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PubMed2004

Peptide YY release after colectomy in slow transit constipation.

BACKGROUND: The gut hormone peptide YY is abundant in the colonic mucosa. Circulating PYY inhibits gastrointestinal motility and decreases food intake. The aim was to determine whether colectomy decreases PYY release in patients with slow transit constipation. METHODS: Plasma PYY concentrations were measured in 10 patients with slow transit constipation before and 3-24 months after total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, and in 8 healthy controls. A liquid meal was infused intraduodenally to stimulate PYY release. RESULTS: Postprandial PYY significantly (P < 0.05) increased from a basal value of 15.6 +/- 1.8 pM to a peak of 71.2 +/- 11.6 pM after colectomy. Basal and postprandial plasma PYY concentrations were not significantly different from the results before surgery. Fasting, but not postprandial, plasma peptide YY after colectomy was significantly higher than that in healthy volunteers, 10.9 +/- 0.9 pM. CONCLUSION: Despite removal of a major source of PYY-secreting cells, colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis does not induce major impairment of PYY release in slow transit constipation.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Gastric electrical activity and gastric emptying in term and preterm newborns.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the gastric electrical activity and gastric emptying in preterm and term newborns and to assess the development of gastric motility by comparing newborns of different gestational ages. The cutaneous electrogastrography and the ultrasonographic study of the gastric emptying were performed before and after milk formula in three groups of infants: 12 preterm newborns with a gestational age of 28-32 weeks, 11 preterm newborns with a gestational age of 32-36 weeks, and 10 full-term newborns with a gestational age of 36-40 weeks. All recording sessions were performed 1 week after infants had reached full enteral feeding. The percentage of normal slow waves was similar in the three groups but it was not predominant compared to tachygastria in the earliest premature infants (59.3% (12.7-92.3) vs. 29.6% (3.7-78.8); P < 0.05). In addition, a progressive increase in the normal slow wave percentage (59.3% (17.4-87.4), 60.9% (38.1-89.7), 77.8% (66.4-84.8); P < 0.05) was observed as gestation advanced. As regards gastric emptying parameters, the antral area was greater and T(1/2) was longer in the preterm newborns of 28-32 weeks than preterm newborns of 32-36 weeks and full-term newborns (fasting antral area: 0.96 cm2 (0.6-1.5), 0.63 cm2 (0.4-1.2), 0.55 cm2 (0.1-0.9) respectively, P < 0.05; T(1/2): 83.4 min (76.0-108.5), 70 min (57.5-89.5) and 71.8 min (54.9-81.2), respectively P < 0.05). The comparisons of gastric emptying curves made among the three groups showed a reduced antral dilatation in preterm newborns of 28-32 weeks compared to full-term newborns at 30 and 60 min after a meal. In conclusion, although enteral feeding is important for the development process of gastrointestinal motility, gastric electrical activity and gastric emptying show an intrinsic maturation depending on the gestational age.

Electromyography↗

PubMed2001

Improved use of the [13C]octanoic acid breath test as intra-individual parameter to study the effect of a prokinetic drug on gastric emptying in preterm infants with oral feeding intolerance.

The [13C]octanoic acid breath test was used for the measurement of differences in gastric emptying in preterm infants for the evaluation of pharmacological therapy. In order to perform a good intra-individual comparison of the gastric emptying in preterm infants under non-standardisable test conditions, we adjusted t1/2 for variations in non-recovered label (=label retention) and introduced an "effective half 13CO2 breath excretion time" t1/2eff = t1/2/m expressed as min per percentage of the cumulative dose recovered. In a pilot study, we investigated the action of the gastrointestinal prokinetic drug cisapride on gastric emptying in seven premature infants, of whom four suffered from gastric stasis and three had constipation. The postnatal age and weight at the start of treatment ranged from 15 to 64 days and from 815 to 1635 g, respectively. All infants received the standard formula for premature infants (Nenatal, Nutricia). Cisapride was administered orally 0.2 mg/kg, four times daily. The changes in gastrointestinal motility were studied using the total bowel transit time of carmine red. After 7 days of treatment in all children, the gastric emptying coefficient and the half 13CO2 breath excretion time adjusted for label retention were improved (n=7, the gastric emptying coefficient range before treatment was 1.69-3.34 (mean 2.59 +/- 0.80) and after treatment it was 2.79-3.76 (mean 3.28 +/- 0.30); the half 13CO2 breath excretion time adjusted for label retention range before treatment was 3.0-14.7 min/% dose (mean 7.0 +/- 5.0) and after treatment 2.6-4.0 min/% dose (mean 3.1 +/- 0.6). The total bowel transit time was only slightly improved in two patients (n=7, mean total bowel transit time before: 23.7 h compared to mean total bowel transit time after 7 days of treatment: 35.5 h). Side effects during cisapride treatment were not seen. We conclude that in premature infants cisapride is effective in shortening gastric emptying time and reducing gastric stasis; the therapeutic role in constipation has to be further investigated.

Breath Tests↗

PubMed1991

[Patients with liver cirrhosis: mouth-cecum transit time and gastric emptying of solid foods].

As altered gastrointestinal motility could be involved in the pathogenesis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth observed in liver cirrhosis, we investigated mouth to caecum transit time (MCTT) and solid meal gastric emptying (SMGE) in patients with cirrhosis. MCTT was estimated in 20 cirrhotics and 12 healthy controls using lactulose hydrogen breath test. SMGE was measured in 12 patients with cirrhosis and 27 controls by means of 99-m Tc-sulphur colloid labelling egg albumin and gamma scintigraphy. T1/2 and percentage of marker remaining in stomach (MRS) at 60, 90, and 120 min were calculated. MCTT was prolonged in patients with cirrhosis (111 +/- 7 min) compared to controls (83 +/- 6 min; p < 0.02). No significant differences were demonstrated in SMGE t1/2 between controls (84 +/- 5 min) and cirrhotics (91 +/- 6 min). Also, MRS was similar in patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls at 60, 90 and 120 min. We conclude that MCTT is prolonged in patients with cirrhosis. In addition, our data suggest that pyloruscaecum component plays the main role in delaying orocaecal transit time in cirrhosis.

Female↗

PubMed1996

Methylnaltrexone prevents morphine-induced delay in oral-cecal transit time without affecting analgesia: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Methylnaltrexone is a quaternary opioid antagonist with limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and the potential to antagonize the peripherally mediated effects of opioids. The effectiveness of methylnaltrexone in preventing morphine-induced changes in gastrointestinal motility and transit without affecting analgesia was evaluated in humans. Twelve healthy volunteers were given intravenous placebo, placebo plus 0.05 mg/kg morphine, or 0.45 mg/kg methylnaltrexone plus 0.05 mg/kg morphine. Oral-cecal transit time was assessed by the pulmonary hydrogen measurement technique, and analgesia was measured with use of the cold-pressor test. Morphine significantly increased oral-cecal transit time from 104.6 +/- 31.1 minutes (mean +/- SD) to 163.3 +/- 39.8 minutes (p < 0.01). Methylnaltrexone prevented 97% of morphine-induced increase in oral-cecal transit time (106.3 +/- 39.8 minutes; not significant compared with baseline; p < 0.01 compared with morphine alone). Methylnaltrexone did not affect the analgesic effect of morphine on both pain intensity and pain bothersomeness ratings. At a higher dose of morphine (0.1 mg/kg), our preliminary results indicated that 0.45 mg/kg methylnaltrexone also prevented the morphine-induced delay in oral-cecal transit time, with no effect on analgesia. Methylnaltrexone may be a useful adjunct to opioids for the relief of opioid-induced constipation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Influence of continuous isobaric rectal distension on gastric emptying and small bowel transit in young healthy women.

Patients with slow transit constipation frequently have delayed gastric emptying. In animals rectal distensions inhibit gastrointestinal motility. In healthy volunteers isovolumetric rectal distensions delay upper gut transit. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of continuous isobaric rectal distension on gastric emptying and oro-cecal transit in young females. Using validated 13C octanoic and lactose-[13C] ureide breath tests gastric half-emptying time and oro-cecal transit time for a meal were measured in 12 volunteers. The tests were repeated in randomized order: during isobaric balloon distension and during sham distension. Isobaric rectal distension was applied using a polyethylene bag connected to a barostat. Intraballoon pressure was kept just below the threshold for the urge sensation. Mean gastric half-emptying time during rectal distension (92.3 +/-5.1 min) was significantly higher than during sham distension (78.8 +/- 4 min; P = 0.015). Mean oro-cecal transit time during rectal distension (391.3 +/-29.1 min) and sham distension (328.8 +/- 38.4 min) were not significantly different. In conclusion, these findings indicate that isobaric rectal distension inhibits gastric emptying, but not small bowel transit in young healthy women. Studies in patients with constipation are indicated.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Melatonin improves bowel symptoms in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Melatonin is involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and sensation. AIM: To determine the potential therapeutic effects of melatonin in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHOD: Seventeen female patients satisfying the Rome II criteria for IBS were randomized to receive either melatonin 3 mg nocte or identically appearing placebo 1 nocte for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period and placebo or melatonin in the reverse order for another 8 weeks. Three validated questionnaires - the GI symptom, the sleep questionnaires and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - were used to assess symptom severity and to compute the IBS, sleep and anxiety/depression scores, respectively. RESULTS: Improvements in mean IBS scores were significantly greater after treatment with melatonin (3.9 +/- 2.6) than with placebo (1.3 +/- 4.0, P = 0.037). Percent response rate, defined as percentage of subjects achieving mild-to-excellent improvement in IBS symptoms, was also greater in the melatonin-treated arm (88% vs. 47%, P = 0.04). The changes in mean sleep, anxiety, and depression scores were similar with either melatonin or placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin is a promising therapeutic agent for IBS. Its therapeutic effect is independent of its effects on sleep, anxiety or depression.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Effects of peritoneal injury and endotoxin on myoelectric activity and transit.

BACKGROUND: The combined effects of peritoneal injury and intraabdominal infection on gastrointestinal motility in postoperative ileus are poorly understood MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats underwent placement of three electrodes on the small intestine and a tube gastrostomy. Animals were divided into four groups: a control (n = 12), a peritoneal injury (PI, n = 12), a peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n = 12), and a LPS + PI group (n = 12). After myoelectric activity recording on postoperative day (POD) 1, half of the rats in each group underwent intestinal transit studies. The remainder of the rats underwent another myoelectric activity recording as well as intestinal transit study at 48 h after operation RESULTS: Although six to eight of rats in the control, PI, and LPS groups recovered migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) on POD 1, no rats in the LPS + PI group recovered MMC by POD 1. The transit distance on POD 1 in the PI (36 +/- 2.5 cm) and LPS + PI group (38 +/- 2.8 cm) was shorter than that in the control group (53 +/- 2.0 cm, P < 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Full recovery of liquid intestinal transit precedes the return of MMC activity after abdominal surgery in the rats. Peritoneal injury causes decreased intestinal transit and when combined with intraabdominal injection of LPS may cause the delayed recovery of MMC activity.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2005

Effect of acute hyperglycemia on intestinal gas transit and tolerance in nondiabetic humans.

BACKGROUND: Acute hyperglycemia usually inhibits gastrointestinal motility and hyperinsulinemia may contribute to specific inhibitory effects. However, the influences on postprandial intestinal gas dynamics have not been investigated. AIMS: To compare effects of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia and acute fasting hyperglycemia on intestinal gas dynamics in nondiabetics. METHODS: On 3 separate days, 10 healthy volunteers were evaluated in randomized order with duodenal glucose, intravenous glucose or saline infusion. Rectal gas evacuation was continuously measured; perception and abdominal girth changes were separately evaluated. After 60 min equilibration, proximal jejunal gas infusion (12 ml/min) was started for 150 min. RESULTS: Acute hyperglycemia failed to cause significant intestinal gas retention (72 +/- 64 ml and 53 +/- 29 ml final gas retention vs. saline); in contrast, gas clearance was expedited, with a maximal effect between 30 and 105 min (p < 0.001 vs. control). Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia did not significantly influence intestinal gas clearance and no relevant changes of abdominal girth or abdominal and rectal perception were seen, as compared to control (p > 0.05 for all parameters). CONCLUSION: Accelerated intestinal gas clearance under hyperglycemia is one physiologic factor to avoid postprandial intestinal gas accumulation. Specific underlying mechanisms, which need further investigation, may be disturbed in symptomatic patients.

Abdomen↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and oro-cecal transit in diabetics.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastrointestinal motility disorders are often present in diabetic patients. Even if this problem has been attributed to autonomic neuropathy, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible are not completely defined. Aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of eradication of small-intestine bacterial overgrowth on oro-cecal transit time in diabetic patients in order to identify a possible role of bacterial overgrowth on dysmotility. METHODOLOGY: We selected among 74 diabetic patients who underwent H2-lactulose breath test, 21 subjects (13M, 8F, mean age 43.7 years, 11 with type 1 and 10 with type 2 diabetes) affected by bacterial overgrowth and delayed oro-cecal transit time and with normal cardiovascular autonomic test. Patients were treated with rifaximin and underwent a control breath test. Data were analyzed using paired-data t-test. RESULTS: Three patients still showed bacterial overgrowth, 5 persistent delayed transit time without bacterial overgrowth; 13 patients (62%) showed a significant (P < 0.001) reduction of on oro-cecal transit time without bacterial overgrowth. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that bacterial overgrowth may contribute to the delay of intestinal transit as confirmed by its significant improvement after eradication therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Clinical application of an enzyme immunoassay for cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive substance for determination of the human plasma levels: the effect of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal peptides and stress-related hormones.

Metoclopramide, a prokinetic drug, is widely used to treat vomiting and nausea. Delayed gastric emptying and continual stress are considered important factors, among others, that induce nausea and vomiting. One gastrointestinal motility regulatory factor has been assumed to be the induction of changes in the levels of peptides such as gastrin, somatostatin, motilin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) in plasma. In contrast, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol are used as indicators of stress. Here, we studied the effects of metoclopramide on human plasma gastrin-, somatostatin-, motilin-, and CCK-like immunoreactive substances (ISs) and ACTH-IS and cortisol under stress conditions using repetitive blood sampling in healthy subjects. Metoclopramide hydrochloride at a dose of 30 mg or placebo was orally administered to five healthy male volunteers. Blood samples were taken before and 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after administration, subject to extracting procedures, and submitted to a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay system. A single administration of metoclopramide caused significant increases in plasma somatostatin-IS levels compared with the placebo. Metoclopramide significantly decreased plasma gastrin- and suppressed ACTH-IS and cortisol levels compared with the placebo. We hypothesize that metoclopramide might have an accelerating gastric-emptying effect and a modulatory effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous function. These effects might be beneficial in stress-related diseases, which suggest that this medicine has clinicopharmacological activities.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1997

Gastrointestinal hormones and gastric emptying 20 years after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Some studies have shown a more rapid gastric emptying in obese subjects. Six to twelve months after jejunoileal bypass (JIB) neurotensin (NT) and enteroglucagon have been shown to be elevated after food intake. These hormones, together with peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been implicated in the reduction of upper gastrointestinal motility seen after infusion of nutrients into the ileum. AIM: To study if the postprandial gut hormone pattern and gastric emptying is altered 20 y after JIB. SUBJECTS: Seven subjects operated with JIB a mean (s.d.) 20 +/- 3 y ago, with a BMI of 44 +/- 4 kg/m2 at the time of surgery and 31 +/- 4 at present. For comparison seven sex-matched non-operated obese controls (BMI 43 +/- 3) were studied. METHODS: Serial blood samples were obtained every 10 min after intake of a 280 kcal meal. Radioimmunoassays for motilin, cholecystokinin (CCK), NT, PYY and GLP-1 were performed. Gastric emptying of a solid meal was studied using a radioactively labelled omelette (of 310 kcal) for 120 min). RESULTS: After JIB postprandial motilin, CCK, NT, PYY and GLP-1 were elevated compared to non-operated obese subjects. Similarly, basal levels of CCK, motilin, GLP-1 and PYY were elevated in the operated group. No difference was observed in the rate of gastric emptying between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Both fasting and postprandial gut hormone levels are elevated 20 y after JIB. The impact of long-term rapid stimulation of the ileum and subsequent raised gut hormone levels on gastric emptying is not clear.

Cholecystokinin↗

PubMed2004

Effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in humans.

Endogenous prostaglandins regulate smooth muscle activity; prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors influence gastrointestinal motility in inflammatory states such as postoperative ileus in animal models. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two COX-2 inhibitors on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in healthy humans. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 66 healthy volunteers were randomized to one of two commercially available oral COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib and rofecoxib), cisapride (positive control), or placebo. Following 7 days on therapy, study participants underwent a test of gastric emptying and small bowel transit of liquids and solids using scintigraphy. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis (ANOVA on ranks)and Mann-Whitney rank sum tests. There were significant group effects on transit of solids: gastric emptying (ANOVA, P = 0.005) and small bowel transit (ANOVA, P = 0.056). However, neither COX-2 inhibitor significantly accelerated the liquid or solid gastric emptying or small bowel transit compared with placebo. The positive control, cisapride, accelerated gastric emptying of solids (post-lag slope of gastric emptying, P < 0.05), and small bowel transit of solids (t10%, P = 0.016). At maximum clinically approved dosages, celecoxib and rofecoxib have no significant effects on gastric emptying or small intestinal transit in healthy humans. Cisapride accelerates gastric emptying and small bowel transit in healthy humans.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Blockade of alpha 2-adrenoceptors by 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (PmP) in vivo and its relation to the activity of buspirone.

The effect of 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (PmP) and the parent drug, buspirone in counteracting the behavioral and biochemical effects of clonidine were evaluated in the rat. Intraperitoneal or oral administration of PmP, buspirone and yohimbine, but not of prazosin, antagonized the slowing of gastrointestinal motility induced by subcutaneous clonidine (0.1 mg/kg). The doses that inhibited the effect of clonidine on the transit time by 50% were 0.5 mg/kg i.p. and 0.7 mg/kg p.o. for PmP, 7 mg/kg i.p. and 9 mg/kg p.o. for buspirone and 0.5 mg/kg i.p. for yohimbine. PmP (0.5 mg/kg) did not block the antitransit effect of clonidine when administered by intracerebroventricular injection. The antitransit effect of a low dose of morphine (0.05 mg/kg i.p.) was not blocked by PmP (2 mg/kg i.p.). The prolongation of the hexobarbital-induced loss of the righting reflex that occurs after clonidine (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) administration was inhibited by pretreatment with PmP (0.1-2 mg/kg p.o.) or yohimbine (1 mg/kg i.p.) but not by pretreatment with prazosin (2 mg/kg i.p.). Buspirone (1-20 mg/kg) also reduced the effect of clonidine after oral administration, with a maximal effect at 5 mg/kg, whereas the same dose administered i.v. had less effect. PmP (2 mg/kg) and buspirone (15 mg/kg) raised the levels of total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylgycol (MHPG) in rat cerebral cortex, and prevented the decrease in MHPG induced by clonidine. These findings show that buspirone, in doses at which it is active as an anxiolytic, suppresses the central and peripheral effects of clonidine. This action occurs through alpha 2-adrenoceptors and is mediated primarily by the metabolite, PmP.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

PubMed2004

Constipation and intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B: a clinical follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: Intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B (IND B) is one of the gastrointestinal motility disorders with a defined malformation of the parasympathetic submucous and myenteric ganglia. The clinical presentation of IND B is variable, ranging from intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period to acute or chronic constipation in childhood. METHODS: Between 1993 and 1996, 105 patients (49 females and 56 males) were treated for constipation, and in all of them an IND type B was confirmed histopathologically. Twenty-two neonates, 42 infants to 6 months of age (38% of them were premature, and 5% had additional malformations), and 41 patients to the age of 4 years were included in this study. All 105 patients had been treated conservatively. Treatment consisted of diet in all patients, cisapride in 70% of them, laxatives in 52%, and repeated anal dilatations in 12% of the patients. The mean duration of their treatment lasted from 3 months to 10 months (mean, 6 months). RESULTS: The clinical follow-up 5 to 9 years later in 89 of the 108 (85%) patients showed daily defecation in 80% of them and every second day in 14% of them. Only 5 (6%) patients experience recurrent constipation, which responds well to diet and laxatives. CONCLUSIONS: In young patients, constipation related to IND B can be treated successfully by conservative treatment regimens, including diet, laxatives, and prokinetic drugs.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed2003

Effects of lipopolysaccharide and phenylbutazone on gastric contents in the horse.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Endotoxaemia causes a disruption of gastrointestinal motility in the horse but there is no information on its effects on gastric secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration is known to affect gastric secretion in other species. HYPOTHESIS: That LPS, a toxic component of Gram-negative bacteria, would reduce gastric acid secretion and that pretreatment with phenylbutazone (PBZ) would block the effects of LPS. METHODS: The effects of LPS and PBZ on gastric contents were investigated in fasted, mature horses, with permanent gastric cannulae. Horses were pretreated with either saline or PBZ 15 mins before a 60 min infusion of either LPS or saline. Gastric contents were collected at 15 min intervals for 3 h, beginning 15 mins after the start of the LPS or saline infusion. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide significantly decreased gastric acid output, [K+] and potassium output and increased [Na+] and sodium output. Phenylbutazone did not affect basal gastric acid secretion but decreased LPS-induced changes in the secreted volume, [Na+] and sodium output. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that LPS affects gastric acid secretion in the horse and that these LPS-induced changes are mediated, in part, by prostaglandins. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Lipopolysaccharide administration can induce changes in the composition of gastric contents in the horse but further work is needed to determine the source of these changes.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The effect of coffee on gastric emptying and oro-caecal transit time.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of coffee allegedly induces or aggravates gastrointestinal symptoms. In order to investigate the effect of coffee on gastrointestinal motility we studied the effect of coffee on gastric emptying and oro-caecal transit time. METHODS: In a randomised, controlled, cross-over study gastric emptying and oro-caecal transit time were studied in 12 healthy volunteers, using applied potential tomography and lactulose hydrogen breath test, respectively. After 1 day of coffee abstinence and an overnight fast, coffee or the control drink (water) was drunk and 10 min thereafter a liquid nutrient meal was ingested together with lactulose. During 150 min, recordings were made with applied potential tomography and breath samples were taken every 5 min. Lag-phase duration and gastric half-emptying time were determined by two blinded observers. RESULTS: The lag-phase duration after coffee (median 19.8 min, range 6-47 min) was not significantly different from that after water (median 19.3 min, range 11-37.5), nor was the gastric half-emptying time (median 75.7 min, range 56-157.6 vs. median 83.4 min, range 64. 6-148.4). Likewise, coffee had no significant effect on oro-caecal transit time (median 135 min, range 60-270 vs. median 140 min, range 55-270). No significant correlation between any of these parameters and mean daily coffee intake was found. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee does not affect gastric emptying of a liquid meal or small bowel transit.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Expression of prokineticins and their receptors in the adult mouse brain.

Prokineticins are a pair of regulatory peptides that have been shown to play important roles in gastrointestinal motility, angiogenesis, circadian rhythms, and, recently, olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Prokineticins exert their functions via activation of two closely related G-protein-coupled receptors. Here we report a comprehensive mRNA distribution for both prokineticins (PK1 and PK2) and their receptors (PKR1 and PKR2) in the adult mouse brain with the use of in situ hybridization. PK2 mRNA is expressed in discrete regions of the brain, including suprachiasmatic nucleus, islands of Calleja and medial preoptic area, olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens shell, hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, and amygdala. PK1 mRNA is expressed exclusively in the brainstem, with high abundance in the nucleus tractus solitarius. PKR2 mRNA is detected throughout the brain, with prominent expression in olfactory regions, cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus, septum and hippocampus, habenula, amygdala, nucleus tractus solitarius, and circumventricular organs such as subfornical organ, median eminence, and area postrema. PKR2 mRNA is also detected in mammillary nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe. In contrast, PKR1 mRNA is found in fewer brain regions, with moderate expression in the olfactory regions, dentate gyrus, zona incerta, and dorsal motor vagal nucleus. Both PKR1 and PKR2 are also detected in olfactory ventricle and subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, both of which are rich sources of neuronal precursors. These extensive expression patterns suggest that prokineticins may have a broad array of functions in the central nervous system, including circadian rhythm, neurogenesis, ingestive behavior, reproduction, and autonomic function.

Animals↗