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PubMed2006

Potato in the age of biotechnology.

Biotechnology-based tools are now widely used to enhance and expand the traditional remit of potato in food production. By modifying its functionality, the capacity of the potato to produce, for example, therapeutic or industrial compounds is now a reality, and its ability to resist disease can also be radically improved. Two developments have been crucial to expanding the role of potato: the recent advances in the fields of structural and functional potato genomics and the ability to integrate genes of interest into the potato genome. In this review we discuss how both developments have diversified the remit of this crop.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2002

Strategies for transgenic manipulation of monoterpene biosynthesis in plants.

Monoterpenes, the C(10) isoprenoids, are a large family of natural products that are best known as constituents of the essential oils and defensive oleoresins of aromatic plants. In addition to ecological roles in pollinator attraction, allelopathy and plant defense, monoterpenes are used extensively in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The importance of these plant products has prompted the definition of many monoterpene biosynthetic pathways, the cloning of the relevant genes and the development of genetic transformation techniques for agronomically significant monoterpene-producing plants. Metabolic engineering of monoterpene biosynthesis in the model plant peppermint has resulted in yield increase and compositional improvement of the essential oil, and also provided strategies for manipulating flavor and fragrance production, and plant defense.

Genes, Plant↗

PubMed1991

High salt intake. Sensory and behavioral factors.

Salt (NaCl) is a ubiquitous component of diets in developed countries. A major reason for this is that people judge many salted foods as more palatable than the same foods without salt. Because recent evidence indicates that an acceptable salt substitute is unlikely, an understanding of the behavioral and sensory factors involved in maintaining high salt preference is a prerequisite to successful programs aimed at reducing intake. Although little evidence exists for a genetic determination of individual differences in consumption and preferred level of salt, more research in this area is necessary. Considerable data support the view that the optimal level of salt in the diet is determined in part by the level an individual is currently consuming; increasing or decreasing customary salt intake, as long as the salt is tasted, increases or decreases the preferred level of salt in food. Although these data are consistent with a hypothesis that optimal salt preferences are learned, other data, from both animal models and human developmental studies, suggest that salt preference has an innate component. Furthermore, early experience with low or high salt diets may have a long-term impact on preferred salt levels. Liking for salt, similar to liking for sweets, has an innate basis that can be modified by individual experience.

Behavior↗

PubMed1996

The effect of dietary supplements on gene expression in mice tissues.

Exposure of living organisms to various environmental stresses induces the synthesis of so-called shock/stress proteins; many of them can provide either immediate stress protection or participate in cellular repair processes. In the present study we focused our attention on the potential effect of dietary vitamins and microelements with antioxidant properties on stress protein gene expression. The analysis of gene expression in tissues of antioxidant-fed mice shows hsp-70 gene overexpression in liver and brain, but not in spleen and lung. Heat shock significantly induces gene expression that is less pronounced in antioxidant-fed animals in all analyzed tissues. Under conditions of oxidative stress, accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in liver homogenates is partially suppressed in mice subjected to heat shock, and significantly inhibited in antioxidant-fed mice and in antioxidant-fed mice subjected to heat shock. The glutathione content in liver homogenates of antioxidant-fed mice is higher than in the control group. Heat shock decreases the level of endogenous glutathione in both groups of animals, but it is still higher in the liver homogenate of antioxidant-fed mice. Thus, dietary supplements can modify gene expression induced by heat shock in vivo and protect rat tissues against oxidative stress by enhancing the level of endogenous antioxidants and inducing hsp-70 gene expression.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Intake of flavonoids and lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the possible relationship between intake of flavonoids-powerful dietary antioxidants that may also inhibit P450 enzymes-and lung cancer risk, we conducted a population-based, case-control study in Hawaii. METHODS: An in-person interview assessed smoking history and usual intake of 242 food items for 582 patients with incident lung cancer and 582 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects. Subjects who donated a blood sample were genotyped for the P450 enzyme variant allele CYP1A1*2 by use of a polymerase chain reaction-based method. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All P values are two-sided. RESULTS: After adjusting for smoking and intakes of saturated fat and beta-carotene, we found statistically significant inverse associations between lung cancer risk and the main food sources of the flavonoids quercetin (onions and apples) and naringin (white grapefruit). The lung cancer OR for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of intake was 0.5 (95% CI = 0.3-0.9) for onions (P for trend =.001) and 0.6 (95% CI = 0.4-1.0) for apples (P for trend =.03). The OR for the highest compared with the lowest tertile of intake for white grapefruit was 0.5 (95% CI = 0.2-0.9) (P for trend =.02). No association was found for important food sources of other flavonoids. Using published food-composition data for flavonoids, we found an inverse association between intake of quercetin and risk of lung cancer (P for trend =.07) that appears consistent with associations for its food sources. The effect of onions was particularly strong against squamous cell carcinoma (a cell type specifically associated with CYP1A1*2 in our study) and was modified by the CYP1A1 genotype, suggesting that CYP1A1 may play a role in this association. CONCLUSION: If replicated, particularly in prospective studies, these findings would suggest that foods rich in certain flavonoids may protect against certain forms of lung cancer and that decreased bioactivation of carcinogens by inhibition of CYP1A1 should be explored as underlying mechanisms.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Selective agonists at NK3 tachykinin receptors inhibit alcohol intake in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats.

The present study evaluated the effect of tachykinin agonists, selective for different neurokinin (NK) receptors, on alcohol intake in genetically selected, Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Tachykinins were given by intracerebroventricular injection just before access to fluids. In rats offered both water and 8% ethanol 2 h/day, the NK3 selective agonists [Asp5.6,MePhe8]substance P(5-11), Suc[Asp6,MePhe8]substance P(6-11), and [MePhe7]neurokinin B markedly suppressed alcohol intake. The NK1 selective agonist [Sar9,Met(O2)11]substance P and the NK2 selective agonist GR 64349 did not At doses that inhibited alcohol intake, the NK3 agonists did not modify water intake; total fluid intake was significantly reduced only following 500 ng/rat of [Asp5.6,MePhe8]substance P(5-11). When rats were given a longer access to fluids (8% alcohol for 2 h, but water for 4 h), again, NK3 agonists suppressed alcohol intake, but not total fluid intake. Moreover, NK3 agonists did not modify solid food intake in food-deprived rats, nor water intake in water-deprived rats, when alcohol was not available. These findings indicate that NK3 agonists inhibit alcohol intake in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats and that their effect is behaviorally selective. They also suggest that central NK3 receptors may be involved in alcohol intake control in rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2005

First isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from finishing pigs from São Paulo State, Brazil.

Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans in Brazil. Among the food animals, pigs are considered the most important meat source of T. gondii for infection in humans. In the present study, we report the first isolation of viable T. gondii from finishing pigs in Brazil. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 49 (17%) of 286 pigs prior slaughter using the modified agglutination test (MAT) at a serum dilution of 1:25. Attempts were made to isolate T. gondii from 28 seropositive pigs. Samples of heart, brain, and tongue from each pig were pooled, digested in acid pepsin, and bioassayed in five mice per pig. Viable T. gondii was isolated from seven pigs; all isolates were lethal for mice. Restriction fragment length polymorphism on products of SAG2 locus amplified by PCR revealed that two isolates were Type I and five were Type III. The results indicate that phenotypically and genetically T. gondii isolates from pigs from Brazil are distinct from isolates of T. gondii from pigs in the USA.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2002

Drosophila germline invasion by the endogenous retrovirus gypsy: involvement of the viral env gene.

The endogenous retrovirus gypsy is expressed at high levels in mutant flamenco female flies. Gypsy viral particles extracted from such flies can infect naive flamenco individuals raised in the presence of these extracts mixed into their food. This results in the integration of new proviruses into the germline genome. These proviruses can then increase their copy number by (1) expression in the flamenco female somatic cells, (2) transfer into the oocyte and (3) integration into the genome of the progeny. Surprisingly, unlike the infection observed in the feeding experiments, this strategy of endogenous proviral multiplication does not seem to involve the expression of the viral env gene.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Transgenic approaches in commonly consumed cereals to improve iron and zinc content and bioavailability.

Modern genetic and molecular technologies provide a number of tools that can be utilized for the development of staple foods with a higher iron and zinc content and improved bioavailability of these minerals. This article summarizes current strategies aimed at increasing the iron-sequestering capacity of the endosperm and improving mineral bioavailability via in planta synthesis of microbial phytases. A case study is presented for wheat, and future strategies are discussed addressing the importance of phytase thermostability.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed2006

Metabolic engineering of coenzyme Q by modification of isoprenoid side chain in plant.

Coenzyme Q (CoQ), an electron transfer molecule in the respiratory chain and a lipid-soluble antioxidant, is present in almost all organisms. Most cereal crops produce CoQ9, which has nine isoprene units. CoQ10, with 10 isoprene units, is a very popular food supplement. Here, we report the genetic engineering of rice to produce CoQ10 using the gene for decaprenyl diphosphate synthase (DdsA). The production of CoQ9 was almost completely replaced with that of CoQ10, despite the presence of endogenous CoQ9 synthesis. DdsA designed to express at the mitochondria increased accumulation of total CoQ amount in seeds.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗

PubMed2026

Effects of CRISPR technology on agricultural sustainability: global applications and turkish perspective.

This review evaluates CRISPR/Cas applications in agriculture from a global perspective with explicit reference to Türkiye. Using a literature gap-matrix approach organised around four analytical dimensions-environmental, economic, social and policy, and scientific and technological-we synthesize the primary evidence on water and input use, productivity, disease resistance, and product quality. The literature concentrates on water and fertilizer use, productivity, and off-target accuracy, whereas soil health, biodiversity, consumer acceptance, ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks remain systematically under-represented. Global deployment of CRISPR is already delivering measurable advantages in food security, shelf life and nutritional value, while in Türkiye the research base is at an early stage but has clear potential in wheat, barley, tomato and olive. Translating CRISPR into Turkish agricultural sustainability requires (i) a domestic biosafety framework aligned with the emerging European New Genomic Techniques approach, (ii) sustained investment in multi-location primary field trials, and (iii) inclusive deployment mechanisms-particularly through producer cooperatives-that allow smallholder farmers to benefit from edited varieties.

Plants, Genetically Modified↗

PubMed2000

Estrogen agonist and antagonist action on the human estrogen receptor in Drosophila.

The estrogen receptor (ER) regulates the expression of genes involved in the growth, proliferation and differentiation of skeletal, cardiovascular, neural and reproductive tissues. A basic scheme for the mechanism for ER action has been developed, but precise details on the interactions between ER and the cellular signaling and transcription machinery required for receptor-mediated regulation of specific target genes are still lacking. We have developed a genetic approach to explore the functional interactions of ER. In this work, we describe the development of an estrogen responsive system in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Transgenic flies carrying the human ER alpha and an estrogen responsive green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene were constructed. In vivo expression of the GFP reporter gene was observed when larvae were grown on a food source containing steroidal or nonsteroidal estrogens. The induction of the reporter gene by estrogens was blocked upon treatment with tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist. However, we failed to recapitulate ligand-independent activation of the receptor in vivo or in cultured Drosophila cells. An estrogen responsive Drosophila system could be used to identify and characterize the complex functional interactions between ER and the other components of the cellular transcriptional apparatus.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Safety of industrial lactic acid bacteria.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are ubiquitous in fermented and non-fermented foods and are common components of the human commensal microflora. This long history of human exposure and consumption has led to the reasonable conclusion that they are generally safe. Recent attention has also focused on their possible role as probiotic bacteria, promoting beneficial health effects. There have, however, been a number of reports of human infections caused by LAB and these are reviewed. In most cases, the source of the infection was the commensal LAB flora rather than ingested bacteria and the patient had some underlying disease or predisposing condition. Even as opportunistic pathogens, the LAB, with the notable exception of the enterococci, are much less successful than a number of other members of the commensal microflora. The use of new strains for probiotic use is likely to require more detailed evidence for their safety, particularly if the strains have been genetically modified or have been derived from animals. Procedures that have been proposed for assessing the safety of new strains are described.

Endocarditis, Bacterial↗

PubMed2002

Recent biotechnological developments of electropulsation. A prospective review.

During the last 25 years, basic research has improved our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms triggered at the membrane level by electric pulses. Applied aspects may now be used under safe conditions. Electropulsation is known as a very efficient tool for obtaining gene transfer in many species to produce genetically modified organisms (GMO). This is routinely used for industrial purposes to transfer exogenous activities in bacteria, yeasts and plants. The method is simple and of a low cost. But electropulsation is not limited to this application for biotechnological purposes. It is known that the field-associated membrane alterations can be irreversible. The pulsed species cannot recover after the treatment. Their viability is strongly affected. This appears as a very promising technology for the eradication of pathogenic microorganisms. Recent developments are proposed for sterilization purposes. New flow technologies of field generation allow the treatment of large volumes of solution. When high flow rates are used, microorganisms are submitted both to a hydromechanical and to an electrical stress. The synergy of the two effects may be present when suitable pulsing conditions are chosen. Several examples for the treatment of domestic water and in the food industry are described. Walled microorganisms are affected not only at the membrane level. We observed that alterations are present on the cell wall. A very promising technology is the associated controlled leakage of the cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Large dimeric proteins such as beta-galactosidases can be extracted at a high yield. High volumes can be treated by using a flow process. Extraction of proteins is obtained with many systems including mammalian cells.

Amoeba↗

PubMed2006

Dietary selenium intake, aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 genetic polymorphisms, and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge, few studies have been conducted to date regarding dietary selenium and the potential gene-nutrient interactions with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different pathways on the risk of esophageal cancer. METHODS: The authors investigated the role of dietary selenium intake and its interplay with SNPs of the ALDH2 (glutamic acid [Glu] 487 lysine [Lys]) and the X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1) (arginine [Arg] 399 glutamine [Gln]) genes on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a population-based, case-control study in China. In total, 218 patients with ESCC and 415 healthy population control participants were interviewed. Dietary selenium intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire with 97 food items. ALDH2 and XRCC1 polymorphisms were detected with a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the highest quintile of dietary selenium intake, compared with the lowest quintile of intake, was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.25-0.89), with a strong dose-response relation (P for trend, <.01). The ALDH2 Lys and XRCC1 Gln variant alleles were associated with an increased risk of ESCC with adjusted ORs of 1.91 (95% CI, 0.96-3.80) and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.08-2.59), respectively. An elevation of the risk for ESCC was pronounced most among carriers of ALDH2 Lys/Lys and XRCC1 399Gln/Gln or Gln/Arg who consumed a low level of dietary selenium (adjusted OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.14-15.12). CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first in-depth study to suggest that genetic susceptibility may modify the association between selenium intake and the risk of ESCC. The findings indicated that individuals with low dietary selenium intake and ALDH2 Lys/Lys and XRCC1 399Gln/Gln or Gln/Arg genotypes were associated with an increased ESCC risk, especially in the presence of exposure to tobacco and alcohol carcinogens.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Current scientific understanding of the environmental biosafety of transgenic fish and shellfish.

A fluorescent zebrafish was the first genetically engineered animal to be marketed, and biotechnologists are developing many transgenic fish and shellfish. Biosafety science is not sufficiently advanced to be able to draw scientifically reliable and broadly trusted conclusions about the environmental effects of these animals. The science is best developed for identifying hazards posed by environmental spread of a transgenic fish or shellfish and least developed for assessing potential ecological harms of spread. Environmental spread of certain transgenic fish or shellfish could be an indirect route of entry into the human food supply. The management of predicted environmental risks is in its infancy and has thus far focused on the first step of the risk management process, i.e. risk reduction, via a few confinement methods. There is a critical need to improve scientific methods of environmental safety assessment and management and to gather empirical data needed to substantiate biosafety conclusions and to effectively manage transgenic fish and shellfish. Scientists and potentially affected parties should participate in prioritising the knowledge gaps to be addressed.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Stable genetic transformation of tomato plastids and expression of a foreign protein in fruit.

Transgenic chloroplasts offer unique advantages in plant biotechnology, including high-level foreign protein expression, absence of epigenetic effects, and gene containment due to the lack of transgene transmission through pollen. However, broad application of plastid genome engineering in biotechnology has been largely hampered by both the lack of chloroplast transformation systems for major crop plants and the usually low plastid gene expression levels in nongreen tissues such as fruits, tubers, and other storage organs. Here we describe the development of a plastid transformation system for tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. This is the first report on the generation of fertile transplastomic plants in a food crop with an edible fruit. We show that chromoplasts in the tomato fruit express the transgene to approximately 50% of the expression levels in leaf chloroplasts. Given the generally very high foreign protein accumulation rates that can be achieved in transgenic chloroplasts (>40% of the total soluble protein), this system paves the way to efficient production of edible vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and antibodies in tomato.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2005

Pharmacotherapy and pharmacogenetics of nicotine dependence.

The authors review recent advances in the pharmacotherapy and pharmacogenetics of nicotine dependence. Despite the negative health consequences of smoking, approximately 23% of adults in the United States are daily tobacco smokers and approximately 13% are nicotine dependent. Data for development of new medications for nicotine dependence are likely to come from animal models of the reinforcing value of nicotine, studies to identify proteins in transgenic rodents, and pharmacological studies of nicotine withdrawal. The initial pharmacogenetic studies of pharmacotherapies approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of nicotine dependence-nicotine replacement (nicotine gum, nicotine nasal spray, and transdermal nicotine) and bupropion-have identified candidate alleles at the dopamine D2 receptor gene and mu opioid receptor gene that may predict therapeutic response. Because no one medication is likely to be safe and efficacious for a majority of persons with nicotine dependence, it will be useful to develop genetics-based methods and other tools to predict therapeutic response in subgroups of nicotine-dependent persons.

Administration, Cutaneous↗