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PubMed2004

A set of observational measures for rating support and participation in conversation between adults with aphasia and their conversation partners.

Conversation partners of individuals with aphasia, including health care professionals, families, and others, play a role that is as important for communication as the language disorder suffered by individuals with aphasia. Two complementary measures designed to capture elements of conversation between adults with aphasia and their speaking conversation partners have been developed. The first measure provides an index of the conversation partner's skill in providing conversational support. The second provides an index of the level of participation in conversation by the person with aphasia. This article describes the development of the measures, including preliminary psychometric data, and discusses applications.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Factors relating to depression after stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Depression is common after stroke and can impede rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to determine which factors predicted the severity of depression at the time of recruitment to a treatment study and depression 6 months later. DESIGN: A questionnaire-based longitudinal study. METHODS: A total of 123 depressed stroke patients who were between 1 and 6 months post-stroke and had mild to moderate disabilities were recruited to a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural psychotherapy (CBT) to treat depression (Lincoln & Flannaghan, 2003). At recruitment and at 6 months follow-up, patients (N=112) were assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), Wakefield Depression Inventory (WDI), Barthel index, Extended activities of daily living scale (EADL), Sheffield Screening Test for Acquired Language Disorders (SST) and Recovery locus of control scale (RLOC). RESULTS: Logistic regression showed that greater communication impairment on the SST at recruitment was predictive of severe depression on the BDI at recruitment (OR=0.72, p=.01). Patients with greater communication impairment (OR=0.69, p<.05) and a more external locus of control (OR=0.89, p<.05) at recruitment were more likely to remain depressed at follow-up. Patients who remained depressed at follow-up were more severely depressed at recruitment (p=.001). CONCLUSIONS: Locus of control and communication impairment were related to depression. Communication impairment was the strongest predictor of depression severity and prognosis. Mild depression was more likely to resolve. The regression models only accounted for a small proportion of the variance in depression scores. Therefore, further studies of psychosocial factors in a more representative sample are required.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Receptive language skills of adolescents and young adults with down or fragile X syndrome.

We investigated the receptive language of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome (n = 25) or fragile X syndrome (n = 19). We were interested in syndrome differences and gender differences within fragile X. Comparison of the syndromes and MA-matched typically developing children (n = 24) revealed that individuals with the syndromes differed in relative achievements across the domains of receptive vocabulary, receptive syntax, and nonverbal cognition as well as in the organization of their linguistic knowledge. Comparison of males and females with fragile X revealed that each displayed synchronous development across the three domains, despite the fact that the receptive language levels of females surpassed that of males.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Association between differentiated processing of syllables and comprehension of grammatical morphology in children with Down syndrome.

Our purpose in this exploratory investigation was to examine the relationship between degree of impairment in grammatical morpheme comprehension and event-related potential measures of differentiated processing of speech syllables in 10 children with Down syndrome. Results strongly support the hypothesized association. Graphs of the association indicate that children with less impaired grammatical comprehension had greater amplitude differences in event-related potentials to contrast of syllables within preselected poststimulus latency ranges. The theoretical and clinical ramifications of these results are discussed.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2000

"A good future for deaf children": a five-year sign language intervention project.

Deaf preschoolers and hearing family members learned sign language in a 5-year intervention project. Once weekly, each child met with a teacher who was deaf. Parents, siblings, and other relatives met about once monthly to study sign language, and all families in the project signed together about twice yearly. The present study addressed four questions asked of parents about the project: (a) How did the children learn to sign? (b) Did both the parents and the children benefit from the project? (c) What was the position of sign language in the family? (d) Did the project have some impact on the family's social network? The families indicated satisfaction with the project; they learned to sign and their social networks expanded. Parents favored bilingual education: Sign language was the main language but learning Finnish was also important. Learning sign language was not easy, especially for the fathers. The families that were most actively involved in the lessons learned the most.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of aging on non-literal language treatment].

Communication abilities are known to decline with age. In daily life, such abilities are frequently of the non-literal type, which require more cognitive resources to be processed. Since these resources tend to diminish with age, this study seeks to identify a possible effect of age on non-literal language abilities. Forty young and 40 older adults of two different education levels were compared on their non-literal and literal language abilities. Results suggest that age does not affect the processing of non-literal language but could affect some preliminary components of the task, thought to require more cognitive resources. This study does not provide direct evidence to suggest that elderly participants experience specific difficulties in processing non-literal language.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Migraine with aphasia. Report of a family].

We describe a Brazilian family in which one female patient and her three daughters present a clinical course compatible with migraine, preceded by language disorders (aphasia), without paresis. Several aspects related to genetics of migraine are reviewed. We conclude that further genetical studies are necessary to establish if these cases are different sources of well-known migraine subtypes as the familial hemiplegic migraine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Perisylvian syndrome: report of one Brazilian family with focus on the genetic mode of inheritance and clinical spectrum].

Perisylvian syndrome (PS) refers to a variety of clinical manifestations associated with lesions in the perisylvian or opercular region. Acquired lesions such as cerebrovascular diseases or virus encephalitis and congenital lesions such as polymicrogyria (PMG) may be implied as etiological factors. The onset of the PS may occur in early childhood. The aim of this study was to report one family with PS in order to draw attention to this rarely diagnosed entity. Our family has five affected patients, three children and two male adults. All of them had developmental language disorder. Epilepsy, motor deficit and pseudobulbar signs (such as drooling) were detected in one child who had diffuse PMG along the Sylvian fissure. Subtle clinical manifestations correlated with either subtle MRI findings or normal MRI. Most reported families provide evidence suggestive of X-linked transmission. However, the most likely mode of inheritance in our family is autosomal dominant, since a male to male transmission was documented.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of specific reading disability in children from a neuropsychological clinic in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: This report describes the main clinical features associated with specific reading disability (RD) in a group of 778 school-age children studied in a Neuropsychological Clinic in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was performed retrospectively, using data abstracted from clinical records of subjects seen in 1995-1996. Children were mainly from low and middle economic strata and aged between 6 to 12 years. The following data were collected: age, gender, diagnosis, school grade, food intake, maternal complications during pregnancy, perinatal and postnatal neurological risk factors, and neurological signs and handedness. RESULTS: Subjects with RD had a mean age of 102.9 months, were predominantly male (male female ratio, 2:1). Among the study group, 49.1% of the children were diagnosed with RD of a visuo-sensory-motor type, and 75.1% were from early school years (1st to 3rd grades); 27.6% showed evidence of malnutrition. A previous history of language disorders (49.2%), and a high frequency of perinatal risk factors and neurological soft signs were also found. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that variables such as gender, food intake, and genetic and neurological risk factors, were associated with reading disabilities in school children. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Validation of the Brazilian Children's Test of Pseudoword Repetition in Portuguese speakers aged 4 to 10 years.

The phonological loop is a component of the working memory system specifically involved in the processing and manipulation of limited amounts of information of a sound-based phonological nature. Phonological memory can be assessed by the Children's Test of Nonword Repetition (CNRep) in English speakers but not in Portuguese speakers due to phonotactic differences between the two languages. The objectives of the present study were: 1). to develop the Brazilian Children's Test of Pseudoword Repetition (BCPR), a Portuguese version of the CNRep, and 2). to validate the BCPR by correlation with the Auditory Digit Span Test from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. The BCPR and Digit Span were assessed in 182 children aged 4-10 years, 84 from Minas Gerais State (42 from a rural region) and 98 from the city of S o Paulo. There are subject age and word length effects causing repetition accuracy to decline as a function of the number of syllables of the pseudowords. Correlations between BCPR and Digit Span forward (r = 0.50; P <or= 0.01) and backward (r = 0.43; P <or= 0.01) were found, and partial correlation indicated that higher BCPR scores were associated with higher Digit Span scores. BCPR appears to depend more on schooling, while Digit Span was more related to development. The results demonstrate that the BCPR is a reliable measure of phonological working memory, similar to the CNRep.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Validity of Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC): preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the concurrent and criterion validity of the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). METHODS: Three groups, comprising 38 mothers of children previously diagnosed with autism (DSM IV-TR, 2002), 43 mothers of children with language disorders other than autism, and 52 mothers of children who had no linguistic or behavioral complaints, were interviewed. In order to minimize the effect of maternal level of education, the questionnaire was completed by the researcher. To determine the concurrent validation, ANOVA and discriminant analysis were used. The ROC curve was used to establish the cutoff score of the sample and to examine the criterion validity. RESULTS: The mean total score was significantly higher in the group of mothers of autistic children than in the other groups. The ABC correctly identified 81.6% of the autistic children. The ROC curve cutoff score was 49, and the sensitivity was 92.1%, higher than the 57.89% found when a cutoff score of 68 was used. The specificity was 92.6%, similar to the 94.73% obtained with a cutoff score of 68. CONCLUSIONS: The ABC shows promise as an instrument for identifying children with autistic disorders, both in clinical and educational contexts, especially when a cutoff score of 49 is used.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Language impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a hierarchical decline?

OBJECTIVE: Progressive memory impairment is the primary cognitive feature of Alzheimer's disease. Systematic attention to progressive language impairment is under-appreciated. The purpose of this article is to apply the semiotic language framework to organize the disparate findings on language impairment in DAT. METHOD: The semiotic system is hierarchical, going from simple to more complex units of language, with the hierarchical ranks of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. This language hierarchy is used as an organizing tool to provide a context for the discrete data on language decline in DAT. Studies relating to language impairment in DAT were identified through an exhaustive computerized search (Medline and Psych Info Database) of available literature spanning the last forty years in which 615 references were examined. Papers were selected for review if reference were made to any one or more of the language parameters of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, or to any components or indicators of these parameters, such as sound production, naming, grammar, sentence processing, verbal comprehension in Alzheimer patients. RESULTS: There appears to be an overall relation between language decline and complexity of language both across and within the hierarchical ranks. There also appears to be an associated negative relation between sequence in language development and language decline. Language forms learned last in the sequence of language development are the most complex and appear to be first to deteriorate. CONCLUSIONS: The decline of language in DAT appears to be hierarchical in nature. Further understanding of this hierarchical language decline depends in part on nosologic clarification and subtyping of DAT.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

Relationship of reinforcement by student clinicians and peers to accuracy of imitated grammatical constructions during language training.

Percentages of correctly imitated grammatical constructions were examined within a framework of reinforcement theory. Four small treatment groups, each of 4 language-delayed children, were repeatedly observed interacting with different student-clinicians. The Therapy Reinforcement Schedule was used to obtain frequency counts of verbal and non-verbal reinforcements so that within each language group the students could be objectively divided into those who frequently and infrequently were reinforcing, and the children into those for whom peer-reinforcement was high or low. The resulting 4 groups were compared for proportions of accurately imitated constructions with a repeated-measures analysis of variance design (student-clinicians' reinforcement x peers' reinforcement x trials). Correctly scored imitations increased significantly over trials. In addition, children interacting with frequently reinforcing students received higher imitation scores than those with infrequently rewarding ones. Significant main effects of reinforcement by the peer group were not observed, although a reliable interaction of student-clinicians' reinforcement x peers' reinforcement was present. Regression analyses indicated the importance of certain types of reinforcements in predicting accuracy of imitation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of two methods for scoring syntactic complexity.

Summary scores for Developmental Sentence Scoring and the Index of Productive Syntax were obtained from the language samples of 29 preterm children at preschool age. A moderate correlation obtained between these two measures of syntactic complexity. Only Index of Productive Syntax scores distinguished the language abilities of 19 neurologically normal from 10 suspect children.

Brain↗
PubMed1997

Chronological age and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test performance of persons with mental retardation: new data.

The Test de Vocabulaire en Images (the French version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale were administered to 44 persons with mental retardation who were aged 6.8 yr. to 18.2 yr. Analysis indicated a significant influence of chronological age on the Test de Vocabulaire en Images Mental Age. This influence of chronological age probably explains why receptive vocabulary tests consistently overestimate the IQ of persons with mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Language remediation in mother tongue: a paediatric multilingual picture resource.

Bilingual clients frequently feature on speech and language therapists' caseloads and yet they are rarely assessed and treated in their mother tongue. There are few assessments targeting languages other than English. Culturally and linguistically appropriate assessment and remediation materials should be devised for the differing needs of each distinct population. This paper describes the Pakistani Heritage Asian population in Rochdale and one of the first steps taken to address its needs: the development of an early expressive language assessment and remediation package for paediatric clients. Reference is made to the importance of identifying the exact languages spoken, especially when the use of one language may be perceived as denoting lower social status. Semantic and syntactic issues involved in constructing assessments are highlighted.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Meta-syntactic therapy using visual coding for children with severe persistent SLI.

The results of a pilot study into meta-syntactic therapy using visual coding for four children (age 11-13 years) with severe receptive and expressive specific language impairment (SLI) are presented. The coding system uses shapes, colours and a system of arrows to teach grammatical rules. A time-series design established baseline pre-therapy measures of comprehension and production of both passives and 'wh' questions. All participants made progress with passives and this was significant in three cases of the four. Comprehension and production of 'wh' questions also improved in all participants, although this did not always reach statistical significance. The results indicate that meta-syntactic therapy of grammatical rules, capitalizing on visual strengths, can improve both comprehension and production in secondary age children with severe persistent SLI.

Adolescent↗