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PubMed1987

Light microscopical morphometry, immunocytochemistry, and clinical correlations of pituitary adenomas at various stages of oncocytic transformation.

In a series of 124 pituitary adenomas displaying oncocytic alterations, we studied the degree of oncocytic transformation by light microcopical and morphometrical means for semiquantitative analysis. We established three groups with different percentages of oncocytically transformed cells for comparison of clinical and immunocytochemical data. Of the patients, 32.3% exposed adenomas with less than 50% oncocytic alterations (group I), whereas 22.6% showed tumours with oncocytic transformations between 51% and 75% (group II). Oncocytic parts consisting of more than 75% of the tumour cells were found in 41.1% of the patients (group III). All three groups differed in the rate of immunocytochemically positive cases, but not in sex distribution, tumour size, and rate of recurrency. Immunocytochemical analyses for PRL and GH (81 vs 78 adenomas) showed a decline of immunohistochemically positive adenomas with increasing proportions of oncocytic transformation for both hormones. Whereas in group I 38% of the adenomas were PRL-positive and 15% GH-positive, group III displayed only 9% PRL-positive and 3% GH-positive adenomas. The results display the correlation between the increasing volume of oncocytic transformation and its effect on decreasing hormone content in pituitary adenomas.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1993

Circannual inter-relationships among reproductive hormones, gross morphometry, behaviour, ejaculate characteristics and testicular histology in Eld's deer stags (Cervus eldi thamin).

Blood samples, morphometric measurements and behavioural data were collected weekly for 52 weeks from six adult Eld's deer stags exposed to natural fluctuations in photoperiod (38 degrees N latitude). Mean (+/- SEM) serum LH concentrations reached peak values in the autumn (October), three months before FSH and testosterone concentrations reached peak values in early winter (January). Prolactin concentrations were inversely related (r = -0.733, P < 0.001) to LH and directly related to daylength, and maximal concentrations were observed during mid-summer (July) and minimal concentrations during early winter (January). The temporal pattern of circulating inhibin was positively correlated with FSH (r = 0.88, P < 0.001), but lagged behind the seasonal FSH increase by 1-3 weeks. Antler length, body weight and chest girth were maximal during pre-rut (December-January). Maximal scrotal circumference and combined testes volume were observed in mid-winter (February), whereas peak neck girth and behavioural aggression occurred 1-3 months later (March-May). On the basis of quarterly electroejaculation results, motile spermatozoa were produced in all seasons. However, the greatest number of motile spermatozoa per ejaculate was observed during the winter and spring, whereas the highest incidence of sperm pleiomorphisms (> 80%) was detected in the autumn. Histological assessments of the regressed testis (July) revealed fewer germ cells undergoing spermatogenesis and an increased incidence of degenerating and abnormal cell types. In summary, Eld's deer exhibit a circannual hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal cycle with onset of pituitary activation occurring during the autumn and winter, whereas gonadal activity peaks during the winter and spring as daylengths are increasing. Marked circannual variations in circulating prolactin suggest that Eld's deer may use photoperiodic cues to modulate seasonal fertility; however, the existence of an endogenous seasonal rhythm operating independently of photoperiod cannot be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Comparative morphometry of coxal joint angles.

The angles related to the coxal joints were comparatively studied in four-limbed walking animals and two-limbed ones including man and birds. Between animals with both types of walking, no significant difference was observed in the neck-shaft angles (NSA), which was equivalent to the acetabulum angles (ACA) at the connection of the femoral head with the acetabulum. The anteversion angles (AVA) were equivalent to the horizontal ACA. Canine species showed two different forms of the femoral neck with or without modification by the femoral AVA, probably being breed-specific and nutrition-dependent. In the narrow-striped wallaby as well as avian species, the femoral head showed a postversion with a minus-version angle for lifting the body axis in the frontal and upward direction to hold the whole body weight on the hind-limbs, in particular at the anterior part of the acetabulum. In man, the connection between the femur and acetabulum greatly varied among individuals, possibly according to differences in the life style.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Underdevelopment of fetal thyroid follicular cells in athymic nude mouse (BALB/cAnNCrj-nu/nu) observed by electron microscopic morphometry.

Fetal thyroid follicular cells of congenitally athymic nude mouse (BALB/cAnNCrj-nu/nu) were studied with an electron microscope. The area of the entire cell, nucleus and mitochondrion were measured and compared in athymic and euthymic fetal nude mice (BALB/cAnNCrj-nu/+) at 18 days of gestation. The mean area of cytoplasm was significantly smaller in homozygous athymic nude mice than in heterozygous euthymic ones. The mean area of the mitochondrion was also smaller in homozygous athymic nude mice, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the area of the nucleus. These findings suggest that the thyroid gland of athymic nude mice is still underdeveloped at the end of gestation as compared to that of their euthymic littermates.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gut morphology and morphometry in the epauletted Wahlberg's fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi, Sundevall, 1846).

The morphological adaptations of the fruit bat small intestine to which the high functional efficiency could be related and the possible landmarks delineating the various parts of the gut were examined. The stomach was the carnivorous type with large rugae spanning the entire luminal aspect down to the pyloric sphincter, which was reflected internally as a prominent fold. Externally, the intestine was a continuous tube uninterrupted by any structures. The cranial fifth of the small gut had long, branching and anastomosing villi, which caudally turned to finger-like discrete structures that became rather short and stumpy and diminished at the beginning of the colon. The colon had longitudinal folds that were macroscopically discernible from the mucosal aspect of the opened intestine and that continued into the rectum. The small gut formed 94% of the whole intestinal length, the colon and the rectum taking 4 and 2%, respectively. Ultrastructurally, the enterocyte showed a prominent brush border and the lateral membranes were modified into numerous tortuous interdigitating processes. Adjacent enterocytes were joined by these processes through desmosomes. The processes also participated in pinocytotic fluid uptake from the intercellular spaces with resultant numerous intracellular vacuoles of varied sizes. Solutes absorbed into the cells were probably first passed into the intercellular compartment to create a concentration gradient thus enhancing further absorption into the cell. We conclude that the uniquely elaborate ultrastructure of the enteric epithelium coupled with the vast microvillous surface areas reported elsewhere are partly responsible for the very high absorption rates reported in the fruit bat small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Morphometry and hydrology of the four large lakes of Sweden.

The four largest Swedish lakes Vänern, Vättern, Mälaren and Hjälmaren all have a tectonic origin with multidirectional fault fissures, which influence the topography of the bottoms and the creation of subbasins. All the four lakes have been subject to several glacials, the latest of which started to recede from central Sweden c. 10,000 years ago. The many differences between the four lakes can be explained by their shapes, sizes and the relation between the sizes of the drainage basins and the size of the lakes. This paper focuses on processes considered relevant to aquatic organisms of the lakes: water balance, water residence time, water temperature, water exchange between subbasins within the lakes, and other internal water movements. Links between pollution, water exchange and retention of nutrients are discussed with an example from Lake Vänern.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed1997

Morphometry and classification in abdominal aortic aneurysms: patient selection for endovascular and open surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the anatomic morphology of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) and compose a classification system to facilitate patient selection for endovascular graft (EVG) repair. METHODS: Data on 242 consecutive AAA patients evaluated on a nonemergent basis in a 3.5-year period to July 1996 were prospectively entered into a registry. Patients were examined using sequential intravenous spiral computed tomographic angiography and intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. The data collected and analyzed included: diameters of the supra- and infrarenal aorta, aneurysm, aortoiliac bifurcation, and iliac arteries; lengths of the proximal neck, distal cuff, and aneurysm; degrees of iliac artery tortuosity; and occlusion of the visceral, renal, or iliac arteries. RESULTS: The 242 aneurysms could be easily grouped into three distinctive categories related to the extent of the aneurysmal disease. Type I AAAs (11.2%) had nondilated, thrombus-free infrarenal (15 mm) necks and distal (10 mm) cuffs appropriate for EVG anchoring. In type II and its subgroups (72.3%), a sufficient proximal neck was present, but the aneurysm extended into the iliac arteries; 56% of these were eligible for a bifurcated endograft. In type III (16.5%), a sufficient proximal neck was missing, independent of distal involvement. In all, 51.7% were good EVG candidates based on AAA morphology. Taking into consideration relevant concomitant vascular diseases, proximal iliac kinking, and iliac, renal, or visceral occlusive disease, only 30.2% of the population were potential candidates for an efficient and secure EVG repair using the devices currently available. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to classical open repair, detailed preoperative measurements are recommended for EVG planning. The use of liberal EVG indications may lead to a higher incidence of complications, whereas restrictive morphology-based selection criteria may offer excellent results.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[Anatomic and quantitative study of the human pterygopalatine ganglion. Morphometry and stereology].

The pterygopalatine ganglion is important in the regulation of the intraocular pressure and in the cerebral vasodilatation connected with headache of vascular origin. Four human ganglia were dissected, fixed in formalin and serially sectioned with a 6 microns thickness. The volume of the ganglion was calculated by point-counting and stereological parameters were determined using the test-system M42 with light microscopy. The PG volume was (mean +/- standard error of the mean) 5.6 +/- 0.5 mm3. The volume density of neurons was 51.1% +/- 3.4%, and the unitary volume of the neurons was 41,200.0 +/- 2,250.0 microns. The numerical density was 12,600.0 +/- 677.0 neurons by mm3, therefore approximately 70,560 neurons by ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Influence of the pineal gland on the physiology, morphometry and morphology of pancreatic islets in rats.

To investigate the influence of the pineal gland through melatonin secretion on the physiological and morphological parameters of pancreatic islets, we studied the plasma biochemistry and morphological and morphometric characteristics of the endocrine pancreas of male Wistar rats. The animals were distributed into five groups of ten rats each: NC - normal control group; NS -- sham-operated group; Px (25) -- pinealectomised group, studied 15--25 days after surgery; Px (70) -- pinealectomised group, studied 60-70 days after surgery; ALX - alloxan monohydrate-treated group. Data are analyzed statistically by ANOVA and by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Although there was no significant difference in plasma glucose or insulin levels between the Px (25), Px (70) and NC groups, Px (25) animals showed a tendency to increased glucose and reduced insulin levels. The ALX group showed a clear elevation of plasma glucose and a reduction of plasma insulin compared to the other groups. Morphometric analysis showed a larger pancreatic islet area and a lower pancreatic islet density in the pancreas of Px (70) animals and an increase in degenerative pathological processes in the pancreatic islets of the Px (25) and ALX groups. The present results suggest that melatonin, in addition to acting on tissue sensitivity to insulin (as reported in other studies), affects the secretory action of beta cells, as demonstrated by the morphological and morphometric changes observed in pinealectomised animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparative morphometry and morphology of Anopheles aconitus Form B and C eggs under scanning electron microscope.

Comparative morphometric and morphological studies of eggs under scanning electron microscope (SEM) were undertaken in the three strains of two karyotypic forms of Anopheles aconitus, i.e., Form B (Chiang Mai and Phet Buri strains) and Form C (Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son strains). Morphometric examination revealed the intraspecific variation with respect to the float width [36.77 +/- 2.30 microm (Form C: Chiang Mai strain) = 38.49 +/- 2.78 microm (Form B: Chiang Mai strain) = 39.06 +/- 2.37 microm (Form B: Phet Buri strain) > 32.40 +/- 3.52 microm (Form C: Mae Hong Son strain)] and number of posterior tubercles on deck [2.40 +/- 0.52 (Form B: Phet Buri strain) = 2.70 +/- 0.82 (Form B: Chiang Mai strain) < 3.10 +/- 0.32 (Form C: Chiang Mai strain) = 3.20 +/- 0.42 (Form C: Mae Hong Son strain)], whereas the surface topography of eggs among the three strains of two karyotypic forms were morphologically similar.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characterization of Schistosoma mansoni strains by morphometry of adult worms derived from single-sex infection].

Mice were infected with only one sex cercaria derived from sympatric strains of Schistosoma mansoni. Adult worms presented significative differences (p < 0.05) regarding suckers, testicular lobes, ovary and thickness of the tegument. Data show that morphometric study of unisexual infection worms can be also used for characterization of Schistosoma mansoni strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Morphometry of human myocardium in senile individuals].

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a quantitative assessment in human myocardium cells of senile individuals, in right, left and septal ventricular regions. METHODS: Five hearts from corpses of individuals without heart diseases, of both sexes, with age between 67 and 87 years old were used. The following parameters were assessed: myocyte unit cross section area (myoc. a(o)); myocyte unit perimeter length (myoc. l(o)); myocyte unit volume (myoc. v(o)); myocyte volumetric density (myoc. V(v)); number of myocytes per volume unit (Nmm 3myoc.). The t-test of Student was used in statistic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis of differences (p < 0.05) among right (RV), left (LV) and septal (S) ventricular regions of human heart showed that myoc. a(o) values were lower in RV (1.51 +/- 0.10 microm2) and in S (1.55 +/- 0.07 microm2) in relation to LV (1.84 +/- 0.24 microm2). Values of myoc. l(o) were also shown lower in S (5.11 +/- 0.46 microm) comparing to LV (6.2 +/- 0.97 microm). Likewise, myoc. v(o) and myoc. V(v) showed lower values in RV (88.75 +/- 25.37 microm3; 0.39 +/- 0.03%) in relation to LV (122.41 +/- 16.31 microm3; 0.41 +/- 0.01%). CONCLUSION: Results obtained show that there may be changes in dimensions of left ventricular wall myocyte cell during senescent stage. However, those differences are subtle and seem to mean the adjustment of tissue to functional changes that install along life.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Morphometry of submucous and myenteric esophagic plexus of dogs experimentally reinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi.

We carried out a morphometric study of the esophagus of cross-bred dogs experimentally infected or consecutively reinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi 147 and SC-1 strains, in order to verify denervation and/or neuronal hypertrophy in the intramural plexus. The animals were sacrificed in the chronic stage, 38 months after the initial infection. Neither nests of amastigotes, nor myositis or ganglionitis, were observed in all third inferior portions of esophageal rings analyzed. No nerve cell was identified in the submucous of this organ. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the number, maximum diameter, perimeter, or area and volume of the nerve cells of the myenteric plexus of infected and/or reinfected dogs and of the non-infected ones. In view of these results we may conclude that the 147 and SC-1 strains have little neurotropism and do not determine denervation and/or hypertrophy in the intramural esophageal plexuses in the animals studied, independent of the reinfections.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Morphometry and acetylcholinesterase activity of the myenteric plexus of the wild mouse Calomys callosus.

The myenteric plexus of the digestive tract of the wild mouse Calomys callosus was examined using a histochemical method that selectively stains nerve cells, and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique in whole-mount preparations. Neuronal density was 1,500 +/- 116 neurons/cm2 (mean +/- SEM) in the esophagus, 8,900 +/- 1,518 in the stomach, 9,000 +/- 711 in the jejunum and 13,100 +/- 2,089 in the colon. The difference in neuronal density between the esophagus and other regions was statistically significant. The neuron profile area ranged from 45 to 1,100 microns2. The difference in nerve cell size between the jejunum and other regions was statistically significant. AChE-positive nerve fibers were distributed within the myenteric plexus which is formed by a primary meshwork of large nerve bundles and a secondary meshwork of finer nerve bundles. Most of the nerve cells displayed AChE activity in the cytoplasm of different reaction intensities. These results are important in order to understand the changes occurring in the myenteric plexus in experimental Chagas' disease.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2002

Ultrastructure and morphometry of ovarian follicles in the armadillo Chaetophractus villosus (Mammalia, Dasypodidae).

Ultrastructural and morphometric changes in oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells during armadillo follicular growth are described. Primordial, intermediary, early and late primary, secondary, tertiary and preovulatory Graafian follicles were found. From primordial to Graafian follicle, granulosa cells increase in height, become multilayered while fluid-filled spaces arise among them in the tertiary follicle stage. As the follicle expands the oocyte is located eccentrically and grows in size. From primordial to secondary stage organelles develop in number and complexity and many vesicles start arising in the cytoplasm at the secondary stage. From tertiary follicle stage the number of mitochondria decreases. In follicular cells, secreting-related organelles expand, but mitochondrial number decreases according to the follicle expansion. Intercellular junctions between both cell types increase. The morphometrical study shows a biphasic pattern of oocyte and follicle growth. The morphological baseline here provided will be essential for further comprehension of the reproductive biology in armadillos.

Animals↗