacy of guided tissue regeneration around exposed implant threads, 16 implants were placed into fresh extraction sockets in beagle dogs. Polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membranes and titanium membranes were used to cover the defects around implants. A control group did not receive any membranes. Results were evaluated histologically. The average gain in bone height was 2.1 mm for e-PTFE sites, 0.8 mm for titanium membranes, and 2.9 mm for control sites. The greatest gain in bone levels was seen for two sites that received e-PTFE membranes and remained covered for the entire evaluation interval. Within the limits of this study, clinical and histologic evidence demonstrated that, when primary coverage is maintained, the use of e-PTFE membranes can significantly enhance bone regeneration around implants.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1996

Microscopical aspects of failure in osseointegrated dental implants: a report of five cases.

Implant failures can be due for the most part to infections or to trauma. Different clinical pictures and microbiological findings have been reported for these two different aetiologies. The authors report the histological findings of five osseointegrated implants, removed for failure, in four patients. In some of the implants a fibrous connective tissue was present, interposed between the implant and the bone: in this tissue it was possible to find epithelial cells, even in the most apical part of the implant. These features seem to be the hallmark of the implants which failed due to surgical trauma or insertion in sites ill-fitted for such treatment. In one case a gap between the prosthetic restoration and the abutment was present, and this fact could have contributed to the implant failure. In some cases recognition of the exact aetiological factors of the failures is not possible, and, moreover, an association between the two types, infective and traumatic, is possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The use of fractal analysis to reveal remodelling in human alveolar bone following the placement of dental implants.

In order to confirm the presence of adequate bone support for implants it is necessary to examine the surrounding bone at intervals. While this may be attempted by looking for changes in serial radiographs, such comparisons are inaccurate unless standardized procedures are followed which allow subtraction of consecutive digital images. As image textures are less susceptible to magnification distortion, it was decided to examine the fractal dimensions of successive radiographs of bone after implant placement. All available panoramic radiographs for each of 18 patients who had received fixed implant-supported prostheses were digitized. A window of bone adjacent and distal to the most posterior implant was defined as the region of interest; the fractal dimension of the image was calculated. Linear regression was used to investigate whether there were any significant shifts in fractal dimension during the recall period after implantation. A significant increase in fractal dimension was found during the period up to 2 yr after implantation (p < 0.001). The most pronounced increase was in the region of bone around the neck of the implant. An increase in orientation of the image in a direction oblique to the implant was also found during the same period. These changes are consistent with models derived from finite-element analysis that predict the relation between trabecular architecture and strain. One subject's radiographs had a significant negative regression slope, which further monitoring may reveal was an early sign of implant failure. The satisfactory remodelling of bone in response to implant placement may be monitored using a texture analysis of routine orthopantomograms.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of simulated CO2 and GaAlAs laser surface decontamination on temperature changes in Ti-plasma sprayed dental implants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare temperature elevations at the implant-bone interface during simulated implant surface decontamination with a CO2 and a GaAlAs laser. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stepped cylinder implants (Frialit 2) Friadent GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) with a Titanium plasma sprayed surface were inserted into bone blocks cut from pig femurs. An artificial periimplant bone defect provided access for laser irradiation in the coronal third. Both lasers were operated at 1.0-2.5 W in the cw-mode. The bone block was placed into a 37 degrees C water bath in order to simulate in vivo thermal conductivity and diffusitivity of heat. K-type thermocouples connected to a digital meter were used to register temperature changes at the periimplant bone. RESULTS: In mean, the critical threshold of 47 degrees C was exceeded after 8 seconds at a power output of 2.5 W, 13 seconds at 2.0 W, 18 seconds at 1.5 W, and 42 seconds at 1.0 W with the GaAlAs laser and 15 seconds (2.5 W), 23 seconds (2.0 W), 35 seconds (1.5 W), and 56 seconds (1.0 W) with the CO2 laser. At equal energy fluence, GaAlAs laser irradiation induced significantly higher temperature elevations than CO2 laser irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: In an energy dependent manner implant surface decontamination with both laser types must be limited in time to allow the implant and bone to cool down. Clinical guidelines are presented to avoid tissue damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible with osseointegrated dental implants: 10 year follow-up.

Long-term retrospective studies on the efficacy of implant retained bridgework are relatively few. In this study, 10 year follow-up results are reported on the rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible with osseointegrated implant anchored bridges. Fifteen patients were closely maintained and monitored using the conventional indices used in longitudinal periodontal research, together with serial intraoral periapical and extraoral panoramic radiographs. The need for prosthetic maintenance and the effects of the treatment on soft tissues, supporting bone, opposing dentition and the behavioural aspects of such rehabilitation are discussed. Based on the reviewed results of the study and numerous other investigations, the treatment of mandibular edentulism with fixed bridges supported by osseointegrated implants ad modum Brånemark is a highly effective method, giving predictable long-term results.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of chemotherapy in patients with dental implants.

Endosseous implant placement is generally considered to be contra-indicated in patients undergoing chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer. A case is presented where a patient was diagnosed with cancer and began chemotherapy four weeks after endosseous implants were placed. The impact of chemotherapeutic agents on endosseous implant acceptance as well as upon oral tissue is examined.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

A review of selected dental literature on evidence-based treatment planning for dental implants: report of the Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics of the Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics.

This literature review summarizes research with the aim of providing dentists with evidence-based guidelines to apply when planning treatment with osseointegrated implants. Peer-reviewed literature published in the English language between 1969 and 2003 was reviewed using Medline and hand searches. Topics reviewed include systemic host factors such as age, gender, various medical conditions, and patient habits, local host factors involving the quantity and quality of bone and soft tissue, presence of present or past infection and occlusion, prosthetic design factors, including the number and arrangement of implants, size and coatings of implants, cantilevers and connections to natural teeth, and methods to improve outcomes of implant treatment in each category. The review demonstrated that there is no systemic factor or habit that is an absolute contraindication to the placement of osseointegrated implants in the adult patient, although cessation of smoking can improve outcome significantly. The most important local patient factor for successful treatment is the quality and quantity of bone available at the implant site. Specific design criteria are provided, including guidelines for spacing of implants, size, materials, occlusion, and fit. Limitations in the current body of knowledge are identified, and directions for future research are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Combination of microsurgical tissue reconstruction with osteointegrated dental implants. Presentation of a technique.

A technique is presented in which resected mandibles are restored with a combination of microsurgically revascularized jejunal grafts and bone grafts. The bone grafts served as a recipient for Branemark implants. The preliminary results showed that the jejunal mucosa tolerates the implants well and the masticatory function was adequately restored in the patients discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Magnet retained overdentures using the Astra dental implant system.

The Astra Implant System (AIS) is a biologically sound and simple way of providing stability for the complete lower denture where anatomical changes have made retention, stability and comfort difficult to achieve. An ongoing clinical study has been undertaken where 20 patients have been provided with magnet retained overdentures using this implant system. This represented a total of 70 implants placed. Seven implants were removed from four patients (three at exposure, one infection). The remaining implants have been followed up for 12 to 25 months and are considered to have achieved successful osseointegration. All the patients in the study are successfully wearing a lower denture retained by magnets. The overall success rate for the implants placed is 90% but if implants less than 9 mm in length are excluded from the results then the success rate is 97.7%.

Aged↗