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PubMed1999

Combined small and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with CA19-9 production.

It is well known that extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma, which exhibits morphological features similar to those observed in the lung, occurs in various organs. Clinically, most cases manifest aggressive biological behavior. A case of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder producing a high level of serum carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, in which expression was confirmed in cancer cells of small as well as transitional cell carcinoma in the same tumor mass by immunostaining is reported. This paper documents combined small and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with CA19-9 production, although it has already been reported that adenocarcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma in various organs frequently expresses CA19-9. Observations suggest that the histogenesis of some cases of combined small and transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary bladder may be the same, as both can produce CA19-9.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Smooth muscle cells from human urinary bladder express connexin 43 in vivo and in vitro.

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the human urinary bladder are believed to be electrically coupled. However, it has not been successfully demonstrated the nature of the underlying cell-cell communication. Here, we used Western blot technique to demonstrate the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx 43) in human bladder musculature and in smooth muscle cell cultures. We found expression of Cx 43 in all samples of the detrusor (Mdv, n=6) and in five of six samples of the internal sphincter (Mv). Cx 43 expression was less in cell cultures, 60% showing Cx 43 expression. Iontophoretic application of the gap junction permeable fluorescent dye lucifer yellow revealed a mean of 2.6+/-2.2 (mean+/-SD, n=8) coupled cells in cultured smooth muscle cells. Our findings support the notion that Cx 43 is constitutively expressed in human bladder SMC in vivo. Thus, the function of the bladder is likely to be influenced by the organisation of smooth muscle cells into functional syncytia.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

We report the cases of 11 patients who were treated for undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary bladder with a prominent lymphoid stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma [LELC]). The chief complaint of all 11 patients was hematuria. Their ages ranged from 52 to 79 years (mean of 67). All tumors except one invaded the muscle wall and showed the typical syncytial growth pattern of undifferentiated cells with ill-defined cytoplasmic borders, prominent nucleoli, and numerous mitoses. A significant lymphocytic reaction was an essential component of all these tumors. There were three pure LELC tumors without concurrent invasive transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) or TCC in situ; these cases morphologically simulated large-cell lymphoma. The remainder were mixed TCC and LELC (five predominant and three focal LELC). The tumor cells were immunoreactive for keratin and showed negative results for leukocyte common antigen. The lymphoid population was an admixture of T cells and B cells with a predominance of T cells. Seven patients (four with predominant and three with focal LELC) were treated with various therapeutic methods. Four patients (three with pure and one with predominantly LELC) received only chemotherapy after transurethral resection of the tumor, and follow-up found no evidence of disease for 9-72 months (mean of 38 months). Awareness of an LELC component in a urinary bladder tumor is also important in order to avoid misinterpreting these tumors as malignant lymphoma or severe chronic cystitis. Our data suggest that the pure LELC tumor appears to be morphologically and clinically different from TCC and that it merits recognition as a separate clinicopathologic entity. In addition, there is strong suggestive evidence that it responds to chemotherapy and therefore there is the potential of salvaging bladder function.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Activated CD4-positive T-lymphocytes and impaired cell-mediated immunity in patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder with schistosomiasis.

Patients with schistosomiasis of the urinary bladder (SB) associated with carcinoma of the bladder (SCB) or carcinoma of the prostate (SCP) have a variety of immunologic abnormalities, including the presence of HLA-DR+ and interleukin-2 receptor-positive (IL-2R+) T-lymphocytes in circulating blood. This study demonstrated that, the HLA-DR+ and IL-2R+ antigens are selectively expressed on majority of the CD4+ T-lymphocytes of patients with SCB, whereas, these antigens are expressed almost equally on both CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes of patients with SB and SCP. Expressions of HLA-DR+ and IL-2R+ antigens in CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and a depressed response of this T-cell subset to phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A stimulations seems to be the characteristic feature of these patients with SCB. In addition, the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) and allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was depressed in patients with SCB. However, patients with SCP demonstrated a normal MLR, even though the AMLR was highly depressed. The immunoregulatory role of the HLA-DR+, IL-2R+, CD4+ helper/inducer T-lymphocytes, and the AMLR and MLR abnormalities we have identified in patients with SCB may be important and could play a role in the pathobiology of these diseases in humans.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Differential affinities of AF-DX 116, atropine and pirenzepine for muscarinic receptors of guinea pig gastric fundus, atria and urinary bladder: might atropine distinguish among muscarinic receptor subtypes?

The pA2 values and the Schild plots of the antimuscarinic drugs AF-DX 116, atropine and pirenzepine for muscarinic receptors of isolated guinea pig gastric fundus (acid secretion) and atrial and urinary bladder preparations (contractile force) obtained from the same animals were calculated against bethanechol as the agonist. The antimuscarinic drugs concentration-dependently shifted the concentration-response curves to bethanechol to the right without any change in the maximum response. The analysis of data based on Schild plots was consistent with a simple competitive antagonism, since regression slopes did not differ significantly from unity. The pA2 values indicated a significantly higher affinity of AF-DX 116 and atropine for atrial muscarinic receptors with respect to those of the gastric mucosa or urinary bladder. By contrast, in the case of pirenzepine the pA2 values for the three tissues did not differ significantly. These results suggest that each examined tissue apparently contains homogeneous population of acetylcholine muscarinic (M2) receptors. The pA2 values found for AF-DX 116 and atropine suggest, however, that the putative M2 subtype of atrial muscarinic receptor differs from both those of the gastric fundus and those of the urinary bladder.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Localization of transport compartments in turtle urinary bladder.

To characterize different transport compartments in the urinary bladder epithelium of postabsorptive turtles, the electrolyte composition of individual cells was determined using electron microprobe analysis. After blocking the transepithelial Na transport, the short-circuit current decreased from positive to negative values (from 26.5 +/- 17.7 to -3.9 +/- 2.9 after ouabain and from 25.4 +/- 17.2 to -8.0 +/- 5.1 microA/cm2 after amiloride). Whereas under control conditions the Na and K concentrations were similar in all cell types and the same was true for Cl in most of the cells, some cells exhibited very low Cl concentrations. The epithelial cells were subdivided according to their electrolyte composition into ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive ones. In the ouabain-sensitive cells, which made up the majority of epithelial cells and showed a relatively high Cl concentration (about 36 mmol/kg wet weight), the Na concentration increased after ouabain by about 90 mmol/kg wet weight and the K concentration decreased by a similar amount. Since these alterations could largely be prevented when amiloride was applied before ouabain, it is suggested that the granular and basal cells form a syncytial Na transport compartment similar to that in other multilayered epithelia. The ouabain-insensitive cells, in which almost no alteration in Na and K concentrations was observed after ouabain, were subdivided into a Cl-rich (34.6 +/- 7.6 mmol/kg wet weight) and a Cl-poor (12.0 +/- 5.6 mmol/kg wet weight) population. Since in these cells no large mucin granules were detectable, they are regarded as carbonic anhydrase-rich cells involved in H and HCO3 transport.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1976

Adrenoreceptors of the guinea-pig urinary bladder.

1 Adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline (5 mug/ml) did not affect the resting tone of the isolated urinary bladder of the guinea-pig. 2 The catecholamines (1-2 mug/ml) inhibited neuronally evoked contractions at various stimulation frequencies; the inhibition was maximum at 2 Hz and minimum at 50 Hz. Isoprenaline produced maximum inhibition. 3 Propranolol (0.5 mug/ml) completely blocked the catecholamine-induced inhibition at all the frequencies employed. The concentration-response curves of isoprenaline at 2, 10 and 50 Hz were characteristically shifted by propranolol (50 ng/ml). Phenoxybenzamine (0.2 mug/ml) was totally ineffective. 4 In some experiments adrenaline significantly raised the tone of the bladder exposed to propranolol; this effect could be blocked by phenoxybenzamine. 5 Acetylcholine-induced bladder contractions were inhibited by adrenaline (2 mug/ml); the inhibition was completely blocked by propranolol (0.5 mug/ml). 6 The results indicate the presence of an inhibitory beta-adrenoceptor and suggest the possibility of an excitatory alpha-adrenoceptor in guinea-pig urinary bladder.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1995

Effects of voltage clamping on epithelial cell composition in toad urinary bladder studied with x-ray microanalysis.

Toad urinary bladder epithelial cells were incubated in Na Ringer's with the serosal surface of the epithelium clamped at either +50 mV, 0 mV (short-circuited) or -50 mV with respect to the mucosal surface. Following incubation, portions of tissue were coated with an external albumin standard and rapidly frozen. Cryosections were freeze-dried and cell composition determined by x-ray microanalysis. Cell water and ion contents were unaffected when tissues were short-circuited rather than clamped close to their open-circuit potential difference (+50 mV). Incubation with vasopressin at +50 mV, and under short-circuit conditions, caused Na uptake without cell swelling or gain in Cl. Clamping at -50 mV resulted in uptake of water and ions, with considerable variation from cell to cell. These variations in cell composition were exacerbated by vasopressin. The greater the increase in water content, the greater the rise in cell Cl. However, there was no consistent pattern to the associated changes in cation contents. Most cells gained some Na. In some cells, this gain was accompanied by an increase in K. In others, the gain of Na was predominant and cell K content actually fell. At -50 mV with ouabain, many of the cells also gained water. As was found in our earlier study with ouabain under short circuit conditions (Bowler et al., 1991), there was considerable variation in the extent of the Na gain and K loss; some cells were largely depleted of K while in others the K content remained relatively normal. These results indicate differences between granular cells in the availabilities in the plasma membranes of ion pathways, either as a consequence of differences in the numbers of such pathways or in their control.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Studies of sodium channels in rabbit urinary bladder by noise analysis.

Sodium channels in rabbit urinary bladder were studied by noise analysis. There are two components of short-circuit current (Isc) and correspondingly two components of apical Na+ entry, one amiloride-sensitive (termed IA and the A channel, respectively) and one amiloride-insensitive (IL and the leak pathway, respectively). The leak pathway gives rise to l/f noise, while the A channel in the presence of amiloride gives rise to Lorentzian noise. A two-state model of the A channel accounts well for how the corner frequency and plateau value of Lorentzian noise vary with amiloride concentration. The single-channel current is 0.64 pA, and the conducting channel density is on the order of 40 copies per cell. Triamterene blocks the A channel alone, and increasing external Na+ decreases the number but not the single-channel permeability of the A channel. Hydrostatic pressure pulses ("punching") increase the number of both pathways. Repeated washing of the mucosal surface removes most of the leak pathway without affecting the A channel. Properties of the A channel revealed by noise analysis of various tight epithelia are compared, and the mechanism of l/f noise is discussed. It is suggested that the A channel is synthesized intracellularly, stored in intracellular vesicles, transferred with or from vesicular membrane into apical membrane under the action of microfilaments, and degraded into the leak pathway, which is washed out into urine or destroyed. The A channel starts with PNa/PK approximately 30 and loses selectivity in stages until PNa/PK reaches the free-solution mobility ratio (approximately 0.7) for the leak pathway. This turnover cycle functions as a mechanism of repair and regulation for Na+ channels, analogous to the repair and regulation of most intracellular proteins by turnover. Vesicular delivery of membrane channels may be operating in several other epithelia.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1994

c-jun oncogene expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate c-jun oncoprotein expression in transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder and to determine its relationship to tumour grade and stage, and to the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erbB-2 and p53 oncoproteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of c-jun was studied using immunohistochemistry in a series of 48 TCCs of known EGFR, c-erbB-2 and p53 status. RESULTS: Forty-four of 48 (92%) tumours showed c-jun specific nuclear immunoreactivity of variable intensity. The intensity of c-jun immunostaining was significantly related to tumour stage (P = 0.009) and EGFR status (P = 0.01). There was no correlation between c-jun oncoprotein expression and c-erbB-2 or p53 immunoreactivity. c-jun expression was not related to clinical outcome in terms of patient survival or rate of tumour recurrence. CONCLUSION: The c-jun oncoprotein is expressed in the majority of TCCs of the urinary bladder. There is a positive association between intense c-jun immunoreactivity and muscle invasive growth, and EGFR positivity in TCCs.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Inhibition of urinary bladder cancer by N-(ethyl)-all-trans-retinamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-all-trans-retinamide in rats and mice.

The chemopreventive activity of two synthetic retinamides of relatively low toxicity against N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN)-induced urinary bladder cancer was studied in F344 rats and C57BL/6 X DBA/2 F1 mice. Female and male rats were given a total dose of either 1800 or 3200 mg OH-BBN over a period of 6 or 8 weeks, respectively. Male mice were given a total dose of either 90 or 180 mg OH-BBN over a period of 9 weeks. Seven days after the final intubation of a period of 9 weeks. Seven days after the final intubation of OH-BBN, animals were fed either a placebo diet or a diet supplemented with the following retinoids: for rats, 0.8 mmol 13-cis-retinoic acid, 2 mmol N-(ethyl)-all-trans-retinamide, or 2 mmol N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-all-trans-retinamide per kg diet; and for mice, either 0.5 or 1.0 mmol of N-(ethyl)-all-trans-retinamide or N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-all-trans-retinamide per kg diet. Animals were killed 6 months after the initial gastric intubation. In comparison to male and female rats fed placebo diets, all three retinoids reduced the incidence, number, and severity of the low-grade papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Similarly, treatment of mice with either of the two retinamides reduced the incidence of highly invasive urinary bladder carcinomas. The chemopreventive effect of the less toxic retinamides was equal to or greater than that of 13-cis-retinoic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Postoperative adaptation of urinary bladder to variable volume of urine in the initial period following kidney transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: Postoperative adaptation of urinary bladder is a process involving all patients after kidney transplantation that is facilitated by improve surgical techniques and new perioperative protocols. METHODS: The study enrolled 102 kidney transplant recipients whose transplantations were performed between 2000 and 2002. The function of urinary bladder was examined: on the day of operation and 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks following operation. Patients were assessed with respect to bladder adaptation in relation to the period of dialysis. RESULTS: In patients undergoing dialysis up to 24 months, the maximum speed of flow increased from the 2nd week postoperation and regained normal values after 12 weeks. Volume of micturition, cystometric volume, and compliance regained proper values after 24 weeks of observation. CONCLUSION: The findings confirm that adaptation of the bladder is faster among patients who have had dialysis for longer than 12 months. The most useful, economical, and noninvasive assessment of bladder function was obtained with uroflowmetry in combination with daily bladder diary.

Diuresis↗
PubMed1986

The effect of arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3) on inhibition of pelvic nerve evoked contractions of the cat urinary bladder.

Previously reported work has provided evidence that arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), a P2-receptor antagonist, blocks the effects of ATP and other purine analogs, in the urinary bladder of the cat. This antagonism appeared limited to those effects mediated by P2-receptors, such as contraction of the urinary bladder. However, it was noted that ANAPP3 did alter the effects of adenosine, mediated through P1-receptors, in some preliminary experiments. A series of experiments was undertaken to determine if ANAPP3 blocks the P1-receptors and/or has effects on inhibition of bladder contractions. The urinary tract of anesthetized cats was exposed by a midline abdominal incision. The pelvic and hypogastric nerves were isolated and prepared for electrical stimulation. Bladder contractions were induced by stimulation of the pelvic nerves every 30 s with square wave pulses. These contractions were inhibited by hypogastric nerves and the exogenous administration of ATP, noradrenaline, adenosine or beta,gamma-methylene ATP (APPCP), a hydrolysis resistant analog of ATP. ANAPP3 (0.5 mumol, i.a.) was administered, but it did not antagonize the inhibition induced by any of the exogenously administered agents or hypogastric nerve stimulation. This study indicates that ANAPP3 is specific for P2-receptors and is not an effective antagonist of P1-receptors, at least in the urinary tract of the cat.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1988

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder: MR imaging with a double surface coil.

Twenty-four patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder were examined with MR imaging by using both a conventional body coil and a newly designed wraparound double surface coil. All patients had T1- and two patients had T2-weighted pulse sequences with both coils. Because of the long examination times, T2-weighted sequences in all other patients were obtained by using the double surface coil only. Nine patients underwent radical cystectomy, while the other patients had deep transurethral tumor resection and a clinical follow-up of at least 1.5 years. The results of imaging with the surface coil showed a twofold improvement of spatial resolution compared with the images obtained with the body coil. The RF field homogeneity was excellent, and the field of view was sufficiently large to achieve a complete study of the pelvis and the lower abdomen in one sequence. For the T1-weighted images, the higher spatial resolution of the double surface coil resulted in a significant (p less than .10) improvement in tumor staging. The accuracies of double-surface-coil and body-coil imaging were 79% and 54%, respectively. Double-surface-coil imaging appears to provide better MR images of the urinary bladder than body-coil imaging does, resulting in more accurate staging of tumors on T1-weighted pulse sequences.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1994

[The value of urine phosphohexose isomerase activity in comparison with urine cytology. First diagnosis and tumor after-care in patients with cancer of the urinary bladder].

The importance of phosphohexose (PHI) activity in the urine of patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder is examined on the basis of enzyme-histochemical studies in tumor cell homogenizates after transurethral resection for transitional cell carcinoma. The results gave rise to the question of whether the enzyme-histochemical activity patterns were reflected in the urine in the form of photometrically measurable activity, and thus whether the PHI activity can be used in screening as a marker to complement the standard urine cytological procedure. The sensitivity of PHI measurement was determined at 89%. The measurement of PHI in the urine of patients with an ileum neobladder or of patients with urinary tract infections does not provide any useful information.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Chiral selective effects of doxazosin enantiomers on blood pressure and urinary bladder pressure in anesthetized rats.

AIM: To study chiral selective effects of doxazosin enantiomers on blood pressure and urinary bladder pressure in anesthetized rats. METHODS: In anesthetized rats, the carotid blood pressure, left ventricular pressure of the heart and the urinary bladder pressure were recorded. RESULTS: Administration of S-doxazosin at 0.25, 2.5, 25, and 250 nmol/kg iv produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure, but its depressor effect was significantly weaker than that induced by R-doxazosin and racemic-doxazosin (rac-doxazosin), and the ED(30) values (producing a 30% decrease in mean arterial pressure) of R-doxazosin, rac-doxazosin and S-doxazosin were 15.64, 45.93, and 128.81, respectively. Rac-doxazosin and its enantiomers administered cumulatively in anesthetized rats induced a dose-dependent decrease in the left ventricular systolic pressure and +/-dp/dt(max), and the potency order of the 3 agents was R-doxazosin > rac-doxazosin > S-doxazosin. Rac-doxazosin and its enantiomers decreased the vesical micturition pressure dose-dependently at 2.5, 25, and 250 nmol/kg, and the inhibitory potency among the 3 agents was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: S-doxazosin decreases the carotid blood pressure and left ventricular pressure of the heart less than R-doxazosin and rac-doxazosin, but its effect on the vesical micturition pressure is similar to R-doxazosin and rac-doxazosin, indicating that S-doxazosin has chiral selectivity between cardiovascular system and urinary system in anesthetized rats.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1997

Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a cytodiagnostic case report of its variant type.

Presented is a case report of a urinary bladder carcinoma that had an unusual morphology and phenotype. A 65-year-old Japanese man complained of gross hematuria. Cytological examination of the urine before a partial cystectomy revealed small, round atypical cells with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, scant cytoplasm, and hyperchromatic nuclei with coarse and granular chromatin in a bloody background. Several tumor cells had relatively large and vesicular nuclei with prominent eosinophilic nucleoli and obscure perinucleolar halos. A small number of large atypical urothelial cells were also recognized. The tumor recurred locally 3 months after the operation. The urine cytology during recurrence showed the same features without the atypical urothelial cells. These cytological findings suggested a case of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma (SCUC) combined with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). An histology of the resected specimen before the recurrence revealed that the SCUC was consistent with a variant type of SCUC proposed for the lung and showed transition with TCC in situ. M-VAC chemotherapy after a total cystectomy was less effective. The patient died 6 months after diagnosis. A variant subtype of SCUC of the urinary bladder associated with TCC in situ has not been previously reported. Although this histological type is very rare, its earlier cytological detection is needed for appropriate therapy.

Aged↗