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PubMed1976

A model interdisciplinary diagnostic and treatment nursery.

A model interdisciplinary diagnostic and treatment nursery program for developmentally disabled children is objectively described to enable documentation of effectiveness and replication. The major components of the program were the parent-professional partnership and the objective specification by the interdisciplinary team of problems, treatment plan, and treatment methods for each youngster. The concept of efficiency index is used to document and compare program effectiveness for four treatment cases, one of which is presented in detail. Reasons for program effectiveness and potential problem areas are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1997

The shape of cell death.

Cell death, a scheduled event during development and tissue turnover, or the ultimate consequence of toxic or pathologic insults seems to involve a relatively limited number of execution pathways. This reflects the evolution of an organized sequence of events perhaps converging onto final common pathways that are used to dispose of unwanted or injured cells. In many cases, the ordered execution of this internal death program leads to typical morphological and biochemical changes that have been termed apoptosis. Apoptosis, often equated with developmental or programmed cell death, has been opposed to unscheduled or accidental cell lysis/necrosis. However, increasing evidence suggests that the two forms of cell demise share similar characteristics, at least in the signaling and early progression phase. Recent studies have shown that, when the intensity of the insult is very high and/or when ATP generation is deficient, cells fail to execute the ordered changes ensuing in apoptosis. Then cell lysis/necrosis supervenes before the processes leading to nuclear condensation and exposure of surface molecules can be completed. Thus, apoptosis and necrosis seem to represent only different shapes of cell demise, resulting from a more or less complete execution of the internal death program.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

PtoeIF5A1: A Pleiotropic Regulator of Development, PCD, and Salt Tolerance in Populus tomentosa.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a highly conserved protein family unique to eukaryotes, yet its functional characterization in woody plants remains limited. In this study, we identified four eIF5A genes (PtoeIF5A1-PtoeIF5A4) from the genome of Populus tomentosa, a fast-growing tree species indigenous to China, and characterized their expression patterns and functional roles through bioinformatics analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, stable overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana, and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our results demonstrated that all PtoeIF5A proteins contain a conserved OB-fold domain and multiple phosphorylation sites, with PtoeIF5A1 showing predominant expression in roots and secondary xylem. Functional assays revealed that PtoeIF5A1 overexpression accelerated inflorescence stem elongation and early flowering in Arabidopsis, induced visible chlorosis and programmed cell death (PCD) in tobacco leaves, and significantly enhanced salt tolerance under NaCl treatment. Collectively, these findings establish PtoeIF5A1 in poplar as a pleiotropic regulator integrating developmental cues, programmed cell death, and stress responses; and as a valuable genetic resource for breeding stress-resilient woody plants.

Populus tomentosa↗
PubMed1986

Re-entry women in baccalaureate nursing programs: the achievement of selected developmental tasks.

This study sought to determine if there is a difference in the level of development, as assessed by the Student Developmental Task Inventory (SDTI-2), between the traditional age woman and the re-entry woman who has entered a baccalaureate nursing program. It builds upon the theoretical formulations of accepted principles of human growth and development and recent life cycle research, which suggests that further achievement of developmental tasks is possible throughout adulthood. The subjects consist of 156 traditional age and 50 re-entry women nursing students. Data were analyzed with the use of the subprograms "Frequencies" and "T-Test" of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Examination of the null hypotheses related to the achievement of developmental tasks and subtasks revealed that the traditional age woman and the re-entry woman did not differ on the majority of the developmental tasks and subtasks. Implications for nurse educators are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Benefits of early intervention for children with developmental disabilities.

Early intervention programs are designed to enhance the developmental competence of participants and to prevent or minimize developmental delays. Children targeted for early intervention may either include environmentally or biologically vulnerable children, or those with established developmental deficits. There is growing consensus based on the best available evidence that early interventions can exert moderate positive effects. However, this literature is limited by substantial methodological weaknesses in most studies. Therefore further randomized clinical trials are needed to ascertain which programs best meet the needs of children with or at risk for developmental disability.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2025

In vivo differentiation of embryonic cells devoid of key reprogramming factors.

Embryonic cell differentiation depends on reprogramming of the oocyte and sperm nucleus into a transient totipotent state. In zebrafish, this coincides with genome activation, which is regulated by the pioneer factors Nanog, Pou5f3, and Sox19b (NPS). Here, we investigate the role of NPS in developmental reprogramming and differentiation by analyzing the fate of NPS mutant cells in a wild-type embryo using single-cell RNA-seq. We find that many cells fail to activate transcription or undergo cell death, while others acquire gene expression profiles that resemble germ cells, neural progenitors, and motoneuron states. These cells achieve intermediate transcriptional states, revealing the essential role of NPS in coordinating nuclear and cytoplasmic reprogramming and preventing the premature activation of lineage-specific differentiation programs. These results demonstrate that most developmental programs require developmental reprogramming by NPS, yet some cells can bypass transient totipotency to achieve intermediate developmental states resembling wild-type states in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of two amphioxus Wnt genes (AmphiWnt4 and AmphiWnt7b) with early expression in the developing central nervous system.

Full-length sequences and developmental expression patterns of two amphioxus Wnt genes (AmphiWnt4 and AmphiWnt7b) are described for the first time. The dynamic expression pattern of AmphiWnt4 suggests roles in the development of the posterior mesoderm, central nervous system, muscular somites, heart, and endostyle (a homolog of the vertebrate thyroid). The less diverse expression domains of AmphiWnt7b indicate that this gene may be involved only in the development of the central nervous system and the endostyle. In contrast to amphioxus, vertebrate embryos do not express Wnt4 homologues in the posterior mesoderm, somites, or heart; instead, Wnt genes of other subfamilies are expressed in these developing vertebrate organs. Because the developmental genetic programs of amphioxus may approximate those in the invertebrate chordate ancestor of the vertebrates, it is possible that some developmental functions of an ancestral Wnt4 gene may have been assumed by genes of other Wnt subfamilies during vertebrate evolution, possibly as a result of functional redundancy among Wnt subfamilies.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Preadmission programs: development, implementation and evaluation.

Preparation of children for hospitalization is utilized to mitigate the stresses which may accompany the experience. Preadmission programs provide preparation for the patient and family on a prehospital basis. The authors describe the development of family-centered, developmentally based programs which foster continuity and consistency in a large, pediatric tertiary care setting. Implementation and evaluation of the programs which contribute to quality patient care are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a developmental perspective.

Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are medically fragile and developmentally at risk for neuromotor and sensory delays. long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes can be positively impacted by an organized and purposeful program of developmental follow-up and early intervention. Nurses play an integral role in provision and coordination of the multifaceted health care required by these medically fragile infants.

Aftercare↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of global developmental delay in 3-year-old children in the United Arab Emirates.

OBJECTIVE: Developmental disabilities are lifelong conditions with considerable public health impact, incurring substantial financial and societal costs. Data on prevalence and associated factors can provide the basis for setting priorities and designing interventions. METHODS: A representative random sample of 694 United Arab Emirates national children aged 3 years were evaluated in a two-stage epidemiological study. RESULTS: Stage 1 screening using the Denver Developmental Screening Test found that 8.4% [confidence interval (CI): 6.4-10.7] had global developmental delay (GDD). Using clinical diagnostic interview in Stage 2, the weighted prevalence for clinically significant developmental disability was estimated to be 2.44% (CI: 1.28-3.56). GDD was associated with pregnancy and birth complications, poor maternal education, family history of developmental problems, and major traumatic life events, as well as behavioral problems in children. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest the need for comprehensive and early screening programs for developmental problems, and the importance of training medical and child care professionals accordingly.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1988

Professional-development and continuing-education programs for pharmacists in large hospitals.

Pharmacy directors at large hospitals nationwide were surveyed to determine the status of professional-development and continuing-education programs for staff pharmacists at their institutions. An 18-item questionnaire was developed and mailed in July 1987 to pharmacy directors of 445 large (bed capacity of greater than or equal to 450) hospitals. The questionnaire was designed to elicit information about who holds responsibility for the professional-development programs, the programs' frequency and format, how attendance is documented, and the types of individuals who present the programs. A total of 327 (73.5%) of the questionnaires were returned, with 256 (78.3%) of the respondents indicating that their department had some form of developmental-training program. Only 45 (17.6%) of these respondents indicated that their department employed an individual whose job title was specific for education or training functions. Hour-long lectures and videotaped programs were the most popular formats; programs were most frequently presented by pharmaceutical sales representatives or clinical or staff pharmacists. Of 251 respondents, only 90 (35.8%) indicated that an educational needs assessment of pharmacists had been conducted in the 18 months before the survey. Of 252 respondents, 138 (54.8%) indicated that their departments had no annual budget for these programs. Although program attendance was documented by 248 (97.3%) of the 256 departments, 111 (43.3%) did not require any type of certification for some programs. Evaluations were required by only 127 (49.6%) of the 256 pharmacy departments offering these programs. Inhouse programs offer opportunities for professional development, but resource allocation, program organization, and incentives for participation such as standards of performance could be improved in many of the programs explored by this survey.

Certification↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of needs of adults with developmental disabilities in skilled nursing and intermediate care facilities in Illinois.

Findings are reported from a statewide assessment of the habilitation, medical, and behavioral training needs of adults with developmental disabilities in Illinois general nursing homes. Only 10% were determined to be appropriately placed in medical settings, and only 27% were enrolled in developmental training programs. A large proportion of those recommended for alternative residential settings had significantly more intense medical, adaptive behavior, self-care, and self-preservation needs than did residents who typically reside in residential facilities for persons with developmental disabilities. Historical barriers to addressing the residential and active treatment needs of the assessed residents were discussed as were recent program developments in Illinois and implications of this study for other states.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Impact of a cash subsidy program for families of children with severe developmental disabilities.

The impact of a cash subsidy program on 81 families raising children with severe handicaps was examined. Families were interviewed prior to receiving the $225 monthly subsidy and one year later. Mothers reported significantly less family stress, particularly related to financial stress, and enhanced life satisfaction. Furthermore, they were less likely to anticipate out-of-home placement for their child after receiving the subsidy. In general, lower income and black mothers were less likely to plan placement. However, the number of families stating that they planned placement was too small to allow us to fully explore the interrelations between out-of-home placement and various social, cultural, and economic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A nutritional rehabilitation program for persons with severe physical and developmental disabilities.

Our purpose was to design and implement a nutritional rehabilitation program for persons with severe developmental disabilities who resided in a long-term-care facility or a group home. We used weight for height (WH) to classify residents of both facilities into three groups: group 1 (n=32), WH less than 5th percentile (Z scores < or = -1.650), goal=gain weight; group 2 (n=21), WH between the 5th and 85th percentile (Z scores ranging from -1.645 to +1.030), goal=maintain present rate of weight gain; and group 3 (n=8), WH greater than 85th percentile (Z scores > or = +1.036), goal=slow down rate of weight gain. The challenge in all groups was to bring about these changes without increasing the quantity of food (as assessed by 3-day food records) fed to the residents and to increase their fluid intake. For each subject, the project dietitian developed individualized menus that specified quantities and consistencies of food. Foodservice delivery was changed to a centralized system in the long-term-care facility to allow for closer control of the subjects' intake. A dietitian monitored the program with biweekly visits to the wards and frequent consultation with staff. Only a limited increase in fluid intake was noted; however, after 6 months of the program, the other goals were met. Our results suggest that nutritional rehabilitation of residents with developmental disabilities is enhanced by the involvement of a dietitian.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Normalization and its relevance today.

Historically, the normalization principle has been influential in promoting a comprehensive community-based service delivery system for people with developmental handicaps. However, its effects were more positive a decade ago when the issues were simply inhumane institutions or more individualized community-based alternatives. Issues in community-based programs for developmentally handicapped people have become more diverse and the choices more complex. In the current climate, the effects of the normalization principle have polarized issues for several reasons: The theory works better than current practice, the criteria are vague and the goals unattainable, normalization takes the focus away from individual client needs, the theory discourages diversity, normalization has become a rallying point for inappropriate practices, overzealousness of normalization advocates has polarized issues, normalization promotes an undesirable value system, and normalization ignores handicapped clients' deficits. What is needed to replace the normalization principle today are guiding concepts that are clearer, more responsive to client needs, and more reflective of value systems that are in the best interests of handicapped people.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Insertional mutagenesis affecting programmed cell death leads to thymic hyperplasia and altered thymopoiesis.

The mouse mutant Ft displays thymic hyperplasia and fused toes (Ft) of the forelimbs. Both phenotypic abnormalities are caused by transgene insertion in the D region of chromosome 8. While the forelimb defect is probably caused by developmentally dysregulated programmed cell death, the mechanism underlying thymic hyperplasia has not been characterized. In this work, we show that expansion of the thymocyte compartment progresses with time, is polyclonal, and affects all major thymocyte subsets, including the earliest CD4-8- subset, i.e., CD44+ CD25- cells; hyperplasia is not an autonomous property of mutant T cells, but is caused indirectly by a primary defect in thymic stromal. The rate of cell division and the cell turnover of immature CD4-8- and CD4+8+ thymocytes under steady state conditions are not altered in hyperplastic Ft thymi. Immature CD4+8+ thymocytes of mutant mice, however, are less susceptible to induction in vitro of programmed cell death by different modes (TCR cross-linking, cortisone, or radiation). Increased production of thymocytes results in increased export of T cells, yet the size and composition of the peripheral T cell pool are normal. Overproduction of immature CD4+8+ thymocytes is offset partly by a reduced conversion rate of CD4+8+ double positive to single positive thymocyte growth control by epithelial cells, and may serve as a model to study the regulation of early thymopoiesis.

Animals↗