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PubMed1979

Comparison of immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay for detecting IgM antibody in infants with the congenital rubella syndrome.

Immunofluorescence (IF) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) have been compared as methods for detecting IgM antibody in 124 infants with confirmed or suspected congenital rubella. IF was used to test sucrose density gradient fractions and RIA to test fractions and whole serum. When fractions were tested IF and RIA were equally specific and distinguished clearly between IgM and IgG, but RIA was the more sensitive method. The RIA titre in whole serum was always greater than in the peak IgM fraction and there was no evidence that testing the serum, rather than the fraction, could result in failure to detect IgM. With some sera RIA gave low titres which became negative after absorption with IgG-coated latex beads. The mechanism of this 'false positive' effect, which may have been due to IgM with anti-IgG activity, was not investigated, but if it can be removed by absorption it need not reduce the specificity of the test. During the first 6 months of life IgM antibody was detected by RIA in 30 out of 32 unfractionated sera and by IF in fractions from 28 of these. After the age of 6 months IgM was found progressively less frequently and the greater sensitivity of RIA became a more obvious advantage: 17 out of 60 specimens were positive by RIA and 11 of these were negative by IF. RIA testing of whole serum appears to be an economical, specific and sensitive method for detecting IgM antibody in congenital rubella, of particular value when the titre of antibody is low.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for the diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection.

An IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, developed for detection of IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, was evaluated to define its usefulness for diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection. Sera from 51 infants suspected of having congenital Toxoplasma infection but in whom this diagnosis was ruled out were negative in the IgM-ELISA test. Fifty of them were also negative in the IgM-fluorescent antibody test; the one which was positive was from an infant with congenital syphilis who had circulating rheumatoid factor. Of 55 sera from newborn infants with proved congenital Toxoplasma infection, the IgM-ELISA test was positive in 43 (72.7%), whereas the IgM-IFA test was positive in only 14 (25.4%). Of those sera obtained during the first 30 days of life the infected infants, 81.2% were positive in the IgM-ELISA test, whereas only 25% were positive in the IgM-IFA test. The Igm-ELISA test avoids the false-positive results owing to RF and the false-negative results owing to competition from high levels of maternal IgG antibody which occur in the IgM-IFA test. We conclude that the IgM-ELISA test is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

[Detection of the foci of familial toxoplasmosis in rural environment].

In order to detect centres of family toxoplasmosis in rural environment 24,546 patients, suspected of invasion of T. gondii, 504 healthy persons coming from villages and 1,681 live stock were examined. Among persons suspected of infection of T. gondii, 65 cases of congenital family toxoplasmosis and 19 cases of environment family toxoplasmosis, involving several members of the family were detected. In animals a comparatively high percentage with positive reaction in the direct agglutination test (cattle 55.5%, swine 27.9%, sheep 23.4%) was detected. The following serological tests were applied to humans: complement-binding test (OWD), indirect immunofluorescence test (OIF), direct agglutination test with 2-mercaptoethanol (CA), ELISA IgM and, selectively, immunoperoxidase test IgM (OIP). The results suggest that the environment conditions can play an important role in the occurrence of family toxoplasmosis in our country, especially in the countryside. Detecting active toxoplasmosis in a family member should be a signal to start serological-epidemiological examination of the remaining family members and live stock.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Approaches used for the detection of infectious agents as human teratogens.

A review of the events which lead up to the recognition of six infectious agents as teratogens showed that in most cases the associations were made through studies of the pathology of the disease or in association with epidemics which affected large numbers of pregnant women. Epidemiological studies of various populations were then conducted to obtain more complete information about the frequency of infection; the syndrome produced in the child; the effect of time of maternal infection; the method of transmission of infection; and approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Investigation of other possible teratogens should emphasize examination of the pathology of the disease and the analysis of pregnancy outcomes of large numbers of women who experience a given infection.

Chickenpox↗
PubMed1981

Immunoglobulin M-immunosorbent agglutination assay for diagnosis of infectious diseases: diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired Toxoplasma infections.

An immunoglobulin M (IgM)-immunosorbent agglutination assay (IgM-IS-AGA) was negative in all sera from individuals negative in the Sabin-Feldman dye test, in sera from individuals with chronic Toxoplasma infection, and in cord blood samples from uninfected infants. In contrast, all sera that were obtained from individuals with a recent history of acute Toxoplasma infection and from infants with congenital Toxoplasma infection and that were positive in both the dye test and the IgM-indirect fluorescent-antibody (IgM-IFA) test were positive in IgM-ISAGA. A total of 21 (67.7%) of 31 sera that were negative in the IgM-IFA test, despite being obtained from individuals with recently acquired Toxoplasma infection, and 8 (72.7%) of 11 sera that were negative in the IgM-IFA test and obtained from infants with congenital Toxoplasma infection were positive in IgM-ISAGA. The presence of rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, or both did not cause false-positive results in the IgM-ISAGA but did so in the IgM-IFA test. Thus, IgM-ISAGA in both more sensitive and more specific than the IgM-IFA test for detection of IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and, therefore, for the diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired Toxoplasma infections.

Acute Disease↗