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PubMed2005

An in vitro assessment of iodoform gutta-percha.

The purpose of this study was to test the ability of a commercially available iodoform gutta-percha, to delay infiltration of Enterococcus faecalis using a microleakage model. Seventy extracted single-rooted teeth were decoronated and biomechanically prepared using hand and rotary instruments. Thirty roots were obturated laterally with iodoform gutta-percha and another 30 with regular gutta-percha. Both groups were suspended in sterile BHI broth. An inoculum of E. faecalis suspension was placed at the coronal end of each root, incubated and replenished daily. The apical broth was observed for turbidity, indicating bacterial microleakage. Samples were observed for 32 days, and data was analyzed to compare microleakage between the two groups. The results showed no significant difference between the iodoform and regular gutta-percha samples in delaying microleakage of E. faecalis (p > 0.05).

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2004

Enterococcal virulence--pathogenicity island of E. Faecalis.

Enterococcal species, though most commonly regarded as members of the microbial flora of the intestinal tract, have recently emerged as human pathogens of significant concern. The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among enterococci, which has resulted in strains now being routinely isolated that are resistant to all bactericidal regimens, has prompted considerable interest in investigating the pathogenesis of enterococcal infection, with a view toward deriving new, information-based treatment strategies. This review summarizes major findings on the pathogenesis of enterococcal infection, fits them into a model for the dual lifestyle of enterococci as commensal and pathogen, and integrates into that model a recently discovered pathogenicity island of Enterococcus faecalis.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

High incidence of oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in human semen infected with the aerobic bacterium Streptococcus faecalis.

Bacterial culture of semen samples from 100 male partners in infertile couples revealed the presence of aerobic bacteria in 49 cases. Streptococcus faecalis (Enterococcus) was isolated from 53%, micrococci species from 20% and alpha-haemolytic streptococci from 16% of the infected samples. The incidence of oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in men whose semen samples contained S. faecalis than those whose semen samples contained micrococci or alpha-haemolytic streptococci or those that did not contain bacteria. The mean sperm concentration, as well as the mean percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa, was significantly (P < 0.03) lower in semen infected with S. faecalis compared with that containing micrococci or alpha-haemolytic streptococci and the uninfected samples. There is a high incidence of semen infection with S. faecalis, and it is associated with compromised semen quality in terms of sperm concentration and morphology. The presence of micrococci or alpha-haemolytic streptococci does not appear to have any detrimental effect on sperm quality.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Solid-phase synthesis and antibacterial evaluations of N-demethylvancomycin derivatives.

Twenty-five N-demethylvancomycin derivatives were synthesized on solid-support and their structures were determined by LC-MS/MS. Biological evaluation of these compounds indicated that bulky hydrophobic substituent on vancosamine of N-demethylvancomycin can increase antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1998

A standardized protocol for the rapid preparation of bacterial DNA for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

A rapid method for the preparation of bacterial DNA for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was developed for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This method was accomplished by reducing the time for the cell lysis reaction, restriction endonuclease digestion, and electrophoresis to 1, 1.5, and 18 h, respectively. The whole procedure from the initial bacterial culture plate to the final analysis of restriction fragments can be completed within 24 h. This rapid method was successfully achieved for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed2006

Triterpenoid saponins from the fruits of Caryocar villosum.

Fourteen new triterpenoid saponins (1-14) were isolated from the methanol extract of the fruits of Caryocar villosum along with 10 known saponins. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and ESIMS studies. The toxicity of the methanolic extracts of the peel and the pulp of fruits and the crude saponin fraction of the peel was assessed using the Artemia salina test. The antimicrobial activities of caryocarosides IV-21 (14), II-1 (16), III-1 (17), and IV-9 (20) and of saponin 23 were also studied in vitro on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Activity of daptomycin against enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS): relationship between CNS susceptibility and slime production.

We compared the in vitro activity of daptomycin, a new lipopeptide antibiotic, with that of vancomycin and other selected agents against 95 coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolates causing septicemia or foreign-body infections in immunocompromised patients. These strains were classified as follows: 51 methicillin-susceptible CNS (23 slime producers); 44 methicillin-resistant CNS (23 slime producers). We also investigated the activity of daptomycin against 50 Enterococcus faecalis isolates. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the broth microdilution method. Daptomycin at a concentration of 2 mg/L was inhibitory for all the evaluated strains. Vancomycin and ciprofloxacin showed good activity: 90% of the strains were inhibited by these agents at 8 mg/L. The activity of netilmicin, rifampin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was instead limited. Resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested was seen with increased frequency among slime producing strains. Daptomycin and teicoplanin were the most active agents tested against E. faecalis (MIC90 0.25 mg/L and 0.12 mg/L).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1999

Resistance of experimental glass ionomer cement sealers to bacterial penetration in vitro.

This study evaluated penetration of Enterococcus faecalis in canals filled with glass ionomer cement sealers. Canals of 40 extracted teeth in four equal experimental groups were prepared and filled with KT-308 (experimental sealer) and a single gutta-percha cone (SC), ZUT (KT-308 with an antibacterial agent) and SC, Kerr sealer and vertically compacted gutta-percha (VC), or Kerr sealer with the antibacterial agent and VC. Eight additional teeth served as positive controls and four as negative controls. Pulp chambers were inoculated with E. faecalis, and bacterial penetration through the filled canals was assessed over a period of 90 days. Incidence of bacterial penetration was significantly higher for ZUT/SC than for Kerr sealer/VC (p < 0.05). KT-308/SC did not differ significantly from any other material. The positive controls showed significantly faster penetration than all the other groups (p < 0.05). It was concluded that KT-308 effectively prevented penetration of E. faecalis, whereas ZUT required further development.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2004

Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of several microbial species in cases of failed endodontic therapy by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Study design Root canal samples were taken from 22 root-filled teeth with persistent periradicular lesions selected for re-treatment. DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed for the presence of 19 microbial taxa by using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: All samples were positive for at least 1 of the target microbial species. Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent species-detected in 77% of the cases. The other most prevalent species were Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus (52%), Propionibacterium propionicum (52%), Dialister pneumosintes (48%), and Filifactor alocis (48%). Candida albicans was found in 9% of the samples. The mean number of species in samples filled up to 2 mm short of the radiographic apex was 3 (range, 1-5), whereas cases in which the filling was greater than 2 mm from the apex yielded a mean of 5 species (range, 2-11). This difference was statistically significant (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Microorganisms occurred in all cases of root-filled teeth associated with periradicular lesions, which lends strong support to the assertion that treatment failures are rather of infectious etiology, caused by persistent or secondary intraradicular infections. E faecalis was the most prevalent species, followed by 4 other anaerobic species: P. alactolyticus, P. propionicum, D. pneumosintes, and F. alocis. All examined samples harbored at least 1 of the following gram-positive bacterial species: E. faecalis, P. alactolyticus, or P. propionicum.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Suppression of bacterial adherence by experimental root canal sealers.

To prevent reinfection after root canal treatment, root filling materials should be antimicrobial. This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of KT-308, a modified glass ionomer cement sealer, and three formulations of ZUT, a combination of KT-308 and three different concentrations of a silver-containing zeolite. Discs prepared from the test materials and paper controls were incubated in Brain Heart Infusion broth for 12 wk. At 2-wk intervals, 18 discs from each group were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for periods of 1 to 30 h. After further processing, a 200 microliters aliquot of the broth immersing each disc was plated on agar and assessed for bacterial growth. The remaining broth was measured for optical density. All ZUT discs demonstrated no bacterial growth after 15 h of interaction, in contrast to abundant growth with the KT-308 and paper discs. Thus ZUT effectively suppressed adherent E. faecalis after 15 h, irrespective of its concentration and age.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2003

Isolation, characterisation and antibiogram of Enterococci from clinical samples.

During a one year study 2955 clinical specimens of pus, urine, wound swabs, blood cultures, discharges from fistula, peritoneal aspiration fluid, CSF and sputum were processed to find out the prevalence rate of enterococci. One hundred isolates (3.38%) of Enterococci were obtained which were speciated by conventional methods. The highest incidence was from isolates of urine (43%), pus (40%), wound swabs (11%), and the least incidence was noted in discharges from fistula (2%), blood cultures (2%) and peritoneal aspiration fluid (2%). 98% were Enterococci and among these 88% of the isolates were Enterococcus faecalis. Antibiogram of the isolates were done by Standard disc diffusion method and Vancomycin sensitivity was found to be 95%.

Enterococcus faecalis↗

PubMed2004

[Resistance of urinary tract infection pathogens and choice of antibacterial therapy in pediatric urologic practice].

The data on antibiotic resistance of the main uropathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in an urologic department (319 isolates) and outpatient and diagnostic units (360 isolates) are presented. It was shown that by the antibiotic resistance the Escherichia coli isolates from the urologic department patients and outpatients did not practically differ: 44.1 and 47.8% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 26.7 and 23.4% were resistant to amoxycillin/clavulanate, 28.9 and 24.9% were resistant to co-trimoxazole and 26.5% was resistance to cefuroxime (outpatients). The basic differences referred to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance to ceftazidime in 38.5% of the isolates and resistance to gentamicin in 36.2% of the isolates. The activity against P. aeruginosa could be arranged as follows in the decreasing order: amikacin = meropenem > imipenem > cefepime = cefoperazone/sulbactam > gentamicin = ceftazidime. Resistance of P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) remained low (7.4 and 8.0% respectively). No ampicillin resistance was revealed in the isolates of Enterococcus faecalis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The postantibiotic suppressive effect of L-ofloxacin, an optically active isomer of ofloxacin.

The postantibiotic suppressive effect (PAE) of L-ofloxacin was studied and compared with those of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The PAE of L-ofloxacin was observed against all Gram-positive organisms tested: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecalis. At the achievable serum concentrations L-ofloxacin showed a longer PAE than ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Exposure of organisms to 4 micrograms/ml of L-ofloxacin for 2 hr produced a 3.1 and 4.2 hr PAE for methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant staphylococci, respectively. Against E. faecalis and S. epidermidis, the PAEs of L-ofloxacin were 1.9 and 1.6 hr, respectively.

Ciprofloxacin↗

PubMed1992

The hemolysin/bacteriocin produced by enterococci is a marker of pathogenicity.

The hemolysin/bacteriocin produced by some strains of Enterococcus faecalis is active in the lysis of human, rabbit, and horse erythrocytes, but not those from sheep. In this study, we determined that 20% of clinical enterococcal isolates tested in the clinical microbiology laboratory produced hemolysin and that pathogenic human E. faecalis were more likely to be hemolysin-producing isolates. Among the organisms isolated from different anatomic sites, variability in the degree of hemolysin production existed. We used an isogenic pair of E. faecalis organisms to demonstrate that hemolysin production was due to a hemolysin/bacteriocin determinant transmissible by a plasmid and was not strain dependent. This determinant may be linked to antibiotic resistance genes in some instances. Also, the erythrocyte lysis occurred only when hemolysin was in the presence of E. faecalis organisms, suggesting a bacterial cell dependency for activity of the hemolysin.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1999

The effect of water, ascorbic acid, and cranberry derived supplementation on human urine and uropathogen adhesion to silicone rubber.

In this study, urine was collected from groups of volunteers following the consumption of water, ascorbic acid, or cranberry supplements. Only ascorbic acid intake consistently produced acidic urine. Photospectroscopy data indicated that increased water consumption produced urine with lower protein content. Surface tension measurements of the collected urine showed that both water and cranberry supplementation consistently produced urine with surface tensions higher than the control or urine collected following ascorbic acid intake. These urine samples were also employed to study uropathogen adhesion to silicone rubber in a parallel plate flow chamber. Urine obtained after ascorbic acid or cranberry supplementation reduced the initial deposition rates and numbers of adherent Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Candida albicans. Conversely, urine obtained from subjects with increased water intake vastly increased the initial deposition rates and numbers of adherent E. coli and E. faecalis (P < 0.05).

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Recurrent enterococcal endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: a case report.

Recurrent post-cataract endophthalmitis is a well-recognized postoperative complication that has been attributed to various organisms and different mechanisms. To our knowledge, there is no case of recurrent postoperative endophthalmitis reported where the organism was found to be sequestered in the posterior capsule, escaping total eradication and thus producing the recurrence. The following is a case report of such recurrent postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus faecalis sequestered in the posterior capsule.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Use of composite data sets for source-tracking enterococci in the water column and shoreline interstitial waters on Pensacola Beach, Florida.

Sources of Enterococcus faecalis isolates from Pensacola Beach, FL. were identified using a library-based approach by applying the statistical method of average similarity to single and composite data sets generated from separate analyses. Data sets included antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA), rep-fingerprints, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Use of a composite data set composed of ARA and rep-fingerprints, added to the confidence of the identifications. The addition of FAME data to composite data sets did not add to the confidence of identifications. Source identification was performed to better understand risk associated with higher densities of enterococci found in swash zone interstitial water (SZIW) as compared to adjacent bathing water on Pensacola Beach, FL. The "swash zone" is that area of the beach continually washed over by waves. As the potential sources of enterococci were limited in this environment, only two library units, sea gull and human, were constructed. Identification of the beach isolates using a composite data set indicated a sea gull origin. The clonality of the beach isolates suggested that the beach environment selects certain subspecies of E. faecalis.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The antimicrobial efficacy of 'MGP' gutta-percha in vitro.

AIM: To determine whether 'MGP' gutta-percha (Westport, CT, USA), a commercially available gutta-percha containing iodoform, inhibits the growth of potential endodontic pathogens. METHODOLOGY: Inocula of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus sanguis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinomyces odontolyticus were spread onto the surface of agar plates. 'MGP' gutta-percha cones presoaked in sterile water were transferred to the inoculated agar and incubated at 37 degrees C aerobically or anaerobically as required for optimal growth. Identical studies were performed using iodoform-free gutta-percha and sterile paper disks saturated with 10% povidone-iodine. Following incubation, zones of inhibition around the 'MGP' gutta-percha, iodoform-free gutta-percha and disks were evaluated. RESULTS: Povidone-iodine inhibited all the strains. Iodoform-free gutta-percha inhibited S. sanguis and A. odontolyticus. 'MGP' gutta-percha inhibited S. aureus, S. sanguis, A. odontolyticus and F. nucleatum. Neither iodoform-free gutta-percha nor 'MGP' gutta-percha inhibited growth of E. faecalis, E. coli or P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to iodoform-free gutta-percha, iodoform-containing 'MGP' gutta-percha had an inhibitory effect in vitro on S. aureus and F. nucleatum, but not on E. faecalis, E. coli or P. aeruginosa.

Actinomyces↗