SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,693 records · Page 94Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

[Effect of acupuncture of zusanli (St. 36) on the content of beta-endorphin of the gastrointestinal tract in rats].

The present study attempts to search the mechanism with which Zusanli regulates the gastrointestinal function by using radioimmunoassay to measure the contents of immunoreactive beta-endorphin (ir-beta-Ep) in gastrointestine, anterior lobe of the pituitary and plasma of the rats after electro-acupuncture of Zusanli. The findings showed that the contents of ir-beta-Ep in the gastroparietal mucous membrane, pyloric mucous membrane, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were significantly elevated 30 min after electro-acupuncture of Zusanli. But the contents of ir-beta-Ep in the anterior lobe of the pituitary and plasma were not changed. These results suggested that it may be through the endogenous opiate peptides in gastrointestine that Zusanli regulates the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

Acupuncture Points↗

PubMed1978

[Fluoride metabolism in the rat. 3. Distribution in the gastrointestinal tract after oral application].

With relation to the investigation of the mechanism of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, the present third communication deals with a study of the distribution or absorption of fluorine-18 after oral application. This mode of application creates experimental conditions simulating the conditions of water fluoridation. Special attention is paid to the fluorine distribution or absorption in the following six portions: stomach, segments 1--3 of the small intestine, coecum und rectum. Furthermore, the question of its possible accumulation in the soft parts and its retention in the hard tissues were examined as compared with the results from intravenous application.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2005

The role of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids in the gastrointestinal tract.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are generally prescribed to ameliorate symptoms associated with acute pain and chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Recent epidemiologic studies and clinical trials indicate that use of NSAIDs and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitors are associated with a reduced risk of certain malignancies, especially gastrointestinal cancer. The cyclooxygenase enzymes are the best known targets of NSAIDs; this diverse class of compounds blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids derived from COX-1 and COX-2 are involved in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent efforts to identify the molecular mechanisms by which COX-2-derived prostanoids exert their proneoplastic effects have provided a rationale for the possible use of NSAIDs alone or in a combination with conventional or experimental anticancer agents for the treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal cancers.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Chromosomal aberrations in lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract.

B-cell lymphomas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have represented a field of extensive research ever since a close association was shown with chronic inflammatory processes such as Helicobacter pylori infection. Much evidence has accumulated to suggest that the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) induced by inflammation and autoimmune processes is the environment which gives rise to the small cell lymphomas of the GI tract (e.g. extranodal marginal B-cell lymphoma according to REAL). The small B-cell lymphoma may then progress to the large cell variants. Hence, B-cell lymphomas of the GI tract may present a model for lymphomagenesis and progression. In this review, recent cytogenetic data are discussed which yield new insights into the biology of gastrointestinal lymphomas.

Chromosome Aberrations↗

PubMed2006

Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of the farmed South African abalone Haliotis midae by the probionts Vibrio midae SY9, Cryptococcus sp. SS1, and Debaryomyces hansenii AY1.

Viable cell counts and/or in situ hybridization were used to determine whether the probionts Vibrio midae SY9, Cryptococcus sp. SS1, and Debaryomyces hansenii AY1 can colonize the gastrointestinal tract of the South African abalone Haliotis midae. The number of culturable probiotic cells reisolated from H. midae fed probiotic-supplemented feed for 3 weeks ranged from 10(6) to 10(7) cfu/g gut material. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in probiont numbers 2 days after feeding the probiotic-supplemented feed had been halted correlated with a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in intestinal protease and amylase activity. There was a positive correlation between Cryptococcus sp. SS1 and amylase activity (r2= 0.681) and V. midae SY9.8 and protease activity (r2= 0.711) in the H. midae intestine. Although culturable probionts were isolated from abalone that had not been fed probiotic-supplemented feed for a 2-week period, the drop in the number of probiotic cells colonizing the abalone digestive tract 2 days after feeding with the probiotic-supplemented feed had been halted indicates that farmed abalone should be fed probiotic-supplemented feed at least every second day for maximum benefit.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

The emerging roles of hydrogen sulfide in the gastrointestinal tract and liver.

Hydrogen sulfide, like nitric oxide, was best known as a toxic pollutant before becoming recognized as a key regulator of several physiologic processes. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to suggest important roles for hydrogen sulfide as a mediator of several aspects of gastrointestinal and liver function. Moreover, alterations in hydrogen sulfide production could contribute to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. For example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce production of hydrogen sulfide in the stomach, and this has been shown to contribute to the generation of mucosal injury. Hydrogen sulfide has also been shown to play a key role in modulation of visceral hyperalgesia. Inhibitors of hydrogen sulfide synthesis and drugs that can generate safe levels of hydrogen sulfide in vivo have been developed and are permitting interventional studies in experimental models and, in the near future, humans.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1970

The purification and properties of carbonic anhydrases from guinea-pig erythrocytes and mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract.

Procedures for isolating carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) enzymes from the erythrocytes and the mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract of guinea pigs are described. From a haemolysate, haemoglobin was removed by the addition of ammonium sulphate, and also by two other methods, namely by gel filtration or by adsorption on DEAE-Sephadex. The crude enzyme thus obtained was resolved into the different isoenzymes by chromatography with DEAE-cellulose. From particle-free supernatants of homogenates of some gastrointestinal tissues, carbonic anhydrases were purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-cellulose. The major isoenzymes from blood, stomach, proximal colonic mucosa and caecal mucosa were homogeneous during ion-exchange chromatography, acrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and centrifugal examination. From these tissues, carbonic anhydrase was isolated as two major isoenzymes. They resemble the pairs of isoenzymes discovered in the bloods of other species. The carbon dioxide hydratase activity of one isoenzyme (;high activity' carbonic anhydrase) was 40 times that of the other isoenzyme (;low activity' carbonic anhydrase), as measured at a single substrate concentration. Two other minor components of the enzyme are also found in guinea-pig erythrocytes. All of the enzymes isolated had molecular weights of nearly 30000 (sedimentation equilibrium). ;High activity' carbonic anhydrases from blood and gastrointestinal tissues were indistinguishable according to some chemical, physical and kinetic measurements; similarly ;low activity' carbonic anhydrases from those tissues were indistinguishable. ;High activity' carbonic anhydrase was markedly different from the ;low activity' carbonic anhydrase with respect to its amino acid composition, chromatographic behaviour and isoelectric pH value. Marked differences were also found in the tissue concentrations of the major isoenzymes. It is suggested that the characteristic and selective distribution of the different forms of carbonic anhydrase in the guinea-pig tissues is related to the specific and different physiological functions of the enzymes.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

Nuclear receptor and nuclear receptor target gene messenger ribonucleic acid levels at different sites of the gastrointestinal tract and in liver of healthy dogs.

Nuclear receptors (NR) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate different metabolic pathways by influencing the expression of target genes. The current study examined mRNA abundance of NR and NR target genes at different sites of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the liver of healthy dogs (Beagles; n = 11). Samples of GIT and liver were collected postmortem and homogenized, total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed, and gene expression was quantified by real-time reverse-transcription PCR relative to the mean of 3 housekeeping genes (beta-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ubi-quitin). Differences were observed (P < or = 0.05) in the mRNA abundance among stomach (St), duodenum (Du), jejunum (Je), ileum (Il), and colon (Col) for NR [pregnane X receptor (Du, Je > Il, Col > St), peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor gamma (St, Du, Col > Je, Il), constitutive androstane receptor (Je, Du > Il, Col), and retinoid x receptor alpha (Du > Il)] and NR target genes [glutathione-S-transferase A3-3 (Du > Je > St, Il; St > Col), phenol-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase 1A1 (Du, Je > Il, St; Col > St), cytochrome P450 3A12 (Du, Je > St, Il, Col), multiple drug resistance gene 1 (Du, Je, Il, Col > St), multiple drug resistance-associated protein 2 (Je, Du > Il > St, Col), multiple drug resistance-associated protein 3 (Col > St > Il; Du > Je, Il; St > Il), NR corepressor 2 (St > Il, Col), and cytochrome P450 reductase (St, Du, Je > Il, Col)], but not for peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor alpha. Differences (P > 0.05) in mRNA abundance in the liver relative to the GIT were also observed. In conclusion, the presence of numerous differences in expression of NR and NR target genes in different parts of the GIT and in liver of healthy dogs may be associated with location-specific functions and regulation of GIT regions.

Actins↗

PubMed1993

Imaging of recurrent carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract.

Computed tomographic scanning is currently the main imaging modality used to detect recurrent cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Additional studies such as MR imaging, ultrasound, and immunoscintigraphy provide complementary information. Further research is needed so that these studies can be applied in a cost-effective manner that has a positive impact on clinical outcomes.

Barium Sulfate↗

PubMed2007

Phthalate esters immunolocalized in the gastrointestinal tract of shi drum Umbrina cirrosa (L.) and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (W.).

The occurrence of phthalate esters in freshwater and marine aquacultural species like rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and shi drum Umbrina cirrosa, respectively, were determined by immunohistochemical approach. The results showed a similar distribution in the gastrointestinal tract of both species. In particular, intense immunoreactivity was found at gastric gland level. In the intestinal tract, goblet cells failed to stain, whereas enterocytes showed the highest binding of phthalates restricted to the apical cytoplasm. This distribution of phthalate esters at gastric gland and enterocyte level may have implications for the physiology of the digestive process and intestinal biotransformation. Phthalates are confirmed to be widely diffused contaminants, absorbed via the alimentary canal; thus a multidisciplinary approach could be useful to examine sea and freshwater environments.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Recent developments in diagnostic imaging of the gastrointestinal tract of the dog and cat.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract comprises the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, mesentery, and associated lymph nodes. Diseases that result in structural lesions of the GI tract and diseases that cause abnormal GI motility are potentially detectable using diagnostic imaging techniques, whereas disorders of the GI tract that are manifested as histological lesions or metabolic dysfunction are not.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Dietotherapy in the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in infancy (author's transl)].

The AA are proposing a dietotherapy in the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in infancy, characterized from acute diarrhoea. A slow hydrolysis product of casein is used for this purpose. The AA after description of the very good results obtained, are calling the attention on the fact that the advantage was realized only with a food product and not with drugs.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

[Jejunostomy by Midle in patients with insufficiency of anastomotic sutures of upper parts of gastrointestinal tract].

Insufficiency of anastomosis is one of the main causes of peritonitis. Progressed cachexia due to great losses through intestinal fistulas in combination with peritonitis was the indication to jejunostoma creation. Jejunostomy by Middle in the treatment of postoperative peritonitis due to sutures insufficiency of upper anastomosis of gastrointestinal tract permits to optimize treatment: to realize adequate enteral nutrition, intestinal decompression, to return fistula's losses. Polyorganic insufficiency, number of repeated surgeries and volume of loss through fistulas influence results of the treatment. Respiratory distress-syndrome and errosive bleeding have the most prognostic significance among the syndromes of polyorganic insufficiency.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed1997

[Classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas and its therapeutic relevance].

In this review therapeutic strategies for neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas are proposed, based on the recent classification. Generally, for all neuroendocrine tumors even with obvious metastases, surgery is recommended. Particularly for neuroendocrine tumors of the upper intestinal tract and the pancreas as extensive preoperative clinical and histopathological diagnosis is required. We tried to simplify the therapeutic strategies according to the classification; in several cases, however, very close cooperation between gastroenterologists, surgeons and pathologists is necessary to decide on the appropriate therapeutic strategy.

Digestive System↗

PubMed1999

Gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the effect of nimesulide compared with naproxen on the human gastrointestinal tract.

This overview includes theories and evaluation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Factors in damage include microvascular aspects, neutrophil recruitment, mucosal prostaglandins, gastrointestinal secretions and bacteria. We have proposed an extensive simplified framework that includes an important local initiating effect which may involve NSAID accumulation, interaction with surface phospholipids, events that alter cellular ATP, and local/systemic effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. COX-2-selective drugs are desirable not only because they spare COX-1 and so avoid gastrointestinal toxicity, but also because COX-2-selective agents are only weakly acidic and therefore avoid substantial accumulation in the gastric mucosa. Short-term endoscopy studies of NSAIDs are important initially to evaluate human gastroduodenal tolerability. They show that injury increases with the amount of NSAIDs even though the lowest therapeutic doses inhibit gastric COX almost completely, and that the more-acidic NSAIDs tend to cause greater gastric damage. Long-term endoscopy studies involve NSAID ingestion for at least 3 months. A main question is the extent to which the ulcers seen cause symptoms, substantial bleeding and/or perforation. Measurement of serious outcomes is thought by many to be the best assessment of gastrointestinal safety, but studies find marked variations even with the same drug. Damage to the small intestine by NSAIDs is even more frequent than to the upper gastrointestinal tract, but is difficult to evaluate. Conventional acidic NSAIDs increase the permeability of human small intestine, probably by a non-prostaglandin mechanism, but nimesulide does not do so, possibly because of its very weak acidity.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Endoscopic ultrasound Doppler probes for velocity measurements in vessels in the upper gastrointestinal tract using a multifrequency pulsed Doppler meter.

To quantify flow velocity in vascular structures in the upper gastrointestinal tract, prototype ultrasound Doppler transducers having frequencies of 5 and 10 MHz were designed. Connected to an advanced pulse ultrasound Doppler meter via an isolation transformer for patient safety, these transducers enabled the recording of flow velocity in vessels within an surrounding the wall of the GI tract. This set up improves the endoscopic ultrasound Doppler method by extending the measurable depth-range by using two frequencies, permitting independent selection of measuring depth and sample volume length, and giving an output format which includes full spectral analysis, simultaneous ECG and capabilities of displaying two additional signals.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed1983

Reference electrode sites for potential difference measurements in the gastrointestinal tract.

Simpler alternatives to the use of an intravenous reference electrode for potential difference measurement in the gastrointestinal tract were considered. Lancet puncture of the forearm skin, and intradermal injection of 0.1 ml 154 mmol/l NaCl into the forearm were shown to effectively abolish the skin-blood potential difference, thereby rendering such sites suitable for reference electrode placement. Another acceptable method was to use an intravenous "butterfly" cannula filled with heparinized saline. The tip of the electrolyte bridge was inserted into the distal end of the cannula, thereby making indirect contact with the bloodstream. It is suggested that the use of any one of these three methods of reference electrode placement would facilitate the measurement of esophageal or gastrointestinal potential difference during a routine endoscopy without significantly altering the accuracy of the measurements.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Common variable immunodeficiency and the gastrointestinal tract.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the second most prevalent primary immunodeficiency disorder but clinically the most important. It causes a wide spectrum of symptoms and signs affecting many systems of the body. CVID is a combination of humoral and cell-mediated deficiency, which explains not only why so many systems are affected but also why standard therapy in the form of intravenous immunoglobulin is not always effective. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body, and it is therefore expected that this immunodeficiency will affect it in some way. The gastrointestinal manifestations of CVID are variable and tend to mimic known diseases, such as celiac sprue, pernicious anemia, and inflammatory bowel disease, but show significant differences on the microscopic level. Many studies continue to confirm a high prevalence of inflammatory, malignant, and infectious gastrointestinal disorders in patients with CVID. The T-cell-mediated defects of this immunodeficiency disorder are thought to be the cause of the majority of the gastrointestinal disorders in CVID and not the antibody deficiency. Therefore, intravenous immunoglobulin alone may be ineffective. Combination therapy with immunomodulators, such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, may be needed to treat these gastrointestinal manifestations of CVID.

Common Variable Immunodeficiency↗