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At least 1,639 records · Page 91Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Differences in brain chemistry in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid bipolar disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to investigate phosphatidylinositol and glutamatergic metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) alone, children with ADHD plus bipolar disorder, and children with no axis I diagnosis. METHOD: Proton spectra were acquired from a 4.8-ml voxel placed in the anterior cingulate cortex of 30 subjects who were 6 to 13 years old. Fifteen subjects had ADHD and no comorbid disorder, eight had ADHD plus bipolar disorder, and seven were healthy comparison subjects. RESULTS: Children with ADHD had a significantly higher ratio of glutamate plus glutamine to myo-inositol-containing compounds than children with ADHD plus bipolar disorder and healthy children. CONCLUSIONS: myo-Inositol-containing compounds may provide information on the action of antimanic treatments such as lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine. Glutamate and glutamine are measures of glutamatergic neurotransmission and thus may also reflect changes in serotonin and dopamine pathways.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Uptake of 99mTc-exametazime shown by single photon emission computed tomography before and after lithium withdrawal in bipolar patients: associations with mania.

BACKGROUND: Early manic relapse following lithium discontinuation offers an important opportunity to investigate the relationship between symptoms, effects of treatment and regional brain activation in bipolar affective disorder. METHOD: Fourteen stable bipolar patients on lithium were examined with neuropsychological measures, clinical ratings and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) before and after acute double-blind withdrawal of lithium. Brain perfusion maps were spatially transformed into standard stereotactic space and compared pixel-by-pixel. A parametric analysis was used to examine the change in brain perfusion on lithium withdrawal, and the relationship between symptom severity and brain perfusion separately both between and within subjects. RESULTS: Lithium withdrawal was associated with an important redistribution of brain perfusion, with increases in inferior posterior regions and decreases in limbic areas, particularly anterior cingulate cortex. Seven of the 14 patients developed manic symptoms during the placebo phase, correlating with relative increases in perfusion of superior anterior cingulate and possibly left orbito-frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The important effect of lithium withdrawal on brain perfusion implies that after withdrawal of lithium, the brain develops an abnormal state of activity in limbic cortex. The structures involved did not co-localise with those apparently modulated by manic symptoms.

Antimanic Agents↗
PubMed1975

The effect of enternal sodium concentration upon sodium fluxes in Chironomus dorsalis (Meig.) and Camptochironomus tentans (Fabr.), and the effect of other ions on sodium influx in C. tentans.

In comparison with other freshwater animals, the sodium uptake mechanism in fourth instar larvae of both C. tentans and C. dorsalis has a moderate affinity for sodium. In both species half maximum influx (Km) occurs at about 0.57 mM-Na+ and is unaltered by salt depletion. Maximum influx is achieved in steady-state C. tentans at 1.9 mM-Na+, and in steady-state C. dorsalis at 3.0 mM-Na+. Both of these values increase on depletion. Efflux also appears to be saturable at higher external sodium concentrations. In C. tentans, sodium may be transported independently of chloride, although it seems likely that sodium movement is enhanced by chloride. Sulphate strongly inhibits sodium influx. Nitrate apparently inhibits sodium influx at low concentrations, but this inhibition is progressively overcome at external sodium concentrations approaching 4 mM. A number of cations interfere with sodium influx in depleted C. tentans, notably H+, Li+ and, to a lesser extent NH4+. It is suggested that these ions compete with sodium for carrier sites. Potassium is apparently transported independently of sodium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A pilot study to investigate the treatment of anogenital warts with Topical Lithium Succinate cream (8% lithium succinate, 0.05% zinc sulphate).

The incidence of anogenital warts (condyloma acuminatum) is rapidly increasing while there is still no totally satisfactory treatment available. In light of the emphasis of experimental approaches toward the prevention of viral replication and evidence of the antiviral action of lithium salts it was proposed to investigate the efficacy of Topical Lithium Succinate cream (LSC) in the treatment of anogenital warts. A total of 101 patients (42 women, 59 men) were randomized to receive either active or placebo treatment for a period of 4 weeks. Assessment of the number, location, size and area of coverage of the warts was made by the clinician at baseline, weeks 2, 4, 6 and 12. Compliance to the study protocol following cessation of treatment at week 4 was extremely poor. The high drop-out rate after this was felt to invalidate data collected after that point. It was therefore decided that the analysis should concentrate on the treatment period. Of 101 patients entering the trial 51 received active (30 male and 21 female) and 50 received placebo (29 male, 21 female). The primary efficacy variable was percentage change from baseline in the overall coverage of lesions. Over all patients LSC treatment resulted in a reduction of 42% (P<0.02) in the overall coverage of lesions. Separate analyses for male and female patients showed that for males there was a highly significant reduction in the coverage of lesions of 65% (P<0.02). However for females the reduction of 11% was not significant. A possible explanation for this difference between the sexes is that as many of the lesions in the female patients were internal therefore this could lead to difficulty in both application of the cream, and subsequent lesion assessment.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and depression in the child and adolescent].

Child and adolescent depression is a serious psychiatric disorder with a considerable impact on psychosocial functioning, and an associated risk of mortality due to suicide. The potential interest of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) for child and adolescent depression treatment is now well recognized. Since a recent date, this class of antidepressants is recommended as first-line medication (18, 24). Open studies have shown a response rate to SSRI from 60% to 75% and their efficiency was demonstrated through a controlled trial of high methodological quality, conducted by Emslie et al. in 1997 (10). The side effects of SSRI are generally mild and seldom require to discontinue the treatment. Research on this domain is tending toward increasing data on the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of SSRI on children and adolescents. The different SSRI specificities and the potentialisation of these compounds by a molecule of the same class, or by other medications (lithium, buspirone, triodothyronine), are currently studied. It seems useful to us to do a review of this category of antidepressants, even though data are incomplete; it has not gone through AMM approval in children below the age of 15, but it appears to be efficient and promising.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Extracorporeal techniques in the treatment of poisoned patients.

The role of haemodialysis, haemoperfusion and haemofiltration in the management of poisoned patients is reviewed in light of 15 years' clinical experience. During haemodialysis, blood is pumped across a semipermeable membrane (dialysis) through which the compound diffuses and, during haemoperfusion, through a cartridge that contains activated charcoal to which the compound is adsorbed. During haemofiltration, the constituents of blood that have a relative molecular mass which is below the cut-off point of the hollow fibre membrane (usually less than 40,000) are extracted. Haemofiltration is indicated particularly for aminoglycoside toxicity. The clearance by these three procedures depends on the physicochemical characteristics and kinetics of the toxic compound. In general, if a compound is adsorbed by charcoal, the clearance by haemoperfusion will be higher than that achieved by haemodialysis. Similarly, if a compound is amenable to removal by haemodialysis, its clearance will be greater than that achieved by haemofiltration. The indications for extracorporeal elimination depend on the clinical severity and complications of the overdose, the characteristics of the individual patient and the nature, dose and plasma concentrations of the toxic substance. It is generally accepted that extracorporeal elimination is worthwhile if it increases total body clearance by 30% or more. It has little or no value for intoxication caused by chloroquine, flecainide, methotrexate, paraquat, quinine, and tricyclic antidepressants. The complications of extracorporeal elimination which are encountered most frequently are: hypotension; blood loss; haematomas; metabolic disequilibria; mechanical problems such as air embolism; and, in the case of haemoperfusion, hypocalcaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. In practice, the compounds for which extracorporeal elimination is used most frequently are the alcohols, lithium and salicylate (haemodialysis) and theophylline (haemofiltration).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of trimethyltin chloride on the LiCl dose-response function for conditioned taste aversions in rats.

Twenty-one days following intragastric administration of 6.0 mg/kg of TMT (TMT chloride base/kg) or equivolume distilled water, groups of rats were injected with various doses of LiCl (0, 0.15, 0.60 or 1.8 mEq/kg) following the consumption of a novel saccharin solution. Both groups subsequently avoided the consumption of saccharin, with the degree of the aversion directly related to the dose of LiCl. Further, there was no difference between the TMT- and non-TMT-treated rats in the degree of aversion at any dose. These data suggest that the previously-reported effect of TMT on long-delay taste aversion learning was not likely due to changes in sensory responsiveness.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of lithium gamma-hydroxybutyrate on evoked potentials in the caudal trigeminal nucleus and somatosensory cortex in rats with trigeminal neuropathy].

Lithium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (20 mg/kg, i.e.) was studied for effects on the evoked potentials (EP) in the caudal trigeminal nucleus (CTN) and somatosensory cortex (SSC) in acute tests on rats with trigeminal neuropathy induced by incomplete compression of the infraorbital nerve. Before drug administration, EPs in CTN on the side of nerve compression were characterized by the increased amplitude of presynaptic R1N1 and late postsynaptic P3N3-P4N4 components and by the reduction in the early postsynaptic P2N2 component. In the contralateral CTN, EP had higher amplitudes. Spontaneous epileptoid activity was recorded in CTN in a third of the animals and in SSC in a half. These changes are regarded as a result of A-delta-C-afferent entry due to attenuation of afferentation along A-beta fibers. After administration of the drug, there was suppression of EP in SSC, while in CTN there was a decrease in the amplitude of the EP presynaptic component with increases in the postsynaptic components. There was suppression of abnormally enhanced spontaneous activity in CT and SSC. The findings are under discussion in terms of the cortical action of the drug resulting in the suppression of the abnormally enhanced activity developed in the brain projectional regions in nerve compression lesion.

Animals↗