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PubMed2000

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphometry of the hippocampus in chronic fatigue syndrome.

Seven patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) were matched with ten healthy control subjects of similar age. Hippocampal volume, obtained from magnetic resonance images using an unbiased method, showed no difference between the two groups, whereas proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a significantly reduced concentration of N-acetylaspartate in the right hippocampus of CFS patients (p = 0.005).

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immunohistochemical morphometry of pancreatic islets in the cat.

The application of immunohistochemical technique with antisera for glucagon (Glu), insulin (Ins), somatostatin (Som) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) to serial sections of the cat pancreas permitted the quantitative evaluation of the population of 4 endocrine cell types and that of the area, larger diameter and density of islets. The pancreas was divided macroscopically into the 4 portions, duodenal, gastric, anastomotic and splenic. The duodenal portion was characterized by the localization of PP-immunoreactive (IR) cell-rich islets, the dissemination of PP-IR cells in the exocrine parenchyma and the absence of Glu-IR cells. In the duodenal portion, the area, the larger diameter and the density of islets were significantly smaller than those in the other 3 portions. On the contrary, the other 3 portions were marked with the deficiency of PP-IR cells and the existence of Glu-IR cell-rich islets. Ins-IR cells, identified as compact cell masses without any other types of cells, occupied a major part of every islet, composing much the same population throughout the 4 portions. The Som-IR cell population appeared to be closely in parallel with the Glu-IR cell population in all of the portions. It is concluded that all islets are similar in the Ins-IR cell population, but different in the complementary arrangement of Glu- and PP-IR cells. Based on this difference, 2 types of islets can be classified.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Morphometry on proximal tubule of the kidney in rat pups from uninephrectomized mothers.

Effects of maternal uninephrectomy in rats, which was performed on day 5 of gestation, on development of proximal renal tubule of the pups were morphometrically investigated. One day after birth, both the proximal tubular length per unit volume (1 mm3) of whole kidney and total proximal tubular volume in the neonates from uninephrectomized mothers were significantly larger than those in the neonates from sham-operated mothers. Six weeks after birth, no significant differences in parameters of the kidney were observed between the pups from uninephrectomized and sham-operated mothers. These results suggest that maternal uninephrectomy in the rat accelerates the development of proximal renal tubule in the fetus and that the renotropic activity is not lasting during postnatal development of the kidney.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Morphometry of abnormal peroxisomes induced by withdrawal of bezafibrate, a hypolipidemic drug in male rat hepatocytes.

Peroxisomes containing fibrillar structures were induced after 1 week withdrawal of bezafibrate, a peroxisome proliferator. In this report, the relation between the duration of bezafibrate treatment and the induction of abnormal peroxisomes in rat hepatocytes was studied morphometrically. The abnormal peroxisomes did not appear during 3 to 90 days of treatment with bezafibrate, but they appeared after 1 week withdrawal of it. The number and frequency of abnormal peroxisomes were prominent in 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment followed by 1 week of withdrawal of bezafibrate. It was evident that the frequency of abnormal peroxisomes decreased with 30-90 days administration of bezafibrate. This means that long-term (30-90 days) treatment with bezafibrate suppresses the induction of abnormal peroxisomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Morphology and morphometry of skulls of raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonoides and badgers, Meles meles.

In order to obtain the basic data to identify the skeletal remains from the archaeological sites, morphological and morphometrical studies were carried out on skulls of living raccoon dogs (35 males and 45 females) and badgers (16 males and 8 females) from Kagoshima Prefecture. Macroscopically, the sexual differences were observed in badgers for the parts of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the occipital squama, but were not in raccoon dogs. Among 24 cranial measurements, significant sexual differences were found in five measurement items in raccoon dogs, while 12 items in badgers. Mandibles showed significant sexual differences in both species. Raccoon dogs had significantly larger values than badgers in most of the items concerning length of cranium and most mandibular measurements. The discrimination efficiencies of discriminant formulae between both sexes were lower in raccoon dogs, but higher in badgers, and the efficiencies between both species were obtained 100%. In the regression formulae for estimating skull length, some formulae showed high coefficients of determination in both species. These observations represented interspecific and sexual differences in the skulls of raccoon dogs and badgers.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Morphometry of fine structural alterations of hepatocytes of Japanese monkeys under fasting stress.

The fine structural alterations of hepatocytes of Japanese monkeys under 4 days of fasting stress were analyzed morphometrically. One of the conspicuous alterations was the enlargement of mitochondria. The average diameter of mitochondria in fasting group increased to approximately 1.89-fold of that in control group, though their number did not change. The number of peroxisomes was 1.36-fold of that in control, though their area did not change. In addition, many of r-ER were swollen and were vesiculated. The appearance of bundle of actin-like stress fiber also increased in the fasting animals. The glycogen area as well as liver weight decreased in fasting group.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The morphometry and pathological anatomy of the lumbar spine in South African negroes and caucasoids with specific reference to spinal stenosis.

Direct measurements were made on 2,166 lumbar vertebrae of 433 adult negro and caucasoid skeletons. On statistical analysis, forty-five vertebrae in twenty-seven skeletons were found to be stenotic, the mid-sagittal diameter being the significantly reduced dimension. Whereas spinal stenosis syndromes are rare in South African negroes, the lumbar canal is marginally narrower in the negro. There is a uniformity of configuration and capacity of the lumbar spinal canal, which transcends race and sex. By a new method of determining the dorsal limit of the lumbar canal on lateral plain radiography, the overall average lower limit of normal of the mid-sagittal diameter is established at 15 millimetres, and of the transverse diameter 20 millimetres. Bony degenerative changes are more likely to cause neurological compression in the nerve root tunnel than in the spinal canal. The role of skeletal narrowing of the spinal canal as an exclusive cause of the spinal stenosis syndrome may have been exaggerated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Intermittent and continuous administration of the bisphosphonate ibandronate in ovariohysterectomized beagle dogs: effects on bone morphometry and mineral properties.

Bisphosphonates have emerged as a valuable treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate treatment is usually accompanied by a 3-6% gain in bone mineral density (BMD) during the first year of treatment and by a decrease in bone turnover. Despite low bone turnover, BMD continues to increase slowly beyond the first year of treatment. There is evidence that bisphosphonates not only increase bone volume but also enhance secondary mineralization. The present study was conducted to address this issue and to compare the effects of continuous and intermittent bisphosphonate therapy on static and dynamic parameters of bone structure, formation, and resorption and on mineral properties of bone. Sixty dogs were ovariohysterectomized (OHX) and 10 animals were sham-operated (Sham). Four months after surgery, OHX dogs were divided in six groups (n = 10 each). They received for 1 year ibandronate daily (5 out of 7 days) at a dose of 0, 0.8, 1.2, 4.1, and 14 microg/kg/day or intermittently (65 microg/kg/day, 2 weeks on, 11 weeks off). Sham dogs received vehicle daily. At month 4, there was a significant decrease in bone volume in OHX animals (p < 0.05). Doses of ibandronate >/= 4.1 microg/kg/day stopped or completely reversed bone loss. Bone turnover (activation frequency) was significantly depressed in OHX dogs given ibandronate at the dose of 14 microg/kg/day. This was accompanied by significantly higher crystal size, a higher mineral-to-matrix ratio, and a more uniformly mineralized bone matrix than in control dogs. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that an increase in secondary mineralization plays a role in gain in BMD associated with bisphosphonate treatment. Moreover, intermittent and continuous therapies had a similar effect on bone volume. However, intermittent therapy was more sparing on bone turnover and bone mineral properties. Intermittent therapy could therefore represent an attractive alternative approach to continuous therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Three-dimensional morphometry of the L6 vertebra in the ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis: biomechanical implications.

This article summarizes the results of a three-dimensional study of changes in the morphology of the L6 rat vertebra at 120 days after ovariectomy (OVX), with estrogen replacement therapy used as a positive control. Synchrotron radiation microtomography was used to quantify the structural parameters defining trabecular bone architecture, while finite-element methods were used to explore the relationships between these parameters and the compressive elastic behavior of the vertebrae. There was a 22% decrease in trabecular bone volume (TBV) and a 19% decline in mean trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) with OVX. This was accompanied by a 150% increase in trabecular connectivity, a result of the perforation of trabecular plates. Finite-element analysis of the trabecular bone removed from the cortical shell showed a 37% decline in the Young's modulus in compression after OVX with no appreciable change in the estrogen-treated group. The intact vertebrae (containing its trabecular bone) exhibited a 15% decrease in modulus with OVX, but this decline lacked statistical significance. OVX-induced changes in the trabecular architecture were different from those that have been observed in the proximal tibia. This difference was a consequence of the much more platelike structure of the trabecular bone in the vertebra.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Identification of vertebral deformities in women: comparison of radiological assessment and quantitative morphometry using morphometric radiography and morphometric X-ray absorptiometry.

Our aim was to compare normal vertebral reference values for morphometric radiography (MRX) and morphometric X-ray absorptiometry (MXA) and to compare these methods for the identification of vertebral deformities. We calculated MXA reference values (Hologic QDR 4500 A) for 327 women (ages 22-88 years) randomly selected from local General Practice lists in Sheffield, U.K. MRX reference values were calculated from spinal radiographs for 123 of these subjects (ages 56-88 years). We used these reference values to identify deformities in the MRX and MXA reference populations and in 83 women with osteoporosis (ages 49-87 years). We observed differences in mean deformity of vertebral height ratios measured by MRX and MXA, especially for the mid-to-posterior ratio. We compared agreement between quantitative methods (MRX and MXA) and qualitative radiological assessment. Severity of deformity was defined by semiquantitative (SQ) assessment. Agreement was moderate for MRX (k = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.43-0.77) and for MXA (k = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.29-0.66) in the reference population. Agreement was good for MRX (k = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.82-0.89) and MXA (k = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.66-0.75) in the osteoporotic population. MRX and MXA correctly identified a greater proportion of moderate or severe deformities compared with mild deformities. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy were slightly better for MRX than for MXA. Although MXA agrees well with qualitative radiological assessment, the large proportion of vertebrae excluded from analysis because of poor image quality limits the diagnostic value of the technique. Reference intervals should be technique specific.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

Use of CT morphometry to detect changes in lung weight and gas volume.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: CT estimates of lung density have been used to estimate the extent and severity of emphysema. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that quantitative CT can track the changes that occur in diffuse lung disease. DESIGN: The study was based on five patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) who underwent lung lavage. Pulmonary function was measured before and after each individual lung lavage, and the CT scans before and after lavage were used to compare total lung volume, airspace volume, lung weight, and regional lung inflation. The dry weight of proteinaceous material lavaged from the lung was measured and compared to the change in CT lung weight. RESULTS: All the patients showed improvements in dyspnea, percentage of predicted diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and FVC. There was no change in CT-measured total lung volume or airspace volume, but there was a reduction in lung weight following lavage (p = 0.001), which correlated with the dry weight of the lavage effluent (R(2) = 0.73). Therefore, there was a shift in the regional lung inflation toward a more inflated lung with a corresponding increase in the mean lung inflation (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: These data show that quantitative CT can objectively track the changes in lung weight and airspace inflation produced by a standard intervention in PAP, and we postulate that it can provide similar information about the progression of other diffuse lung diseases.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage↗
PubMed1976

Ultrastructural morphometry of the blood-air barrier in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Stereologic techniques were utilized in an electron microscopic study of biopsy samples obtained from the lungs of seven patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Relative fractional volumes of alveolar septal components and the arithmetic mean thickness and harmonic mean thickness of alveolocapillary membranes (blood-air barrier) were compared with values for normal lungs. Based on morphometric analysis, increases in the arithmetic mean thickness and the harmonic mean thickness of the alveolocapillary membranes appeared too small to account for the reduction in gas transfer present; however, there was a quantitative relative increase in interstitial tissue in alveolar septa, which does not take part in gas exchange, at the expense of the capillary bed, which is critical to this function.

Capillaries↗
PubMed2003

A percolation approach to neural morphometry and connectivity.

This article addresses the issues of neural shape characterization and analysis from the perspective of one of the main roles played by neural shapes, namely, connectivity. This study is oriented toward the geometry at the individual cell level and involves the use of the percolation concept from statistical mechanics, which is reviewed in an accessible fashion. The characterization of the neural cell geometry with respect to connectivity is performed in terms of critical percolation probability obtained experimentally while considering several types of geometrical interactions between cells, therefore directly expressing the potential for connections defined by each situation. Two basic situations are considered: dendrite-dendrite and dendrite-axon interactions. The obtained results corroborate the potential of the critical percolation probability as a valuable resource for characterizing, classifying, and analyzing the morphology of neural cells.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Morphometry of the human splenic artery: muscular columns, morphofunctional aspects and developmental implications.

There is a paucity of studies in the literature concerning the structural characteristics of the arterial wall in the abdominal region using human material and specialized morphometric techniques. In the present study we carry out the morphometric study, describing a series of structural peculiarities in 12 segments of the human splenic artery. Among these the presence of length-wise or spiral-shaped muscular columns in the medial layer which mark and reduce the diameter of the arterial lumen is of major importance. In its underlying intima small localized thickenings appear which, with age may become generalized. We also analyze the different intimal thickenings and such indices as the Intimal Thickening Index, Lumen Reduction Index and Pathologic Thickening Index, with differences among the groups we have considered. The study of elastin in the various parietal structures help us to understand the possible pathogenesis of the thickenings, and to clarify the important morphological-functional correlation for the regulation of blood flow which exists in this arterial region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Bone changes in hyperthyroidism: interrelationships between bone morphometry, thyroid function and calcium-phosphorus metabolism.

Iliac-crest biopsies were obtained from 40 untreated hyperthyroid patients after double-labelling with tetracycline. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on undecalcified and decalcified bone sections. The morphometric and chemical data were compared with those in normal control groups and the results of the morphometric analyses were related to thyroid function and to chemical quantities of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. The bone turn-over was increased in the hyperthyroid patients with an increase both in bone resorption and bone formation. Serum alkaline phosphphatase was increased and positively correlated to the amount of osteoid and to the extent of tetracycline-labelled surfaces. The osteoclastic resorption was positively and the bone formation inversely correlated to thyroid activity. This might explain the reduced amount of trabecular bone found in hyperthyroidism. The most striking feature was, however, a pronounced increase in osteoclastic activity in cortical bone followed by increased porosity. The osteoclastic resorption in cortical bone was positively correlated to serum concentrations and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus. This indicates that increased cortical osteoclastic resorption is mainly responsible for bone mineral mobilisation in hyperthyroidism.

Adolescent↗