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Action of glomerulopressin on smooth muscle contraction, probably mediated by the release of prostaglandins.

The effect of glomerulopressin on the increase of the contractile tension developed by isolated strips of stomach fundus, duodenum and bladder of rats, was investigated. Glomerulopressin is a glucuronide whose contractile inducing effect was destroyed by beta-glucuronidase. It was observed that glomerulopressin increases the contractile tension of these tissues, and that this action was not blocked by atropine, cyproheptadine, tranylcypromine, but was inhibited by indomethacin, suggesting that the effect of glomerulopressin action was mediated by prostaglandin release.

Animals↗

Effect of indomethacin and prostaglandin on the smooth muscle contracting activity of angiotensin and other agonists.

Indomethacin had an equal inhibitory effect on the response of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to angiotensin II (angiotensin), bradykinin, histamine and acetylcholine. This effect did not seem to result from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, as it did not depend on the time of treatment with indomethacin. Prostaglandin E2 (prostaglandin) potentiated the responses of the guinea-pig ileum to angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine and acetylcholine without significant differences in the effects observed. In the rabbit isolated mesenteric and coeliac arteries, indomethacin had an equal potentiating effect on the responses to angiotensin and to adrenaline. In these organs pre-incubation with indomethacin was necessary for the effect to be observed, and this effect lasted for 2 h or more after that drug was removed from the medium. No cross-tachyphylaxis between angiotensin and adrenaline was observed in the rabbit mesenteric and coeliac arteries. It is concluded that the effects of indomethacin and prostaglandin on the response of the guinea-pig ileum to the four agonists result from an action on the smooth muscle contractile mechanism per se rather than from an inhibitory action on the release of endogenous prostaglandin produced by the four agonists. The results with the rabbit isolated arteries indicate that tachyphylaxis to angiotensin in these organs is not caused by prostaglandin release.

Acetylcholine↗

Smooth muscle contracting lipid-soluble principles in chromatographic fractions of Ocimum gratissimum.

Fractions isolated from Ocimum gratissimum leaves by lipid extraction and column- and thin-layer chromatography have been shown to contain components which contract guinea pig ileum, rat colon and raise rat mean arterial blood pressure. TLC analysis indicates that these compounds are fairly polar. Analysis of one of the components by mass spectra shows the presence of an unknown with a molecular mass of at least 353 daltons containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and possibly nitrogen. A tentative molecular formula, as deduced from computer analysis, is either C21H37O4 or C19H35N3O3.

Africa, Western↗

The effect of Video Display Terminal (VDT) mouse use on muscle contractions in the neck and forearm.

This study used surface electromyography (EMG) to examine the percent of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) of the upper trapezius, the flexors of the wrist/fingers and extensors of the wrist/fingers during Video Display Terminal (VDT) mouse use with the mouse positioned either next to the computer or on a lapdesk. Thirty participants, between the ages of 18 and 40, used a VDT mouse to follow a prescribed pattern for three trials at each location. Although there was a trend towards the lapdesk location producing lower %MVC than the computer location for the trapezius and wrist/finger flexors (lapdesk: trapezius M 4.71%, wrist/finger flexors M 3.53%; computer: trapezius M 5.74%, wrist/finger flexors M 3.94%) a two way ANOVA controlling for sequence and order found no significant difference between the means. There was no trend for the effects of location for the wrist/finger extensors. These results suggest that changing the position of the mouse may not significantly reduce muscle contractions.

Journal Article↗

Repetitive static muscle contractions in humans--a trigger of metabolic and oxidative stress?

Repetitive static exercise (RSE) is a repetitive condition of partial ischaemia/reperfusion and may therefore be connected to the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals and tissue damage. Seven subjects performed two-legged intermittent knee extension exercise repeating at 10 s on and 10 s off at a target force corresponding to about 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction force. The RSE was continued for 80 min (n = 4) or to fatigue (n = 3). Four of the subjects also performed submaximal dynamic exercise (DE) at an intensity of about 60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) for the same period. Whole body oxygen uptake (VO2) increased gradually with time during RSE (P less than 0.05), indicating a decreased mechanical efficiency. This was further supported by a slow increase in leg blood flow (P less than 0.05) and leg oxygen utilization (n.s.) during RSE. In contrast, prolonged RSE had no effect on VO2 during submaximal cycling. Maximal force (measured in six additional subjects) declined gradually during RSE and was not completely restored after 60 min of recovery. After 20 and 80 min (or at fatigue) RSE phosphocreatine (PC) dropped to 74% and 60% of the initial value, respectively. A similar decrease in PC occurred during DE. Muscle and arterial lactate concentrations remained low during both RSE and DE. The three subjects who were unable to continue RSE for 80 min showed no signs of a more severe energy imbalance than the other subjects. A continuous release of K+ occurred during both RSE and DE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

Osmotic properties of myosin subfragment 1: implications of the mechanism of muscle contraction.

The osmotic behavior of myosin subfragment 1 was studied at 22 degrees C and pH 7.45 in 0.1 m KCl, 2 mm MgCl2, and 10 mm triethanolamine or in 25 mm phosphate, 2 mm MgCl2, and 2 mm MgADP. It was found that, in 0.1 m KCl, myosin subfragment 1 behaved as a spheroidal particle, with an average diameter of 8.09 nm, composed of two myosin subfragment 1 molecules. The lower limit of the thermodynamic dimerization constant was estimated to be 3.5 x 10(4) M-1. Above 5 mm as monomer, myosin subfragment 1 departed from the behavior expected of a dimeric spheroidal model because of the onset of a "hydration force." This force measured at the contact distance between particles equals 2.18 x 10(7) dynes/cm2 and falls off exponentially with a decay distance of 0.27 nm. In 25 mm orthophosphate, myosin subfragment 1, with an increase in the protein osmotic pressure, shifted from the behavior of a sphere to that of a cylinder. Between 1 x 10(5) and 4 x 10(5) dynes/cm2, the behavior of myosin subfragment 1 was different in the presence and in the absence of MgADP. In particular, at 1.8 x 10(5) dynes/cm2, the protein osmotic pressure in frog muscle, myosin subfragment 1 behaved as a sphere of 3.21-nm radius in the presence of MgADP and as a cylinder with a length to diameter ratio of 2.07 in the absence of MgADP. Under the solution conditions used in this work, S1 never behaved as a fully extended particle.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

Vascular smooth muscle contraction initiated by postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation is induced by an influx of extracellular calcium.

Vasoconstriction in pithed, normotensive rats elicited via stimulation of postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors by B-HT 920 was antagonized by EDTA and the calcium antagonists nifedipine, D 600 and verapamil, whereas pressor responses to the alpha 1-agonist methoxamine were unaffected. This indicates that vasoconstriction in vivo initiated via postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors requires an influx of extracellular calcium. Thus, the antihypertensive effect of calcium antagonists may be based upon a diminution of vascular tone maintained by postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

Animals↗

The effects of propranolol on skeletal muscle contraction, lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant activity in experimental hyperthyroidism.

1. The mean levels of lipid peroxidation products, namely conjugated diene and malonaldehyde, were increased in the soleus muscles of hyperthyroid cats, while the mean glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased. No corresponding similar changes were noted in the fast extensor digitorum longus muscles and serum. 2. Propranolol administration prevented the increase in conjugated diene level in the soleus muscles of hyperthyroid cat but not the malonaldehyde level. It also prevented the reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity in the slow oxidative soleus muscles of hyperthyroid cats. 3. Maximal twitch tension, subtetanic tension and maximum tetanic tension of soleus and EDL muscles were reduced in hyperthyroid cats. Propranolol administration for 5 weeks to hyperthyroid cats did not prevent the reduction in tension of contractions of these muscles. 4. It is suggested that lipid peroxidation might not be responsible for the myopathy in hyperthyroidism and propranolol administration does not improve skeletal muscle function in hyperthyroid animals.

Animals↗

Smooth muscle contracting compounds in the venom of Megascolia flavifrons (Hym: Scoliidae) with notes on the stinging behaviour.

1. The wasp Megascolia flavifrons stings larvae of the stag beetle Oryctes nasicornis on the ventral side of all segments, except the last three, which do not contain nerve ganglia. 2. Experiments indicate a central rather than a peripheral action of the venom. 3. From pharmacological analysis it is concluded that the venom does not contain cholinergic or serotonergic activity, but contains histamine- and bradykinin-like substances. 4. The presence of histamine was confirmed by a radioenzymatic method.

Animals↗

A guinea pig model for study of bladder mast cell function: histamine release and smooth muscle contraction.

To study the function of mast cells in bladder tissue, guinea pigs were sensitized with ovalbumin by intraperitoneal injections, bladder tissue strips were superfused, and tissue contractile force and histamine release were studied. Upon challenge with ovalbumin, bladder tissue contracted 64 +/- 4% (mean +/- S.E.M.) of the maximum carbachol contraction and released 14.1 +/- 1.6% of the total tissue histamine content. Incubation of sensitized bladder tissue with indomethacin led to an increased force and duration of the contraction while incubation with nordihydroguaiaretic acid combined with pyrilamine reduced histamine release and abolished the contraction. Tissue histamine content was significantly higher in the bladder neck than in the dome, and significantly elevated following sensitization. Histochemical studies of bladder tissue demonstrated mast cell degranulation in antigen challenge experiments. In addition, a group of guinea pigs were sensitized to ovalbumin through bladder instillations. With this model, study of the functional characteristics of bladder mast cells and the acute actions of mast cell products on the bladder microenvironment, should now be feasible.

Animals↗

Individual states in the cycle of muscle contraction.

By using appropriate analogs of ATP, isometrically-held glycerol-extracted psoas fibers from rabbits are forced successively into states corresponding to molecular species in the contractile cycle. In each state measurements are made of P[unk], a fluorescence polarization parameter thought to relate to attitude of S-1 moieties of the myosin molecules. Also, the value of P[unk] is measured during active tension development. It is suggested that this value is a time-average of the P[unk] as S-1 moieties move through the various states of the cycle. Proposals are made concerning the sequence of states in the cycle.

Actins↗

ATP utilization and force during intermittent and continuous muscle contractions.

Energy utilization and force generation under anaerobic conditions were studied in electrically stimulated quadriceps femoris muscle of four volunteers. To investigate the effects of intermittent vs. continuous stimulation one leg was stimulated intermittently and the other continuously during 50 s. The same initial force was produced, and biopsy samples were obtained before the stimulation and after 10, 20, and 50 s and analyzed for energy-rich phosphagens, glycolytic intermediates, and phosphorylase. The ATP utilization and glycolysis were greater during intermittent contraction, but glycogenolysis was equal. ATP content decreased to lower values after intermittent contraction (16.4 compared with 19.6 mmol/kg dry muscle after continuous contraction). Force generation was well preserved during continuous contraction but successively decreased after 20 s of intermittent stimulation down to 50% of initial at end of work. The energy cost per unit work was greater during intermittent stimulation and increased with contraction time, whereas it decreased with time during continuous stimulation. The decrease in force generation in intermittent exercise is suggested to be due to the higher energy cost for contraction resulting in greater changes in the intracellular environment with lower ATP and increased H+ and Pi. These changes would decrease both activation of the contractile system and the cross-bridge turnover rate resulting from activation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

Multiple effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on vascular smooth muscle contraction.

The effects of three tyrosine kinase inhibitors: genistein, quercetin and psi-tectorigenin, were investigated on contractions evoked in de-endothelised rat aortic rings, either by phenylephrine or 70 mM K+. A dose-dependent inhibition of both contractions by all three compounds was observed, the phenylephrine-mediated contractions being more sensitive to genistein. No differences between genistein or quercetin effects in pre-treatment or post-treatment protocols were found. Ca2+ store refilling, expressed in terms of phenylephrine-induced tension in Ca(2+)-free medium, was dose-dependently blocked by quercetin and genistein. Sodium orthovanadate, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatase, contracted the rat aortic rings with an IC50 of 0.66 microM. Its presence during the refilling period after exposure to Ca(2+)-free medium completely prevented the subsequent response to phenylephrine. One can conclude that the use of the above-mentioned protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the rat aorta blocks a step involved in Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ store refilling. A definite conclusion regarding the vanadate effects is not possible due to the fact that this compound also affects Ca2+ ATP-ases.

Animals↗

[Action of atropine on smooth muscle contractions after administering alpha-adrenoreceptor blockaders].

In acute experiments on anesthetized cats, changes of potentials and motility of the longitudinal and circular layers of the small intestine and stomach were studied in response to atropine administration before and after blocking of alpha--adrenoreceptors (dihydroergotamine, dihydroergotoxin, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine). The effects of these drugs both on spontaneous and evoked (histamine, i. v., sucrose and NaCl into the gut lumen) motor activity were studied. The inhibitory action of atropine on intestinal motility was partially (in intact animals) or completely (on isolated intestinal segments) abolished after alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking. The mechanism of the atropine effect is discussed in the light of the data on M--cholinoreceptors in the sympathetic postganglionic axons.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

Alternative myosin hinge regions are utilized in a tissue-specific fashion that correlates with muscle contraction speed.

By comparing the structure of wild-type and mutant muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) genes of Drosophila melanogaster, we have identified the defect in the homozygous-viable, flightless mutant Mhc10. The mutation is within the 3' splice acceptor of an alternative exon (exon 15a) that encodes the central region of the MHC hinge. The splice acceptor defect prevents the accumulation of mRNAs containing exon 15a, whereas transcripts with a divergent copy of this exon (exon 15b) are unaffected by the mutation. In situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis of wild-type organisms reveals that exon 15b is used in larval MHCs, whereas exons 15a and/or 15b are used in adult tissues. Because Mhc10 mutants fail to accumulate transcripts encoding MHC protein with hinge region a, analysis of their muscle-specific reduction in thick filament number serves as a sensitive assay system for determining the pattern of accumulation of MHCs with alternative hinge regions. Electron microscopic comparisons of various muscles from wild-type and Mhc10 adults reveals that those that contract rapidly or develop high levels of tension utilize only hinge region a, those that contract at moderate rates accumulate MHCs of both types, and those that are slowly contracting have MHCs with hinge region b. The presence of alternative hinge-coding exons and their highly tissue-specific usage suggests that this portion of the MHC molecule is important to the isoform-specific properties of MHC that lead to the different physiological and ultrastructural characteristics of various Drosophila muscle types. The absence of other alternative exons in the rod-coding region, aside from those shown previously to encode alternative carboxyl termini, demonstrates that the bulk of the myosin rod is not involved in the generation of isoform-specific properties of the MHC molecule.

Alleles↗

The effect of ovariectomy and estradiol on rabbit bladder smooth muscle contraction and morphology.

PURPOSE: The bladder can be considered a target organ for the actions of estrogen. Decreases in circulating estrogen after menopause have been associated with bladder dysfunctions, including incontinence and detrusor instability. We determined the effects of estrogen on rabbit bladder contractile function and morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female New Zealand White rabbits were ovariectomized or sham operated and treated with vehicle or estradiol (1 mg/kg weekly) for 5 weeks. Serum estradiol concentration was monitored every 2 weeks. After treatment each rabbit was anesthetized, the bladder was catheterized, cystometry was performed, and the bladder was removed for contractile and morphological studies. Apoptosis in paraffin embedded rabbit bladder tissue was detected using in situ end-labeling, specifically terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase nick end labeling or the TUNEL assay. RESULTS: Ovariectomy resulted in a 50% decrease in circulating estrogen and estradiol treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase. Ovariectomy had no significant effects on bladder capacity, micturition pressure or bladder weight; whereas estradiol treatment resulted in significant increases in bladder capacity and bladder weight. Ovariectomy resulted in a decreased rate of tension generation in response to field stimulation, carbachol and KCl. Estradiol resulted in increased contractile responses to FS and carbachol, and an increased rate of tension generation for carbachol and KCl. Histologically ovariectomy resulted in significant urothelial apoptosis, which was not present in the sham operated or estradiol treated groups. Estradiol treatment resulted in the appearance of large cytoplasmic vacuoles in the urothelium and significant smooth muscle hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that bladder function and structure can be significantly affected by modulating the circulating estrogen level. In addition, estrogen given in pharmacological doses can have a significant hypertrophic effect on bladder smooth muscle, resulting in increased contractile function.

Animals↗

Regulation of muscle contraction: bindings of troponin and its components to actin and tropomyosin.

The bindings of troponin components to actin and tropomyosin has been studied by cosedimentation with actin and affinity chromatography. It is shown that troponin binds to actin and tropomyosin in the presence and absence of calcium but the binding to actin is sensitive to ionic strength. Troponin-I + C binds to actin-tropomyosin in the absence of calcium but not to actin or tropomyosin alone. Troponin-I binds to actin and the binding is improved in the presence of tropomyosin even though troponin-I does not bind to tropomyosin alone. Troponin-C does not bind to actin or tropomyosin. The results suggest that the binding of troponin by actin is influenced by tropomyosin. A model of regulation by troponin is proposed.

Actins↗