Influence of ammonia and of urea upon L acidophilus 4646. II. Studies on anaerobic glycolysis.
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Ammonia↗
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Results for “LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS”
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[Acidophilus taette sour milk & its dietetic significance].
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Animals↗
Strains and species of lactic acid bacteria in fermented milks (yogurts): effect on in vivo lactose digestion.
Lactose in yogurt with live bacteria is better tolerated than lactose in other dairy foods, partly because of the activity of microbial beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), which digests lactose in vivo. To evaluate the ability of different strains and species of lactic acid bacteria to digest lactose in vivo, yogurts (containing mixtures of strains of Streptococcus salivarius subsp thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus) and fermented milks (containing individual species of S thermophilus, L bulgaricus, L acidophilus, or Bifidobacterium bifidus) that varied in microbial beta-gal activity were produced. Selected products were fed to healthy people who cannot digest lactose, and breath hydrogen production was monitored. All yogurts dramatically and similarly improved lactose digestion, regardless of their total or specific beta-gal activity. The response to fermented milks varied from marginal improvement with B bifidus milk to nearly complete lactose digestion with L bulgaricus milk. The results suggest that total beta-gal was not the limiting factor in promoting lactose digestion, perhaps because of a limited rate of intracellular substrate transport.
Adult↗
Lactobacilli in the intestinal microbiota of Swedish infants.
Lactobacillus colonisation was examined in 112 Swedish infants. Faecal samples obtained at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks and at 6, 12 and 18 months of age were cultivated quantitatively on Rogosa agar. Lactobacilli were speciated by PCR and typed to the strain level by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Lactobacilli reached a peak at 6 months when 45% of the infants were colonised. L. rhamnosus and L. gasseri were the most common species in this period. Colonisation by lactobacilli in general (P < 0.01) and L. rhamnosus in particular (P < 0.05) was more common in breast-fed than in weaned infants at 6 months of age. Lactobacillus isolation reached a nadir of 17% by 12 months (P < 0.0001), but increased to 31% by 18 months of age P < 0.05). The food-related species L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus and L. delbrueckii dominated in this second phase. A single strain persisted for at least 3 weeks in 17% of the infants during the first 6 months, most commonly L. rhamnosus. Lactobacillus population counts in colonised infants increased from 10(6.4) cfu/g at 1 week to 10(8.8) cfu/g at 6 months, and then dropped to 10(5.4) cfu/g faeces at 12 months of age. Lactobacillus colonisation was not significantly related to delivery mode, or to presence of siblings or pets in the household. Our results suggest that certain Lactobacillus species, especially L. rhamnosus, thrive in the intestinal flora of breast-fed infants. After weaning they are replaced by other Lactobacillus species of types found in food.
Breast Feeding↗
Transport and metabolism of lactose, glucose, and galactose in homofermentative lactobacilli.
A number of species of lactobacilli were examined for their ability to ferment both the glucose and galactose moieties of lactose. Lactobacillus helveticus strains metabolized both the glucose and galactose moieties, whereas L. bulgaricus, L. lactis, and L. acidophilus strains metabolized only the glucose moiety and released galactose into the growth medium. All four species tested contained beta-galactosidase activity, and no significant phospho-beta-galactosidase activity was observed. L. bulgaricus and L. helveticus had a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):glucose phosphotransferase system for the uptake of glucose, but no evidence for a PEP:lactose phosphotransferase or PEP:galactose phosphotransferase system was obtained.
Journal Article↗
Bacterial flora of the respiratory tracts in chickens with a particular reference to Lactobacillus species.
The effects of three different types of breeding such as isolator, floor, and cage breedings on the bacterial flora of the respiratory tracts (nasal cavity, tongue, pharygolarynx, trachea and air sac) in chickens were determined. Total viable bacterial numbers on the nasal mucus of chickens in the isolator breeding as control group (Group A) aged of 14 days were 10(4.6)/g of autopsy specimen (wet weight), 10(5.7)/g of sample in the cage breeding (Group B) aged of 28 days, and 10(7.0)/g of sample in the floor breeding (Group C) aged of 28 days. Staphylococci and micrococci were predominant bacteria in the nasal cavities of all groups. Total viable numbers of tongue and pharygolarynx were from 10(5.4) to 10(6.5)/g of autopsy specimen. Lactobacilli were the predominant bacteria in pharyngolarynx of chickens. The incidence of staphylococci and micrococci in trachea was lower than those in the another regions. Staphylococci and micrococci dominated in the air sacs of two groups (B and C), but the number and incidence of lactobacilli in the air sacs of chickens were lower than those in the another respiratory tracts. The only clostridia isolation in the air sacs of Group A was observed. A total of 75 strains of Lactobacillus species was isoalted from all respiratory organs and intestine of chickens. These strains were divided into 19 groups. Lactobacillus salivearius subsp. salivarius was the predominant lactobacilli isolated from tongue and pharyngolarynx. Most of isolates from the chicken intestines were mainly identified as the L. acidophilus group and L. reuteri.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Air Microbiology↗
[In vitro and in vivo production of amines by a Lactobacillus strain isolated from a cock crop].
The chicken digestive tract is mainly colonized by bacteria belonging to the Lactobacillus genus. One of these strains (LEM-207) isolated from the crop of a cock and closely resembling L. acidophilus, was able to develop on a carbohydrate-free medium. Production of carbon dioxide and synthesis of tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were observed in the cultures. Once implanted in the crops of germ-free chickens, strain LEM-207 led to the formation of amines. In germ-free (axenic) animals, only endogenous tyramine was detected, whereas in monoassociated chickens, we found a production of tyramine, cadaverine and putrescine. The concentrations of cadaverine and putrescine decreased with increasing acidification of the contents, whereas the level of tyramine increased (7-fold higher level than in germ-free chicken). Amine production was not detected in the caeca. The toxicological aspects of tyramine production in terms of the animal are discussed.
Amines↗
Characterisation and differentiation of lactobacilli by lectin typing.
Lactobacillus isolates from healthy Estonian and Swedish children were characterised by a lectin typing technique; 56 isolates from six species (L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. brevis and L. buchneri) were tested. The typing system was based on an agglutination assay with a panel of six commercially available lectins, which were chosen on the basis of their carbohydrate specificities. The isolates were also subjected to proteolytic degradation before lectin typing to decrease auto-agglutination of whole cells in the assay. The 56 isolates were divided into 15 different lectin types by their lectin agglutination patterns. Proteolytic treatment reduced auto-agglutination for the majority of species, apart from L. acidophilus, which remained predominantly auto-agglutinating (eight of nine strains). The system produced stable and reproducible results under standardised culture conditions. Lactobacilli are important bacteria for use as probiotics and this system may supplement current molecular typing techniques and may help in identification of strains that could be useful in this role.
Agglutination Tests↗
[Hydrogen peroxide produced by Lactobacillus species as a regulatory molecule for vaginal microflora].
A total of 33 strains of Lactobacillus belonging to 9 species, isolated from vagina, were tested for production of hydrogen peroxide. We observed that the following species: L. delbrueckii, L. acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. johnsonii and L. gasseri dominated over other species in secretion of hydrogen peroxide to the growth medium. Concentration of this substance amounted from 0.05 to 1.06 mM (in case of strong aeration the concentration increased up to 1.8 mM). Moreover, killing properties of the pure hydrogen peroxide exerted toward Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were less prominent than these of the supernatants of cultures of Lactobacillus strains producing H2O2.
Female↗
Note: identification of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus and subspecies lactis dairy isolates by amplified rDNA restriction analysis.
Amplification and restriction analysis of the 16S rRNA gene (PCR-ARDRA) was used to identify Lactobacillus delbrueckii dairy isolates and to assign them to its three subspecies (delbrueckii, lactis and bulgaricus). PCR-ARDRA allowed confirmation of predictions from the DNA database regarding the restriction mapping of the 16S sequence to be verified in practice. PCR-ARDRA was shown to be a reliable and rapid method for identifying Lact. delbrueckii isolates at the subspecies level and for differentiating this species from Lact. helveticus and Lact. acidophilus.
Blotting, Southern↗
Further studies on thymidine kinase: distribution pattern of the enzyme in bacteria.
Various micro-organisms (131 strains of 73 species) were studied for their ability to produce thymidine kinase (TK; EC 2.7.1.21). Taking the specific TK activity of Escherichia coli K12 [specific activity of sonicated cell extracts 95-194 pmol min-1 (mg protein)-1] as 100%, the test organisms had the following relative specific TK activities. In the Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus (21-84%) showed higher activity than Staph. epidermidis (1-20%) and Streptococcus (1-7%) except for one strain of Strep. pyogenes (29%). Neisseria sicca, a Gram-negative coccus, lacked TK. Gram-positive endospore-forming rods showed significant activity (Bacillus, 13-51%; Clostridium perfringens, 9-18%) except for one strain of B. megaterium (2%) and C. difficile (1-3%). Among the Gram-positive asporogenous rods, Listeria monocytogenes and six species of Lactobacillus (especially L. brevis, L. buchneri and L. casei) had moderate to high activity (23-348%) but L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. lactis and L. cellobiosus had low activity (0-8%). Of the species of Pseudomonas studied, most lacked TK but Ps. fluorescens and Ps. maltophilia had significant TK activity (15-53%). Of the Gram-negative facultative anaerobes, Vibrio lacked TK, while Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella (148-1120%), Escherichia (59-141%), Klebsiella (78-299%) and Serratia (61-110%), had a high activity. Proteus had a somewhat lower activity (0-34%) except for 'Pr. rettgerella' (307%). Propionibacterium and Bifidobacterium and related organisms other than Streptomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium lacked TK. The seven species of Candida tested, and Cryptococcus neoformans, essentially lacked TK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Actinomycetales↗
[Combination of acidophilus and yoghurt bacteria, a new method of biological therapy].
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Biological Therapy↗
Fatty acid composition and freeze-thaw resistance in lactobacilli.
The fatty acid composition and freeze-thaw resistance of eight strains of thermophilic lactobacilli were studied. Seven of these contained the same polar and neutral lipids, the five major components making up 90% of the cellular fatty acid pool being 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 and C19 cyclopropane (cyc19:0). Strain comparison by means of cluster analysis based on the fatty acid ratios using the overlap coefficient revealed two well defined clusters. One was formed by three strains of species Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii, the other included five strains of the species Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lb. acidophilus and Lb. helveticus. Resistance of strains with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (66-70%) decreased with increasing cyc19:0 concentrations. In contrast, in strains with a low concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (42-49%), increasing cyc19:0 levels were associated with increased freeze-thaw resistance.
Cardiolipins↗
Bacteria associated with the gastric epithelium of neonatal pigs.
Light and electron microscopy showed lactobacilli and, to a lesser degree, streptococci to be closely associated with the squamous area of the pig stomach known as the pars esophagea. Several different types of extracellular layers were seen on bacteria attached to the epithelial surface. The total number of bacteria per square centimeter did not change with age up to 10 days, and there was no effect of weaning at 2 days. Lactobacillus fermentum, L. salivarius, and Streptococcus salivarius were isolated more frequently from sucking pigs than from those that were early weaned, whereas the reverse was true of L. acidophilus and S. bovis. All isolates recovered from washed macerated pars esophagea adhered to pig esophageal epithelial cells when tested in vitro.
Animals↗
Functional analysis of the gene encoding immunity to lactacin F, lafI, and its use as a Lactobacillus-specific, food-grade genetic marker.
Lactacin F is a two-component class II bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii VPI 11088. The laf operon is composed of the bacteriocin structural genes, lafA and lafX, and a third open reading frame, ORFZ. Two strategies were employed to study the function of ORFZ. This gene was disrupted in the chromosome of NCK64, a lafA729 lafX ORFZ derivative of VPI 11088. A disruption cassette consisting of ORFZ interrupted with a cat gene was cloned into pSA3 and introduced into NCK64. Manipulation of growth temperatures and antibiotic selection resulted in homologous recombination which disrupted the chromosomal copy of ORFZ with the cat gene. This ORFZ mutation resulted in loss of immunity to lactacin F but had little effect on production of LafX, which is not bactericidal without LafA. Expression of ORFZ in this ORFZ- background rescued the immune phenotype. Expression of ORFZ in a bacteriocin-sensitive derivative of VPI 11088 also reestablished immunity. These data indicate that ORFZ, renamed lafI, encodes the immunity factor for the lactacin F system. The sensitivity of various Lactobacillus strains to lactacin F was further evaluated. Lactacin F inhibited 11 strains including several members of the A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, and B2 L. acidophilus homology groups. Expression of lafI in bacteriocin-sensitive strains L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. acidophilus NCFM/N2, L. fermentum NCDO1750, L. gasseri ATCC 33323, and L. johnsonii ATCC 33200 provided immunity to lactacin F. Furthermore, it was shown that lactacin F production by VPI 11088 could be used to select for L. fermentum NCDO1750 transformants containing the recombinant plasmid encoding LafI. The data demonstrate that lafI is functional in heterologous hosts, suggesting that it may be a suitable food-grade genetic marker for use in lactobacillus species.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Divergence in codon usage of Lactobacillus species.
We have analyzed codon usage patterns of 70 sequenced genes from different Lactobacillus species. Codon usage in lactobacilli is highly biased. Both inter-species and intra-species heterogeneity of codon usage bias was observed. Codon usage in L. acidophilus is similar to that in L. helveticus, but dissimilar to that in L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. pentosus and L. plantarum. Codon usage in the latter three organisms is not significantly different, but is different from that in L. bulgaricus. Inter-species differences in codon usage can, at least in part, be explained by differences in mutational drift. L. bulgaricus shows GC drift, whereas all other species show AT drift. L. acidophilus and L. helveticus rarely use NNG in family-box (a set of synonymous) codons, in contrast to all other species. This result may be explained by assuming that L. acidophilus and L. helveticus, but not other species examined, use a single tRNA species for translation of family-box codons. Differences in expression level of genes are positively correlated with codon usage bias. Highly expressed genes show highly biased codon usage, whereas weakly expressed genes show much less biased codon usage. Codon usage patterns at the 5'-end of Lactobacillus genes is not significantly different from that of entire genes. The GC content of codons 2-6 is significantly reduced compared with that of the remainder of the gene. The possible implications of a reduced GC content for the control of translation efficiency are discussed.
Base Sequence↗
Effect of intestinal Lactobacillus starter cultures on the behaviour of Staphylococcus aureus in fermented sausage.
The effects of Lactobacillus strains isolated from intestinal tracts for starter cultures of fermented sausage on the growth rate and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus were studied at two fermentation temperatures of 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Initial inoculated populations in the sausage batter were approx. 10(4) cfu/g for S. aureus and 10(7) cfu/g for the Lactobacillus strain as a starter culture. Samples of sausage were taken during fermentation and analyzed for pH and microbial populations. In control lots without inoculation of Lactobacillus strains, staphylococcal enterotoxin was detected during fermentation at each temperature. Of three intestinal Lactobacillus strains, L. rhamnosus FERM P-15120 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei FERM P-15121 inhibited the growth and enterotoxin production of S. aureus in sausages during fermentation at both temperatures, although L. acidophilus FERM P-15119 could not satisfactorily suppress them. The effect of the two selected strains in meat fermentation (i.e., fermentation time, acid production, inhibition of S. aureus) was the same as that of a commercial L. sake starter culture for fermented sausage. These results suggest the intestinal Lactobacillus strains selected in this study could be utilized as a starter culture to produce new fermented meat products that are microbiologically safe.
Colony Count, Microbial↗
Lactose hydrolysis and beta-galactosidase activity in sonicated fermentation with Lactobacillus strains.
Milk fermentation with four Lactobacillus strains, including L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus B-5b, L. helveticus LH-17, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis SBT-2080 and L. acidophilus SBT-2068, was carried out under sonicated conditions. Under continuous sonication, viable cell count decreased or grew less than in conventional fermentation, but it increased considerably in static incubation after sonication. Sonication caused beta-galactosidase release from lactic acid bacteria cells to the culture medium, thus resulting in higher total beta-galactosidase activity. However, lactose hydrolysis was enhanced only when beta-alactosidase was effectively released. With L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus B-5b and L. helveticus LH-17. the degrees of lactose hydrolysis achieved were about 75% which is much higher than those in conventional fermentation (below 40%). Results presented here showed that a high viable cell count and a high degree of lactose hydrolysis could be simultaneously achieved by a suitable sonication method.
Culture Media↗