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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Possibilities and limitations in endosonography of the gastrointestinal tract].

In addition to the endoscopic assessment of the mucosa, endoscopic ultrasonography allows the characterization of the gastrointestinal tract wall and the neighbouring structures. Due to the high ultrasonic frequencies employed, endoscopic images have a high resolution. Malignant tumours of the esophagus, stomach, periampullary region, and rectum are usually investigated both by computer tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography. The local T-N tumour stage is predominantly assessed by endoscopic ultrasonography. In contrast, the M stage is assessed predominantly by computed tomography. The local T-N stage, which ist decisive for the local tumour resectability, can only be assessed with sufficient accuracy by endoscopic ultrasonography.

Endosonography↗
PubMed1997

[Treatment of stenoses of the gastrointestinal tract].

Flexible endoscopy seems to become the standard method for diagnosis and therapy of stenoses in the gastrointestinal tract. For dilatation of the lumen different methods for bougienage and different types of balloons can be used. For ablation of tissues the Nd:YAG-Laser and conventional high-frequency surgical methods are complemented by the newly developed Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC). The characteristics of APC ideally meet the requirements of an endoscopic tool. The plastic tubes used for bridging stenoses become gradually replaced by the new self-expanding metal prostheses, which have a lower rate of complications and give the patients more quality of life. The problem of tumor ingrowth however ist not yet solved conclusively. Endoscopic methods for decompression can avoid the emergency operation of colonic obstruction. It is important to be aware of the possibility to combine all these methods primarily or secondary to get best results and to minimize risks. To offer an optimal treatment for gastrointestinal stenoses it is necessary to provide the whole armamentum of interventional endoscopy including synchronous fluoroscopy.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Transmural potential difference of the gastrointestinal tract: its diagnostic value in placing small intestine catheters without roentgen exposure].

Functional disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract frequently require the placement of biopsy tubes into the duodenum. At present, monitoring of correct placement of these tubes usually entails the use of x-rays involving a single or repeated exposures. For accurate placement of duodenal tubes, the difference in TPD between the stomach and the duodenum has been employed as a criterion. Measurement of the TPD is technically simple, can be done at the bedside and obviates the need for using x-rays. Suitable hardware and the procedure are described in detail.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of five different polar extracts from Herba pogostemonis being gotten rid of volatile oil on gastrointestinal tract].

The effects of the five extracts from Herba pogostmonis being gotten rid of volatile oil on gastrointestinal tract were studied. The results showed that the five extracts could increase gastric secretion of acid and activity of pepsin, reduce the incidence of diarrhea induced by Folium sennae and relieve the gripping pain induced by abdominal administration of acetic acid. The extract of ethyl acetate could also inhibit the normal and neostigmine induced mice intestinal propellant movement. The effect of extract of ethyl acetate was consistent with clinical application. The above results indicated that the clinical effect of Herba pogostmonis may be comprehensive action of above five different polar extracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The response of patients with fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract to parenteral nutrition.

Total parenteral nutrition is an effective form of therapy for fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract. In the series, reported mortality in unselected patients on total parenteral nutrition was 26 per cent. However, not all patients respond equally to total parenteral nutrition. Those less than 65 years of age, with nonmalignant disease or completely resected neoplasm have a close to 100 per cent fistula closure rate if no other significant disease is present. However, the elderly patient dies more easily, and there is little improvement in mortality with the use of total parenteral nutrition in this group. Patients with a fistula associated with residual intra-abdominal disease did poorly on total parenteral nutrition.

Gastrointestinal Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Otilonium bromide: a selective spasmolytic for the gastrointestinal tract.

Experimental studies have shown that otilonium bromide (OB) inhibits both baseline and chemically or physically stimulated gastrointestinal motility. The spasmolytic activity of OB in the gastrointestinal tract occurs at doses that do not affect gastric secretion or produce typical atropine-like side-effects. The mechanism of action is composite: interference with calcium ion movement from intra- and extracellular sites; blockade of calcium channels; and binding to muscarinic receptors and tachykinin neurokinin-2 receptors. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that OB accumulates in the lower intestine and has poor systemic absorption. Clinical studies have confirmed OB as a potent spasmolytic drug with a good tolerability profile. Studies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome demonstrated OB to be superior to placebo and reference drugs in parameters such as pain, abdominal distension and motility. The composite and local mechanism of OB action reduces hypermotility and modulates visceral sensation: factors thought to be responsible for pain improvement recorded in clinical trials. The compound is marketed worldwide and no serious adverse events have been reported as yet, confirming its excellent tolerability.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Gastrointestinal tract cancer in association with hepatitis and HIV infection.

One hundred and fifty patients with histologically proven gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancer, 150 patients with a variety of other malignancies and 150 normal subjects were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B sero-markers. Only one patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma proved to be HIV seropositive. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 18% (n = 26) of the GIT cancer patients, in 16% (n = 24) of the other cancers group and in 12% (n = 20) of the control. There was no significant difference between the three groups (P > 0.1). The HBsAg was detected mainly in patients with primary hepatocellular (25%), gastric (12%), rectal (10%) and colonic carcinoma (8%). Hepatitis B core antibody (HBc AB) was detected in 12% of the GIT cancer patients, in 11% of the other cancers patients and in 13% of the control. In this study, there was no association between HIV, hepatitis B infections and GIT cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Various sonographic patterns of smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a comparison with computed tomography.

To evaluate the sonographic patterns of smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, we analyzed 25 patients with histologically confirmed smooth muscle tumors. Sonography revealed no abdominal mass in seven patients (sonogram-negative), and abdominal masses in 18 patients (sonogram-positive). The mean size of tumors in the sonogram-negative group (4.5 +/- 1.5 cm) was smaller than that in the sonogram-positive group (11.4 +/- 3.5 cm). We classified the various sonograms into three patterns. Comparing the sonograms with the computed tomographic pictures of each pattern, we theorized that the different patterns on sonograms may be caused by tumor necroses of different sizes with or without gas in the necrotic cavity. For the necrotic tumors, the size of the necrotic area did not correspond to the size of the tumor. However, the tumors with necroses were significantly larger than those without necroses. A central necrosis was found in cases exhibiting both leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma. On comparing the sonogram-positive and sonogram-negative groups, we found that the size and location of a tumor may affect the detection rate of that tumor by sonography.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and retroperitoneum: a pathologic analysis of 100 cases.

One hundred smooth muscle tumors arising in the gastrointestinal tract and retroperitoneum were reviewed in an attempt to define criteria for the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma in these sites. On the basis of aggressive behavior, 56 of these neoplasms were diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. Mitoses were found to be the most useful indicator of malignancy; all of the tumors with five or more mitoses/10 HPF behaved aggressively and smooth muscle tumors with this degree of mitotic activity should be diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. A paucity of mitoses, however, is no assurance of benignity as nearly 40% of the leiomyosarcomas in this series had fewer than five mitoses/10 HPF. Tumor cell necrosis was closely associated with aggressive behavior even when mitoses were infrequent and it is doubtful that benign smooth muscle tumors develop extensive tumor cell necrosis. In the absence of the requisite number of mitoses or tumor necrosis, it is difficult to distinguish some leiomyosarcomas from leiomyomas, but tumor size, cellularity and cellular atypia may be helpful parameters when assessed together. The importance of these criteria in different anatomical sites is discussed. It is emphasized that the criteria for the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma of the uterus do not apply to non-uterine smooth muscle tumors. The actuarial 2-year survival rate was as follows: gastric leiomyosarcoma, 40%; small intestinal leiomyosarcoma, 60%; and retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma, 16%.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased prevalence of aortic stenosis in patients with arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract in Heyde syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Heyde syndrome is described as the association of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the gastrointestinal tract and aortic stenosis (AS); its existence, however, has been questioned. We examined whether there is an association between AVMs and AS when objective measures are used to diagnose these findings. METHODS: We identified all patients who were diagnosed with AVMs between 1990 and 2000 by means of gastrointestinal endoscopy or mesenteric angiography. We compared the prevalence of AS and mitral stenosis (MS) in the 73 patients with AVMs who also had echocardiograms. For a comparison with the general population, the prevalence of AS and MS in all patients who had echocardiograms between 1990 and 2000 was calculated (MS was chosen for comparison as a lesion with similar likelihood of prompting an echocardiographic evaluation). RESULTS: The prevalence of AS was 31.7% in patients with AVMs, which was significantly higher than the 14.0% found in the general population comparison group (P<.001). The prevalence of MS was 1.6% in the AVM group, which was not statistically different from the 6.0% MS prevalence in the general echocardiogram population (P =.14). Significant AS was 2.6 times more common, and severe AS was 4.1 times more common, in patients with AVMs than in the general population. Age and sex were not associated with Heyde syndrome, but the association was more prevalent in blacks. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed an association between AVMs and AS, although the etiology of the Heyde syndrome remains unclear. Clinicians need to be aware of this syndrome because it may affect their management of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding or AS.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on development of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal pigs.

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a common problem in human and other species and increases the risk of death of the fetus and newborn during the perinatal period. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to examine the influences of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) on development of the gastrointestinal tract in newborn pigs. METHODS: Ten animals from five litters were divided into five piglets with IUGR and five with normal birth-weight (NW). The IUGR category comprised animals with a birth weight 2 SD below the mean birth weight of the total population, while the NW category included animals with a birth weight within one SD of the mean birth weight in the total population. Animals were anesthetized and sampled within 2-4 h after birth and without suckling. The morphological changes of intestine and stomach of IUGR piglets were compared with NW ones. The expressions of IGF-I and receptors for growth hormone and insulin in intestinal mucosa were semiquantified using reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS: The results of our study indicated that the weights of the stomach, small intestine and small intestinal mucosa were significantly lower in IUGR compared with NW piglets (p<0.01). In addition, the lengths of the small intestine and colon in IUGR pigs were also significantly less than those of NW (p<0.05). Furthermore, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA level in intestinal mucosa of IUGR piglets was increased significantly (p<0.05), and the expression mRNA levels of insulin receptor and growth hormone (GH) receptor in the mucosa in IUGR piglets showed a tendency to be lower (p=0.17 and p=0.11, respectively) than those of the NW animals. CONCLUSION: We conclude from the data that IUGR affects intestinal growth and morphology and is in associated with altered gene expression of growth-related proteins. We speculate that the morphological change and associated altered endocrine homeostasis contribute to lower growth rates of pigs affected by IUGR.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract--a report of two cases with immunohistochemical studies.

We describe two cases of multiple lymphomatous polyposis in the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. Clinical findings, histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in paraffin embedded tissue are discussed. It is important to recognize this rare form of gastrointestinal lymphoma because of the prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1983

Extra-appendicular carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

During the years 1958-1978, seventeen patients were treated for extra-appendicular carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in Tel-Hashomer and Belinson hospitals. Most of the tumors were located in the colon (eight cases) and in the rectum (four cases). A direct correlation between the tumor size and invasiveness has been noted, with distant metastases in eight of 12 patients with tumors more than 2 cm in size. Gastrointestinal bleeding was the most frequent clinical symptom, whereas the "carcinoid syndrome" appeared only in three patients. Curative surgery was performed in six patients, palliative procedure in two cases, explorative laparotomy was performed in four cases, and in two patients diagnosis was made in postmortem examination. Eight of the 17 patients (47%) had distant metastases at the time of the diagnosis, and six of the 15 operated patients (40%) died during the first year after the operation. The malignant nature of these tumors, together with the high incidence (23%) of associated malignant neoplasms is stressed. Radical resection is advocated in the cases where the tumor's size is more than 2 cm or in the presence of muscular invasion.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Region-specific distribution of the P2Y4 receptor in enteric glial cells and interstitial cells of Cajal within the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract.

Although there is pharmacological evidence to assume that the P2Y4 receptor is a regulator of epithelial ion transport, no detailed data about its distribution within the gut are available. Therefore, this study, using whole mounts and cryosections, aimed to reveal the expression pattern of P2Y4 along the entire guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract. P2Y4 immunoreactivity was absent from enteric neurons but present in enteric glial cells of the stomach, small and large intestine. In the esophagus, P2Y4 appeared to be exclusively located within striated muscle cells. P2Y4 showed also a region dependency regarding its presence in different subpopulations of interstitial cells of Cajal: in myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal in the stomach and ileum; in some intramuscular interstitial cells in the stomach and cecum; in some deep muscular plexus interstitial cells in the ileum; and in some submucosal surface interstitial cells in the colon. These results and the knowledge that P2Y4 activation causes intracellular Ca2+ recruitment led us to suggest that P2Y4 in enteric glia plays a modulatory role in intercellular Ca2+ waves, while P2Y4 in interstitial cells of Cajal modulates intracellular Ca2+ oscillations.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Endoscopy - related bacteremia. Incidence of positive blood cultures after endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine the frequency of bacteremia after endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Three of 100 patients (3%) demonstrated positive blood cultures after the endoscopic procedure. Bacteriologic surveys disclosed that routine cleansing procedures of the endoscopy room and the endoscope itself frequently failed to achieve optimal sterile conditions. Particularly noteworthy was the growth of Enterobacter liquefaciens and Candida albicans on one occasion from the endoscope tip. We conclude that, although the incidence of postendoscopy positive blood cultures is low, a more vigorous approach to using clean equipment in clean surroundings is needed when dealing with a potentially susceptible host.

Candida↗
PubMed2000

A randomized controlled trial to assess alendronate-associated injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

BACKGROUND: Aminobisphosphonates are recommended for postmenopausal osteoporosis but have been associated with injury to the upper gastrointestinal tract. AIM: To conduct a randomized controlled trial, to assess the endoscopic damage caused by alendronate and its effect on gastric mucosal prostaglandin synthesis. METHODS: Seventy-six healthy volunteers age 40-60 years, with normal baseline endoscopy were randomly assigned to treatment with: (A) ASA 650 mg q. d.s.; (B) alendronate 10 mg o.d.; or (C) placebo o.d. for 14 days. Mucosal injury scores on day 14 of treatment were reported by a blinded endoscopist. Gastric biopsies were analysed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Oesophageal injury did not differ among treatment groups. Gastric ulcers developed in five out of 26 subjects given ASA, two out of 25 given alendronate, and none of 25 given placebo. The mucosal damage scores for the alendronate group exceeded those for the placebo group in the gastric body but not at other sites. Injury scores for ASA exceeded those for placebo in the duodenum, antrum, body, and fundus. The mean change in log10[PGE2] (ng/mg protein) was - 0.07 for placebo, - 0.80 for ASA, and + 0.62 for alendronate (differences not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Alendronate is associated with injury and ulceration of the gastric mucosa. This effect was not associated with any significant change in gastric mucosal PGE2 levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Magnetic semi-permeable polyethyleneimine microcapsules for monitoring of N-nitrosation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Semi-permeable polyethyleneimine (PEI) microcapsules were developed recently for trapping unstable electrophilic products in the gastrointestinal tract. Their N-nitrosation has been investigated in vitro and in vivo in the present study. At acid pH N-nitrosation was found to be linearly dependent on nitrite concentration, without a pH maximum. Up to 70% of the nitrosating agent was converted to N-nitroso products that were retained in the microcapsules and detected by a total N-nitroso assay procedure. Microcapsules prepared with different formulations (in order to vary membrane characteristics) provided a limit of detection in the range 1-10 nmol N-nitrosating agent and were also found to have a different capacity for N-nitrosation. Based on n.m.r. data it seems that such N-nitrosation is favoured by the incomplete protonation of this polyamine at acid pH and that nitrosation occurs at the least hindered secondary amine functions. Microcapsules were administered intragastrically in doses of 2 or 6 million to rats also receiving nitrite in the drinking water and were recovered magnetically from faeces. Relative to the maximum possible yield of N-nitrosated microcapsules that could have been excreted within the first 24 h, the excretion (maximum 4.9%) was found to depend on number of capsules administered and the time of administration relative to access to nitrite. Although performed with only a few animals, these preliminary data indicate a performance possibly superior to existing endogenous nitrosation indicators, and a dual purpose system to trap both nitrosating agents and their direct-acting DNA-damaging N-nitroso products.

Animals↗