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PubMed1984

Anthropology and mental retardation: research approaches and opportunities.

Although mental retardation is largely a sociocultural phenomenon, anthropological interest in this field has been slow to develop. In recent years, anthropological concepts and methods have been used in study of the community adaptation of mentally retarded persons and societal reactions to them. As an illustration, research developments at the Mental Retardation Research Center, UCLA, are discussed. The need for expanded, collaborative research by social and biomedical scientists is examined. The research puzzles include the links between poverty, ethnicity, schools, families and mental retardation, as well as the nature of intelligence and adaptation.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1977

The attachment of a retarded child to an inanimate object: translation into clinical utility.

This paper describes the relationship of a moderately retarded boy with autistic features to an inanimate object, relates this relationship to his emotional development, and suggests methods for utilizing observations of his behavior with the object for assessment of cognition. The authors suggest that the object differs only qualitatively from a transitional object. Implications for the evaluation of retarded children include the necessity for approaches identical to those used in evaluating intellectually normal children and interdisciplinary assessment with combinations of behavioral and dynamic techniques. Implications for parent counseling, institutional policies, therapeutic practice, psychological assessment, and personality theory are outlined.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Eliminating a severely retarded blind adolescent's tantrums using mild behavioral interruption: a case study.

A blind 19 yr old severely retarded man was referred for behavior therapy because of violent and disruptive tantrums. Previous behavioral strategies had failed for various reasons. A very mild, brief, vestibular oriented physical procedure was designed to provide a low level disruptive effect. Intervention consisted of loud teacher demands to stop and work appropriately as well as guiding him through one 360 degrees turn while standing. The data demonstrated rapid and long term success in eliminating the client's tantrums. The results were interpreted in terms of a behavioral interruptor of a chained sequence allowing refocusing of client attention and increased levels of reinforcement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The communicative function hypothesis: an operant behavior perspective.

The suggestion that all problem behaviors may serve a communicative function is explored from an operant perspective. An analysis of the environmental functions of operant behavior involves an understanding of two sets of relations: (1) two types of reinforcement contingencies (positive and negative) and (2) two types of operant behaviors (verbal and non-verbal). Such an operant analysis reveals that not all problem behaviors may currently serve a communicative function. However, often an alternate replacement behavior can be developed that would achieve the same environmental effect as the problem behavior through social mediation and thereby be communicative in nature. A theoretical classification system for identifying the type of function a problem behavior may serve is advanced. Implications for prescribing behavioral treatments based on this model are presented.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1990

Sexual abuse and exploitation of children and adults with mental retardation and other handicaps.

There is growing recognition that children, adolescents, and adults who are mentally retarded are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation and are in need of intervention services. These people are especially vulnerable due to ther often life-long dependence on caregivers, relatively powerless position in society, emotional and social insecurities, and lack of education regarding sexuality and sexual abuse. In addition the mental health functioning and emotional development of individuals who are mentally retarded are not well understood, and many professionals remain uneducated about their mental health needs. To work effectively with this population, mental health professionals and educators must be alert to what is known about the sexual abuse and exploitation of persons with mental retardation. Furthermore, they need to become educated about the rights of these persons to special legal protection from abuse and neglect and to appropriate and effective mental health interventions. The challenge for mental health professionals and educators is to protect persons who are mentally retarded from sexual abuse and exploitation, to provide appropriate psychotherapeutic interventions when abuse occurs, to respect their right to developmentally appropriate knowledge about sexuality and sexual abuse, and to allow for the fulfillment of their sexuality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A review and analysis of applied research in mental retardation: 1975-1980.

A review of the number and type of studies in mental retardation published in six prominent journals was made. Variables examined included whether the study was applied or not and in the latter case, whether the study was an assessment, treatment or epidemiological paper. Other variables evaluated were length of follow-up, frequency of applied studies published in each journal, whether subjects were children or adults, inpatients or outpatients, level of mental retardation and form of treatment employed. Implications of the present studies with regard to future directions of applied research are discussed.

Adult↗