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PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual adventurism, high-risk behavior, and human immunodeficiency virus-1 seroconversion among the Chicago MACS-CCS cohort, 1984 to 1992. A case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To predict incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 seroconversions among a cohort of gay and bisexual men based on recalled sexual behavior, drug use, partnership status, and an index of sexual adventurism/risk-seeking attitudes. STUDY DESIGN: A nested case-control design was used in a retrospective study spanning a 9-year period. RESULTS: Sexual adventurism was an important predictor of HIV-1 infection. The partial risk ratio for our 100-point adventurism scale indicated a marginal rate of increase in seroconversion risk of 4% (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 1.06), with almost 79% of seroconverters scoring above the median on the index. As expected, partner status, drug use, and unprotected receptive anal (RA) intercourse were associated with seroconversion. However, multivariate results indicated that men using condoms consistently in RA sex were also at higher risk for infection (odds ratio = 2.68; 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 6.95) than men who abstained from RA intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed with respect to their implications for HIV prevention intervention and research. Recommendations include the development of new approaches and the adaptation of existing intervention techniques that recognize and treat persons with strong risk-taking predispositions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Saccular potentials of the vocal plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus.

The plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, is a vocal species of teleost fish that generates acoustic signals for intraspecific communication during social and reproductive behaviors. All adult morphs (females and males) produce single short duration grunts important for agonistic encounters, but only nesting males produce trains of grunts and growls in agonistic contexts and long duration multiharmonic advertisement calls to attract gravid females for spawning. The midshipman fish uses the saccule as the main acoustic endorgan for hearing to detect and locate vocalizing conspecifics. Here, I examined the response properties of evoked potentials from the midshipman saccule to determine the frequency response and auditory threshold sensitivity of saccular hair cells to behaviorally-relevant single tone stimuli. Saccular potentials were recorded from the rostral, medial and caudal regions of the saccule while sound was presented by an underwater speaker. Saccular potentials of the midshipman, like other teleosts, were evoked greatest at a frequency that was twice the stimulus frequency. Results indicate that midshipman saccular hair cells of non-reproductive adults had a peak frequency sensitivity that ranged from 75 (lowest frequency tested) to 145 Hz and were best suited to detect the low frequency components (<or=105 Hz) of midshipman vocalizations.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of simulated barrier treatments against laboratory colonies of Pharaoh ant.

Five selected insecticides were applied to four substrates and evaluated in laboratory studies for repellency and toxicity against the Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). We tested both repellent and nonrepellent formulations on outdoor (concrete and mulch) and indoor (ceramic and vinyl) substrates. Repellency was evaluated using a behavioral bioassay in which colonies were given a choice to leave the treated zone and move into empty nests provided in the untreated zone. We used a novel experimental design whereby ants walked on a Slinky coil suspended from a metal support frame, thus permitting a long foraging distance with a minimum use of space and resources. Cypermethrin, a repellent pyrethroid insecticide, resulted in colony budding, although the response was delayed. Toxicity of insecticides was evaluated as worker, queen, and brood mortality. The most effective treatment was fipronil, which provided 100% reduction in pretreatment activity by 2 d posttreatment on both concrete and mulch. Chlorfenapyr was highly effective on both outdoor and indoor substrates. Significant substrate effects were observed with insecticides applied to nonabsorbent substrates (ceramic tile), which performed better than insecticides applied to absorbent substrates (vinyl tile). Other highly absorbent materials (mulch and concrete), however, did not reduce insecticide efficacy. This is because ants relocated nests into and/or under these attractive nesting materials, thus increasing their exposure to toxic insecticide residues. Our results demonstrate efficacy of nonrepellent liquid insecticides as indoor treatments for the control of Pharaoh ants and possibly as exterior perimeter treatments.

Absorption↗
PubMed1976

The foraging behavior of the ant Myrmica laevinodis nyl.

The foraging territory is not divided among particular foragers, at least in the young, small families of M. laevinodis. The same individuals may be observed repeatedly only at the aphides over a period of several days, which may be explained by a transient memorizing of the source of attractive food. Along with the faculty of these ants to inform their nestmates of the food source, a certain continuity in care of the aphides is ensured. Various forms of behavior among particular foragers coming in contact with the trophy exceeding their strength were noted. The less time the ant hesitates before to the nest, the sooner and more efficiently it recruits helpers and the smaller is its dependence on its own odor trails when moving on the terrain. Since there exist transitory forms between diametrically opposite manifestations of such behavior, possibly the process of individual acquirement of capabilities necessary for fulfilling foraging function occurs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Differential effects of periodic maternal separation on adult stress coping in a rat model of extremes in trait anxiety.

We studied interactions of genetic and environmental factors shaping adult emotionality and stress coping, and tested the hypothesis that repeated periodic maternal deprivation (PMD) exerts differential effects on adult behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responsiveness in dependence on the genetic predisposition to either hyper- or hypo-anxiety. Exposure of male Wistar rats bidirectionally bred for either high (HAB) or low (LAB) anxiety-related behavior to PMD between postnatal days 2 and 15 resulted in a behavioral approximation of the selected lines. This was reflected by test-dependent signs of reduced anxiety-related behavior in adult HAB rats and of enhanced levels of anxiety in LAB rats compared with their corresponding unstressed controls. In addition to behavioral parameters, differential effects of PMD were also seen with respect to the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis to acute stressor exposure (novel environment) in adulthood. The corticotrophin (ACTH) and corticosterone hyper-responses seen in control rats of the HAB line compared with those of the LAB line became attenuated in PMD-HAB rats, whereas PMD did not significantly alter neuroendocrine responses in LAB rats. Thus, as a result of PMD, both ACTH and corticosterone responses became indistinguishable between HAB and LAB rats. Although HAB dams spent more time on the nest with the litter compared with LAB dams during the first 5 days postpartum, licking and grooming behavior did not differ between the lines prior to separation, and was found to be increased to the same extent in both HAB and LAB dams during the first hour immediately after reunion with the pups. In contrast to early life stress, exposure of adult HAB and LAB rats to a 10-day unpredictable stress schedule failed to alter their emotional measures. The mitigating effect of PMD on both behavioral and neuroendocrine parameters in rats representing extremes in trait anxiety might reflect an evolutionary benefit as the genetic variability among individuals of a species is sustained while allowing adequate responses to potentially dangerous stimuli in adulthood dependent on early life conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Problem of behavioral plasticity in slave-making Amazon-ant Polyergus rufescens Latr. and in its slave-ants Formica fusca L. and Formica cinerea Mayr.

Changes in the natural behavior, expressing adaptation to cohabitation in a community, were observed in the slave-making ants P. rufescens and the slave-species F. fusca and F. cinerea. After a few raids, the initially undirected arousal evoked in the slaves by the amazons' raids, begins to acquire attributes appropriate to the situation, but completely different in both studied slave-species. F. cinerea picks up the pupae abandoned on the nest by the slave-making ants and eventually begins to wrench them away from the amazons arriving with prey. F. fusca, whose nests have openings so narrow that it prevents the mass entry of amazons with prey, begin to enlarge those openings shortly after the amazons return. After a certain number of raids, F. fusca begin to enlarge the openings immediately after the departure of the amazons for the slave-raid. The amazons, on their side, adjust soon to the specific behavior of the given slave-species; in nests with F. fusca, they make use of enlarged openings, carrying their prey through them into the nest; when F. cinerea are the slaves, most of the amazons begin to drop the pupae on the nest, and later even surrender the prey to the slaves who meet them. It is supposed that in all three species, under the influence of specific conditions there occurs the process of learning of new forms of behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Maternal behavior changes after immune challenge of neonates with developmental effects on adult social behavior.

To examine whether maternal responsiveness during interactions with endotoxin-treated pups contributes to long-term effects on social development, neonatal mice were fostered on postnatal day 1 to dams from three selectively bred lines that differ in social behaviors. On day 5, neonates were administered saline or 0.5 mg/kg endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, i.p.). Observations of undisturbed dams and litters on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 showed modest line differences in maternal behaviors. At the peak intensity of the transient illness induced by endotoxin (3 hr postinjection on day 5), dams increased licking and decreased time off-nest for endotoxin, but not saline-treated pups. As adults, fostered-reared males were observed in brief social interactions. Males exposed to endotoxin early in life showed changes in adult social behaviors that depended on foster dam line as well as individual differences in maternal responsiveness. Maternal responsiveness to stressed neonates can ameliorate the social-developmental effects of early illness.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Maternal modulation of natal dispersal in a passerine bird: an adaptive strategy to cope with parasitism?

The decision of how far to disperse from the natal territory has profound and long-lasting consequences for young animals, yet the optimal dispersal behavior often depends on environmental factors that are difficult or impossible to assess by inexperienced juveniles. Natural selection thus favors mechanisms that allow the adaptive and flexible adjustment of the offspring's dispersal behavior by their parents via either paternal or maternal effects. Here we show that different dispersal strategies maximize the reproductive success of young great tits (Parus major) originating from a parasite-infested or a parasite-free nest and demonstrate that differential transfer of maternal yolk androgens in response to parasitism can result in a modification of the offspring's dispersal behavior that appears adaptive. It demonstrates that prenatal maternal effects are an important yet so far neglected determinant of natal dispersal and highlights the potential importance of maternal effects in mediating coevolutionary processes in host-parasite systems.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Two possible determinants of the timing of daily episodes of behavior in rats.

The present experiment examined endogenous ultradian rhythms and regulatory metabolic processes as two potential determinants of daily out-of-nest episodes (ONEs) and feeding episodes (FEs) in rats living in a 24-h environment. Two types of photoperiod were used: a Standard 12:12 h L/D schedule and a Skeleton 12:12 h schedule. During each type of photoperiod rats were exposed to 4 feeding conditions of 7 to 12 days each: (a) a baseline of ad lib food and water; (b) restricted to the diurnal (inactive) portion of the cycle; (c) both food and water restricted to the inactive period; and (d) return to baseline. Time series analyses of nocturnal ONEs in baseline revealed a strong circadian rhythm and weaker ultradian rhythms with periods between 2 and 6 h. Analyses of FEs, though, revealed a general absence of circadian rhythms but strong ultradian rhythms with periods similar to those observed in ONEs. When food and water were restricted to the inactive part of the cycle, ONEs showed no change in frequency, but a decrease in average duration and changes in ultradian periodicities. The results indicated control of daily episodes of behavior in rats by ultradian oscillators that are weaker and more variable in affect than those found in voles, but similar in period.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Queen influence on workers behavior of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Forel, 1908).

In an ant colony, the queen is the single reproducer and can interact with her workers via pheromones and cuticular compounds. However, in most species queen importance is not restricted to reproduction: in the initial development of the colony, her presence might play a more important role. In this work, we studied the effects of queen absence on workers behavior displayed in the foraging arena. Ants mortality and refuse accumulation was also measured daily. The results showed that queen absence did not alter either workers behavior or foraging efficiency. However, we observed increased ant mortality accompanied by a decrease in refuse dumping outside the nest. These results corroborate the hypothesis that environmental factors are more important than intrinsical factors in the allocation of external tasks. Probably, the queen could only influence internal activities of the colony.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Locomotion and the pollen hoarding behavioral syndrome of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.).

Honeybees selected for the colony level phenotype of storing large quantities of pollen (pollen hoarding) in the nest exhibit greater walking activity than those selected against pollen hoarding. In this study, we use a simple walking assay to demonstrate that walking activity increases with the proportion of high pollen-hoarding alleles in pure and backcrossed strains of bees (high-strain bees > offspring generated from a high backcross > offspring generated from a low backcross > low-strain bees). The trait is heritable but is not associated with markers linked to three quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapped for their effects on pollen hoarding with demonstrated pleiotropic effects on pollen and nectar foraging and learning behavior. However, locomotion in non-selected bees is correlated with responsiveness to sucrose, a trait that correlates with foraging and learning behavior. We propose that pollen-hoarding behavior involves a syndrome of behavioral traits with complex genetic and regulatory architectures that span sensory sensitivity, foraging behavior, and learning. We propose that locomotor activity is the component of this syndrome and reflects the early maturation of the bees that become pollen foragers.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Using an animal model to assess the long-term behavioral and biological consequences of adolescent abuse and exposure to alcohol.

During adolescence or adulthood, male hamster siblings were divided into control and experimental groups and exposed to periods of either mild or traumatic stress outside their individual nests. Mild stress is the simple exposure to a novel environment while the traumatic stressor is repeated daily subjugation by a dominant hamster. Over adolescence and adulthood, animals had free access to alcohol. The behavior and neuroendocrinology were assessed over these developmental periods in response to these environmental conditions. As adults, animals with a history of traumatic stress in adolescence showed inappropriate and excessive aggressive behavior. Their aggression was context dependent. In the presence of equal size hamsters, they showed little aggression; however, they were excessively aggressive toward smaller, younger animals. Testosterone levels and reproductive behavior were normal after adolescent subjugation; however, release of cortisol during agonistic encounters was suppressed. In comparison, hamsters exposed to chronic social subjugation as adults had low plasma testosterone, reduced reproductive behavior, and exaggerated cortisol release during agonistic encounters. Self-ingestion of alcohol during adolescence enhanced testosterone release around the peripubertal period but reduced plasma testosterone levels in adulthood. Exposure to alcohol as adolescents enhanced aggression in adulthood. These data demonstrate a pronounced difference in behavior and neuroendocrinology between adolescent and adult hamsters in their response to traumatic stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effects of 6-OHDA-induced dopamine depletions in the ventral or dorsal striatum on maternal and sexual behavior in the female rat.

The effects of dopamine-depleting 6-OHDA infusions in the ventral or dorsal striatum on maternal and sexual behaviors were examined in female rats. Like sham-operated controls, lactating rats receiving 6-OHDA in the ventral striatum built good nests, nursed the infants and showed maternal aggression toward strange intruders. By contrast, the lesioned females performed poorly in tests for pup retrieval, as reflected in greatly protracted retrieval latencies. There was no effect of ventral striatal DA depletions on proceptive and receptive elements of female sexual behavior, which was studied after lactation following ovariectomy and exogenous administration of ovarian hormones, but these animals did show an attenuated hyperactivity response to a low dose of amphetamine. Females with dopamine lesions in the dorsal striatum did not differ from controls with respect to maternal and sexual behavior, but they did show an enhanced hyperactivity response to amphetamine treatment.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1999

A Study on the Surface Silanol Groups Developed by Hydrothermal and Acid Treatment of Faujasite Type Zeolites.

The surface silanol groups on faujasite type zeolites, which were formed by hydrothermal and acid treatments and considered to be lattice defect, were characterized. IR measurements of silanol groups were made in situ and thermogravimetic analysis was conducted under vacuum so as to quantify their content. It was thus possible to quantify separately the concentration of silanol groups forming hydroxy nests and the concentration of terminal silanol groups present on the secondary pores and crystal external surfaces. As the evacuation temperature increased, silanol groups forming hydroxy nests were found to decrease as a result of dehydroxylation condensation. The number of terminal silanol groups on the secondary pores and external surface remained virtually unchanged. The concentration of terminal silanol groups agreed well with the value calculated according to the proposed destruction model of the zeolite framework. This justified the model that there remained the double 6-ring structure on the secondary pore surfaces after the sodalite cage was collapsed as a result of the treatments. The effect of silanol groups forming hydroxy nests on the zeolite surface polarity was examined by measuring immersional heats in various solvents. It turned out that the extremely localized silanol groups forming hydroxy nests in the framework were linked via hydrogen bond to each other and showed nonpolar behavior. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Ant navigation: reading geometrical signposts.

Ants often travel along complex pheromone trail systems between their nest and foraging areas. A new and surprising discovery is that Pharaoh's ants can work out from the geometry of individual branch points on the trail whether they are heading towards or away from the nest.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral science at the crossroads in public health: extending horizons, envisioning the future.

The social and behavioral sciences are at a crossroads in public health. In this paper, we attempt to describe a path toward the further integration of the natural and behavioral sciences with respect to the study of behavior and health. Three innovations are proposed. First, we extend and modify the "stream of causation" metaphor along two axes: time, and levels of nested systems of social and biological organization. Second, we address the question of whether 'upstream' features of social context are causes of disease, fundamental or otherwise. Finally, we propose the concept of a risk regulator to advance the study of behavior and health in populations. To illustrate the potential of these innovations, we develop a multilevel framework for the study of health behaviors and obesity in social and biological context.

Causality↗