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[Contribution of the midbrain raphe nuclei and locus ceruleus to realization of lithium hydrobutyrate rhythm modulating properties].

Electrolytic destruction of the median raphe nuclei or locus ceruleus (I = 1.5-2.0 V, 20 sec with a change of polarity) in the period of winter solstice weakens the manifestation of free flowing rhythms of the active-search component of behavior. Lithium hydroxybutyrate (10 mg/kg i.m. for one week) only after evening administration compensates the effects of lysis of the serotonin- or norepinephrine-containing stem cells on the behavioral rhythm. Whatever the phase of administration, the drug acts as a social time-assigner for body temperature rhythms under the indicated conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Abscence of the tetrodotoxin effect on sodium permeability under conditions of prolonged depolarization].

Using frog muscle fibres, it is shown that 10(-6) tetrodotoxin does not practically affect the membrane permeability to lithium ions during a continious depolarization, with the membrane potential being near zero, but causes half a decreased lithium permeability under conditions of normal membrane potential. The absolute value of the lithium permeability for these two states are very close. A 10 mM tetraethylammonium chloride does not influence the lithium permeability of muscle membrane with the normal membrane potential and during a continious depolarization. It is proposed that intact and inactivated sodium channals may have almost equal ion passing capacities, but differ in their gate systems, especially as concerns its interaction with tetrodotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ferrocenyl polyamines as agents for the chemoimmunotherapy of cancer.

A series of ferrocenyl polyamines, compounds intended to bind to the tumor cell surface nucleic acid and elicit an immune response, was synthesized and screened for antitumor activity. Target ferrocenyl polyamines 1a,b,2, and 3, bearing 2-, 3-, and 4-amino groups, respectively, were readily obtained in yields of 31-58% from their corresponding ferrocenyl polyamides (5a-d) by reduction with diborane in THF; lithium aluminum hydride was not an effective reducing agent in this case. Although the target compounds failed to prolong the life ofmice with P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, three of the intermediate amides (5b-d) did exhibit low but significant activity (T/C = 123, 132, and 120%, respectively).

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Epoxidation of olefins by cytochrome P-450 model compounds: mechanism of oxygen atom transfer.

The mechanism of the Mn(III) porphyrin-catalyzed epoxidation of olefins by lithium hypochlorite is examined. The active oxidant is thought to be a high-valent manganese-oxo complex. It is shown that a relatively stable intermediate is reversibly formed upon interaction of the olefin and the oxo complex. The decomposition of this intermediate to Mn(III) porphyrin and epoxide is the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle. Some analogies to the biochemical epoxidation of olefins catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 are discussed.

Alkenes↗
PubMed2006

Air-Initiated Radical Polymerization of Lithium Salts of omega-(Undecamethylcarba-closo-dodecaboran-1'-yl)alk-1-enes, CH2=CH(CH2)(n-2)C(BMe)11- Li+.

We report an easy access to the salts of the LiC(BMe)11- anion, which greatly simplifies the synthesis of compounds carrying the -C(BMe)11- substituent, including the title anions. The previously recognized and puzzling spontaneous oligomerization of the solid lithium salts CH2=CH(CH2)(n-2)C(BMe)11- Li+ upon storage under ambient conditions is now shown to proceed by a radical mechanism, with the "naked" Li+ cation acting as a catalyst. The degree of polymerization is higher in solution, especially when azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is used as initiator (up to approximately 50). Initiation by the thermal decomposition of AIBN is also catalyzed by naked Li+, and this initiator is effective at room temperature. Di-tert-butyl peroxide and UV irradiation can also be used. The observation of Li+ catalysis agrees with a prior prediction from ab initio calculations, according to which Li+ complexation of ethylene strongly lowers the activation energy for methyl radical addition. The results bear on the current discussion of the possible sensitivity of radical clocks to their molecular environment and suggest that naked Li+ will catalyze the radical polymerization of simple terminal alkenes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Sodium valproate down-regulates the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) in immortalized hippocampal cells: a property of protein kinase C-mediated mood stabilizers.

Sodium valproate (VPA) is a short-chain fatty acid with well-established anticonvulsant properties and apparent clinical efficacy in the treatment of bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness). Little is known regarding the mechanism of action of VPA in the brain that could account for this clinical therapeutic profile. Lithium has been the standard treatment for bipolar disorder, and it is known to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of inositol monophosphatase in the phosphoinositide (PI) signaling cascade at clinically relevant concentrations. Recent studies have provided data in support of a role for protein kinase C and the down-regulation of expression of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) in the long-term therapeutic action of lithium in the brain, which is dependent on both the relative activity of receptor-coupled PI signaling and the concentration of myo-inositol. Our current results demonstrated that valproate induces a concentration- and time-dependent reduction of MARCKS in immortalized hippocampal cells that appears to be independent of both the level of muscarinic receptor-activated PI signaling as well as the concentration of myo-inositol. In CHO-K1 cells transfected with the human m1 muscarinic receptor, unlike lithium, there is no evidence for receptor-mediated accumulation of CMP-PA in the presence of VPA, providing more direct data for its lack of interaction within the PI signaling cascade. The action of VPA on MARCKS occurs within the therapeutic concentrations and time course observed in clinical studies of patients with bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the effect on MARCKS protein is additive in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of both lithium and valproate, consistent with clinical observations regarding the enhanced efficacy of the combination treatment. Finally, in studies examining acute and chronic effects of a variety of psychotropic compounds and VPA structural analogs, it is evident that the property of regulation of MARCKS is shared by the mood-stabilizers lithium and VPA, which may be specific to a class of drugs effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of co-administration of nefazodone and lithium in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between nefazodone and lithium. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers received nefazodone 200 mg b.i.d. for 5 days. A 4-day washout phase followed from day 6 to day 9. From day 10 to day 20, escalating doses of lithium 250 mg b.i.d. to 500 mg b.i.d. were given; the daily dose of 1000 mg was obtained on day 13. From day 16 to day 20, nefazodone 200 mg b.i.d. was added to the lithium dosing regimen. Venous blood sampling was performed on days 5, 15 and 20 for 0- to 48-h-pharmacokinetic analysis. Nefazodone and its metabolites, hydroxynefazodone, mCPP and triazoledione were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lithium was assayed by flame photometry. RESULTS: Co-administration of nefazodone did not modify pharmacokinetic parameters of lithium at steady-state. Comparison of the area under the plasma or serum concentration-versus-time curve calculated from 0-12 h (AUC0-12) of nefazodone and hydroxynefazodone revealed no significant differences when nefazodone was administered alone or with lithium. The mean maximum peak plasma concentration Cmax and AUC0-12 of meta-chlorophenyl-piperazine (mCPP) were significantly reduced by 27% (P < 0.001) and 16% (P < 0.001) with the co-administration. The mean Cmax and AUC0-12 of triazoledione were reduced by 23% (P < 0.005) and 16% (P < 0.01) by the co-administration. CONCLUSION: Since there were no clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of the parent compounds or metabolites, and the combination was well tolerated, no dosage adjustments of nefazodone or lithium are necessary when they are co-administered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The oxyvanadium constellation in transition-state-analogue complexes of phosphoglucomutase and ribonuclease. Structural deductions from electron-transfer spectra.

The absorbance peak in the near ultraviolet electron-transfer spectrum of the oxyvanadium constellation in the "transition-state-analogue complexes" obtained by treating the dephospho form of phosphoglucomutase with inorganic vanadate in the presence of either glucose 1-phosphate or glucose 6-phosphate, as described in an accompanying paper [Ray, W. J., Jr., Burgner, J. W., II, & Post, C. B. (1990) Biochemistry (second of four papers in this issue)], is centered at a wavelength of 312 nm. The position of this peak amounts to a change in oscillator frequency of about -5000 cm-1 relative to that of tetrahedral VO4(3-). To provide a rationale for this spectral change, the near ultraviolet spectra of the di- and monoanions of inorganic vanadate and a number of derivatives of these anions are compared with that of vanadium (V) in the enzymic complexes, in terms of both what is observed experimentally and what is expected from crystal field theory. Comparisons in water and in largely anhydrous solvents show that water is not an essential element in the coordination sphere of inorganic vanadate or its mono- or diesters and hence that the coordination number of V(V) in such compounds likely is four. These comparisons also show that loss of solvating water from a 4-coordinate vanadate on binding cannot provide a rationale for the spectra of the enzymic complexes. Other comparisons show that neither the binding of metal ions nor protonation nor the binding of vanadate at a site with an unusually high or an unusually low dielectric constant can provide such a rationale. Further comparisons with vanadates known to be pentacoordinate strongly suggest that the coordination number of V(V) in the transition-state-analogue complexes of phosphoglucomutase does not exceed four. In fact, from the standpoint of crystal field theory the marked red shift observed in the electron-transfer absorbance spectrum of the oxyvanadium constellation in these complexes is more reasonably interpreted in terms of a decreased coordination at vanadium (V), viz., in terms of a weakened bonding between vanadium and one or more of its coordinating oxygens. This decreased coordination could be produced by a physical stretching of the vanadate ester linkage. By contrast, the near ultraviolet spectrum of the transition-state-analogue complex that ribonuclease forms with an adduct of uridine and vanadate [Lindquist, R. N., Lynn, J. L., & Lienhard, G. E. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 8762] is similar to spectra of pentacoordinate model compounds of vanadium(V).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Electrons↗
PubMed1985

Modulation of interleukin 2 release from a primate lymphoid cell line in serum-free and serum-containing media.

The ability to grow a clone of the cell line, MLA144, which is a constitutive producer of interleukin 2 (IL-2), in serum-free medium permitted the study of the direct effect of various agents on cell growth and IL-2 production in a homogeneous population. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 4 mg/ml was optimal for cell growth and IL-2 production. Selenium at 10 ng/ml enhanced IL-2 production nearly twofold and lithium at 42 ng/ml also enhanced IL-2 production by nearly twofold. Neither compound at these levels altered cellular proliferation. Two other compounds, iron and zinc, known to be associated with cellular proliferation and/or immunoregulation did not alter IL-2 production. Catalase or horseradish peroxidase was able to substitute for BSA and maintain the long-term growth of the MLA144 clone with only a 30% decrease in the rate of cellular proliferation and a 50% decrease in IL-2 production compared to cells maintained in the serum-free formulation with BSA. Addition of 0.5 mg of BSA to the catalase serum-free formulation increased the production of IL-2 to 70% of that of cells cultured in the BSA-containing serum-free formulation. The catalase-containing serum-free formulation has the advantage of consisting of only three proteins, catalase, insulin, and transferrin, at a very low protein content. The catalase-containing serum-free medium also supported the long-term growth of a human T-cell line, HSB-2.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Preparation, properties and metabolism of retinoic acid anhydride.

A new analogue of vitamin A, viz., retinoic acid anhydride was prepared, for the first time, by the action of thionyl chloride on retinoic acid in benzene containing pyridine. The amhydride was charcterised by its chromatographic properties, elemental analysis, ultraviolet absorption, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral characteristics. The compound could be readily hydrolysed to retinoic acid both by acid and alkali treatments and reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to vitamin A alcohol (retinol). The spectral changes with antimony trichloride reagent were similar to those observed for retinoic acid. The metabolism of retinoic acid anhydride was found to be similar to that of retinoic acic. When administered either orally or intraperitoneally, the compound promotes growth in vitamin A-deficient rats. Time-course experiments revealed that retinoic acid anhydride is converted into retinoic acid by non-enzymatic hydrolysis and thereby exerts its biological activity. The biopotency of the anhydride was found to be nearly the same as that of the acid. A new method of preparing esters of retinoic acid employing retinoic acid anhydride as an intermediate, has been described.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of the spin exchange interactions and the ordered magnetic structures of lithium transition metal phosphates LiMPO4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) with the olivine structure.

The olivine-type compounds LiMPO4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) consist of MO4 layers made up of corner-sharing MO6 octahedra of high-spin M2+ ions. To gain insight into the magnetic properties of these phosphates, their spin exchange interactions were estimated by spin dimer analysis using tight binding calculations and by electronic band structure analysis using first principles density functional theory calculations. Three spin exchange interactions were found to be important for LiMPO4, namely, the intralayer superexchange J1, the intralayer super-superexchange Jb along the b-direction, and the interlayer super-superexchange J2 along the b-direction. The magnetic ground state of LiMPO4 was determined in terms of these spin exchange interactions by calculating the total spin exchange interaction energy under the classical spin approximation. In the spin lattice of LiMPO4, the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic planes defined by the spin exchange J1 are antiferromagnetically coupled by the spin exchange J2, in agreement with available experimental data.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Drug therapy and psychobiological research advances in the psychoses in the past decade.

There have been major advances in the treatment of psychoses in the past decade, particularly in the area of maintenance therapy with lithium, tricyclics, and neuroleptics. Such efforts have been enhanced by methods of relating plasma drug levels to clinical efficacy. Research in genetic factors, the mode of action of pharmacological agents, and hormonal influences on psychopathology has added to our theoretical understanding of the psychoses, and we can hope for further advances from sophisticated new methodological tools. Promising areas of investigation include the search for genetic markers, studies of postsynaptic neuronal receptors, and examination of the effects of polypeptides, including endogenous opioid compounds.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗
PubMed1999

Quadruply Bonded Dichromium Complexes with Variously Fluorinated Formamidinate Ligands.

Complexes of chromium with various amidinate anions of N,N'-di(biphenyl)formamidine (DbiPhF), N,N'-di(pentafluorophenyl)formamidine (DPh(F)()5F), N,N'-di(p-fluorophenyl)formamidine (DPh(p)(-)(F)F), N,N'-di(o-fluorophenyl)formamidine (DPh(o)(-)(F)F), N,N'-di(3,5-fluorophenyl)formamidine (DPh(3,5)(-)(F)F), and N,N'-di(m-fluorophenyl)formamidine (DPh(m)(-)(F)F) have been synthesized and structurally characterized to study the response of the M-M multiple bond to the donor capacity of the ligand by varying the substituents of the aromatic rings. All six of these dinuclear fluorinated amidinate derivatives of the chromium(II) compounds have the paddlewheel configuration. The synthetic route involves the reaction of CrCl(2) with the corresponding lithium salt of the ligands, LiDArF (where Ar = o-C(6)H(4)F, m-C(6)H(4)F, p-C(6)H(4)F, p-C(6)H(4)C(6)H(5), C(6)F(5), or 3,5-C(6)H(3)F(2)). Compounds [Cr(2)(DPh(p)(-)(F)F)(4)] (1), [Cr(2)(DPh(m)(-)(F)F)(4)] (2), [Cr(2)(DPh(3,5)(-)(F)F)(4)].C(6)H(14) (3.C(6)H(14)), and [Cr(2)(DbiPhF)(4)].0.7CH(2)Cl(2) (4.0.7CH(2)Cl(2)) show no variation in the Cr-Cr quadruple bond length, even though the ligands have very different basicities. In the solid state, [Cr(2)(DPh(F)()5F)(4)] (5) shows close axial contacts between the o-F atoms and the chromium metal centers. The (19)F NMR show an unresolved and broad signal for all o-F atoms that cannot be resolved even at very low temperature. To assess the efficiency of the contacts, [Cr(2)(DPh(o)(-)(F)F)(4)] (6) was prepared.( )()The crystal structure shows the same kind of Cr.F interactions as in 5, and an elongation of the Cr-Cr quadruple bond, compared with the values for the complexes 1, 2, 3, and 4. These new complexes reveal that the electronic contribution of the ligand basicity to the M-M bond is smaller and less important than the axial interactions of the chromium centers. Crystal data: for 1, orthorhombic, space group Fddd with a = 25.25(7) Å, b = 26.752(12) Å, c = 28.57(4) Å, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees, and Z = 16; for 2, triclinic, space group P&onemacr; with a = 9.606(12) Å, b = 9.727(10) Å, c = 13.249(11) Å, alpha = 69.24(1) degrees, beta = 73.84(2) degrees, gamma = 84.24(2) degrees, and Z = 1; for 3.C(6)H(14), triclinic, P&onemacr; with a = 10.8274(10) Å, b = 13.739(2) Å, c = 18.152(4) Å, alpha = 83.25(1) degrees, beta = 75.61(2) degrees, gamma = 70.246(10) degrees, and Z = 2; for 4.0.7CH(2)Cl(2), triclinic P1 with a = 9.689(2) Å, b = 13.7088(3) Å, c = 16.844(3) Å, alpha = 69.90(3) degrees, beta = 87.10(3) degrees, gamma = 70.13(3) degrees, and Z = 1; for 5, monoclinic, C2/c with a = 19.114(3) Å, b = 18.957(3) Å, c = 29.923(6) Å, beta = 97.27(1) degrees, and Z = 4; for 6, triclinic, P&onemacr; with a =10.225(2) Å, b = 11.312(2) Å, c = 11.797(3) Å, alpha = 117.08(1) degrees, beta = 96.432(2) degrees, gamma = 107.52(2) degrees, and Z = 1.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Synthetic, reactivity, and structural studies on half-sandwich (eta5-C5Me5)Be and related compounds: halide, alkyl, and iminoacyl derivatives.

The half-sandwich compounds [(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))BeX] (X=Cl, 1 a; Br, 1 b), readily prepared from the reaction of the halides BeX(2) and M[C(5)Me(5)] (M=Na or K), are useful synthons for other (eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))Be organometallic compounds, including the alkyl derivatives [(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))BeR] (R=Me, 2 a; CMe(3), 2 b; CH(2)CMe(3), 2 c; CH(2)Ph, 2 d). The latter compounds can be obtained by metathetical exchange of the halides 1 with the corresponding lithium reagent and exhibit NMR signals and other properties in accord with the proposed formulation. Attempts to make [(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))BeH] have proved fruitless, probably due to instability of the hydride toward disproportionation into [Be(C(5)Me(5))(2)] and BeH(2). The half-sandwich iminoacyl [(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))Be(C(NXyl)Cp')] and [(eta(5)-C(5)Me(4)H)Be(C(NXyl)Cp')]3, 6 where Xyl=C(6)H(3)-2,6-Me(2) and Cp'=C(5)Me(5) or C(5)Me(4)H, are formed when the beryllocenes [Be(C(5)Me(5))(2)], [Be(C(5)Me(4)H)(2)], and [Be(C(5)Me(5))(C(5)Me(4)H)] are allowed to react with CNXyl. Isolation of three different iminoacyl isomers from the reaction of the mixed-ring beryllocene [(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))Be(eta(1)-C(5)Me(4)H)] and CNXyl, namely compounds 5 a, 5 b, and 6, provides compelling evidence for the existence in solution of different beryllocene isomers, generated in the course of two very facile processes that explain the solution dynamics of these metallocenes, that is the 1,5-sigmatropic shift of the Be(eta(5)-Cp') unit around the periphery of the eta(1)-Cp' ring, and the molecular inversion rearrangement that exchanges the roles of the two rings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Flow injection of lithium ion using chromogenic 14-crown-4 derivatives as extraction-spectrophotometric reagents.

A system for flow injection of Li+ has been designed, with use of proton-dissociable chromogenic 14-crown-4 derivatives as the extraction-spectrophotometric reagents, and the analytical conditions have been optimised. This flow injection system showed high selectivity for Li+ reflecting the cation-complexing property of the chromogenic crown ethers. The determination of Li+ in the clinical range in blood under a high Na+ background of 130-160 mM was feasible, with a small sample size (50 microliters) and high sampling rate (more than 100 injections per hour), with this method. The proposed extraction-spectrophotometric flow injection system was, therefore, found to be promising for the efficient determination of Li+ in biological samples, such as blood sera, with a high Na+ background.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed2005

Single-site anionic polymerization. Monomeric ester enolaluminate propagator synthesis, molecular structure, and polymerization mechanism.

The synthesis and molecular structure of the first examples of monomeric lithium ester enolaluminates that serve as structural models for single-site anionic propagating centers, as well as the mechanism of their polymerization of methacrylates catalyzed by conjugate organoaluminum Lewis acids, are reported. Reactions of isopropyl alpha-lithioisobutyrate (2) with suitable deaggregating and stabilizing organoaluminum compounds such as MeAl(BHT)2 (BHT = 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolate) in hydrocarbons cleanly generate lithium ester enolaluminate complexes such as Li+[Me2C=C(OiPr)OAlMe(BHT)2]- (3). Remarkably, complex 3 is isolable and exists as a monomer in both solid and solution states. Unlike the uncontrolled polymerization of methacrylates by the aggregating enolate 2, the methacrylate polymerization by the monomeric 3 is controlled but exhibits low activity. However, the well controlled and highly active polymerization can be achieved by using the 3/MeAl(BHT)2 propagator/catalyst pair, which is conveniently generated by in situ mixing of 2 with 2 equiv of MeAl(BHT)2. The structure of the added organoaluminum compounds has marked effects on the degree of monomer activation, enolaluminate formation and reactivity, and polymerization control. Kinetics of the polymerization by the 3/MeAl(BHT)2 pair suggest a bimolecular, activated-monomer anionic polymerization mechanism via single-site ester enolaluminate propagating centers. The molecular structures of activated monomer 1, aggregated initiator 2, and monomeric propagator 3 have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies.

Journal Article↗