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PubMed2002

[Detection of Staphylococcus lugdunensis in clinical specimens and their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents].

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a newly recognised coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, pathogenic for humans. Following patients' records over a 25 month period, we revealed 25 cultures positive for S. lugdunensis. Most of the samples were from infected wounds or abscesses in patients suffering from angiopathies of lower limbs, late complications of diabetes. SL was also isolated from a chronic breast abscess and ascites in another patient with liver cirrhosis. In five cases we understood the isolate as normal skin flora or colonising organism mostly in mixed culture. Resistance to penicillin was found in 6/25 isolates, and resistance to azithromycin, chloramphenicol and/or gentamicin was less common.

Abscess↗

PubMed1975

Staphylococcus aureus recoveries on various brands of membrane filters.

Six commercial brands of membrane filters were compared using staphylococcus aureus obtained from pure cultures and from swimming pool water. The following brands of filters were tested: Gelman, Millipore, Nuclepore, Oxoid, Sartorius, and Selectron. Standard membrane filter (MF) procedures and m-Staphylococcus broth were used in the evaluation. Analysis of the results was performed by comparing filter recoveries to the standard plate count using the t-test and the coefficient of variation. The data revealed that recovery on Nuclepore filters was consistently lower than the other brands and showed a wider degree of variation from the mean. All organisms recovered from the pool were gram-positive cocci, and the colonies ranged from white to yellow-gold in color. Approximately 15% of both the white and yellow-gold colonies were coagulase-positive, indicating that colony color alone does not denote the presence of coagulase-positive S. aureus. Since there was no correlation between colony color of the organisms recovered on membrane filters and the presence of coagulase, the feasibility of coagulase testing only the yellow-gold colonies for bathing water analysis is questionable.

Micropore Filters↗

PubMed2000

[Study on the DNA gyrA gene mutation with resistance to fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients].

This study was aimed at the mechanism of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in Chengdu. The relationship between the point mutations in the gyrA genes and the resistance of 63 strains (57 fluoroquinone-resistant strains and 6 wild types) isolated clinically in Chengdu were investigated by a combination of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The results revealed that there are 67.27%-92.5% of the fluoroquinolone-resistant strains against norfloxacin, fleroxacin, tosufloxacin, cipofloxacin, ofloxacin and sparfloxacin had a Hinf I site mutation in the gyrA genes, and most of such strains with such mutation in the gyrA genes showed high-level resistance. These indicate that Hinf site mutation in gyrA genes is the mainly cause of the resistance of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Chengdu region.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin.

We describe here an inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin. The toxin was extracted from an S. aureus strain isolated from a case of staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome. The activity of the toxin was compared in tryptic soy broth and brain heart infusion broth. Both supported growth of S. aureus but the culture filtrate of brain heart infusion broth lacked exfoliative toxin activity. Furthermore it appeared to contain a substance that neutralized the action of exfoliative toxin. This suggests the possibility of a treatment for staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and bullous impetigo.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Cell-mediated immune reactions in vitro to cell walls and peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus.

Migration inhibition factor (MIF) was produced by peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from guinea pigs sensitized with heat-killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus cultured in vitro with staphylococcal cell walls or defined subunits of the cell walls. MIF activity was assayed by inhibition of migration of alveolar macrophages from lungs of normal guinea pigs. Specificity of inhibition was established using PE cells from tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs and tuberculin as appropriate controls. Staphylococcal cell walls, their peptidoglycan complex, and teichoic acid-peptidoglycan fragments stimulated MIF production by staphylococcus sensitive PE cells. Peptidoglycan fragments and teichoic acid were ineffective antigens.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus from humans and domestic animals].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the research was to isolate and to identify the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from cattle and human and to determine their genetic relatedness comparing the DNA restriction patterns. METHODS: Strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from animals (223 strains) and humans (83). The E-test was applied to determine methicillin-resistance. The restriction patterns of DNA were carried out with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Thirty two (14.34%) from animals and 53 (63.8%) from men strains of S. aureus showed resistance to methicillin. PFGE demonstrated that the strains from human and veterinary pathology are different. The microrganisms isolated from men revealed, among them, an high similarity while only two strains, from animals, were considered identical. CONCLUSIONS: The resistance to methicillin involved both human and veterinary pathology. The human MRSA strains were higher than the animals ones. The strains isolated from animals showed a large genomic variability while in man the number of indistinguishable microrganisms, induces to suppose the existence of a prevalent clone. PFGE could be considered the gold standard for molecular characterisation of MRSA isolates.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Toxic shock syndrome in two CAPD patients with Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infection.

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an illness defined by the occurrence of fever, rash, hypotension, multiple organ system dysfunction, and desquamation. Nonmenstrual TSS is often associated with surgical or nonsurgical cutaneous infections, which are rarely purulent or inflamed (Reingold AL, et al. Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome: a review of 130 cases. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96:871-4). Toxic shock syndrome associated with peritoneal exit-site infection but without peritonitis is extremely unusual (Sherbotie JR, et al. Toxic shock syndrome with Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infection in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 15:80-3). We describe 2 patients that met the Centers for Disease Control case definition of TSS secondary to a peritoneal dialysis catheter exit-site infection with signs of mild inflammation and growth of Staphylococcus aureus, but with no evidence of peritonitis.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Application of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA on the DNA polymorphism of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae].

By using short single oligomer primer with arbitrarily chosen sequences in polymerase chain reaction, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was applied in differentiating clinical isolates of 52 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 28 Staphylococcus aureus. RAPD produced multiple polymorphic DNA bands when K. pneumoniae DNA was used as template. Using DNA fingerprints technique, the similarity coefficients values of 52 K. pneumoniae was measured and calculated, and dendrogram was drawn. The 52 Klebsiella pneumoniae were divided into 7 Patterns. But in the 28 Staphylococcus aureus, 3 characteristic lands were obtained. Minor differences in the RAPD fingerprints were detected. The research findings demonstrated that RAPD has a potential as a widely useful tool in providing genotypic characters for taxonomic descriptions and molecular epidemiology study.

DNA, Bacterial↗

PubMed2003

[Use of nasal mupirocin for Staphylococcus aureus: effect on nasal carriers and nosocomial infections].

Staphylococcus aureus is the agent of community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Twenty to 35% of the population permanently carries it in the nose and oropharynx, and additional 50%, carries it intermittently. Topical calcium mupirocin is an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus recommended to eradicate nasal and hand colonization in patients and health care workers. The prevalence of nasal S. aureus was determined in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. In addition, the effect of mupirocine on the number of carriers and rate of nosocomial infections was evaluated. An experimental prospective study was undertaken with two groups of patients: one treated with mupirocin (n = 96), and the other without treatment (n = 95). Tests for presence of nasal S. aureus and nosocomial infections were conducted in all patients. A 34% prevalence of S. aureus carriers was found. A decrease of the prevalence was found in both treated (87%) and untreated patients (33%), but in significantly different proportions (p = 0.0002, RR = 0.22, 95%CI = 0.09-0.054). This result demonstrated the effectiveness of a mupirocin treatment program to decrease numbers of nasal carriers. With regard to nosocomial infection, S. aureus prevalence was 3.6%, occurring mostly in control patients (6 of 7). Total nosocomial infection prevalence was 17.3%, evenly distributed in treated and untreated patients. This suggested that mupirocin use did not decrease the number of nosocomial infections.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1992

[Evaluation of susceptibility to antibiotics of Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to methicillin].

Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitute a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Over 500 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for susceptibility to methicillin. By application of a screening method, 13.7% of these strains were classified as methicillin-resistant. Over 95% of these strains were isolated from hospital infections. Applying criteria of belonging of these strains to methicillin-resistance classes it was found that 49.3% belonged to class II, 31.2% to class III and 19.5% to class IV. Analysis of susceptibility to antibiotics of MRSA strains demonstrated significant differences between class II and between class III and IV in resistance to imipenem, gentamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline. All tested strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. The screening method (25 mg methicillin/l of TSA medium) results in obtaining of univocal results of determination of methicillin-resistance in S. aureus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1975

[The combined effect of supraoptimal temperature and chemotherapeutic preparations on the metabolism of adenylic nucleotides by Staphylococcus aureus].

Comparative investigation of the effect of nitrofurans on the metabolism of adenylic nucleotides of Staphylococcus aureus at 36 degrees and 40 degrees C was made. It was shown that increasing of the cultivation temperature intensified the bacteristatic effect of nitrofurans. The use of nitrofurans at supraoptimal temperature intensified the activity of ATP-ase and considerably decreased the ATP, ADP and increased the AMP of Staphylococcus aureus.

Adenine Nucleotides↗

PubMed2003

[Two cases of bacterial allergy caused by Staphylococcus aureus].

Bacterial respiratory tract infections often occur. The importance of bacterial allergy of the upper respiratory tract is one of the most controversial problems in allergology. The authors present two cases of bacterial allergy caused by hypersensitivity to staphylococcus aureus. Anti-S. aureus IgE antibodies were detected and the skin reaction to bacterial vaccine was also positive. Our observation suggests that immediate hypersensitivity to bacteria, for example to staphylococcus aureus may play a role in infection exacerbations.

Child↗

PubMed2003

[Bactericidal peptide targeted against penicillin/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--an engineered multidomain protein machine].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a targeting bactericidal peptide machine by fusing two minidomains with different bioactivities and different protein origins. METHODS: Such fusion peptide was constructed by linking the gene of Staphylococcal AgrD pheromone with the gene of C-terminal (I626) of colicin Ia pore-forming region (K544-I626) with site-directed mutation. Mutated plasmid was transformed into E. coli TG1 cells to produce fusion peptide, peptides were purified by CM sepharose ion-exchange column. In vitro bactericidal assays were made to identify the bioactivity of fusion peptide. RESULTS: Fusion peptide presented a specific bactericidal activity which was over one hundred times as effective as that of penicillin/oxacillin against tested Staphylococcus aureus strains. CONCLUSION: Fusion peptide behaved with a targeting bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus which was lacking at two precursors, Staphylococcal pheromone and colicin Ia pore-forming region. These results suggest that an engineered multidomain protein machine with specific bactericidal activity has been constructed in the present study.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Emergence of methicilllin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated with wound infections.

In a hospital setting antimicrobial resistant organisms especially Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as an important variable influencing patients' outcome and overall resource utilisation. The present study was undertaken to find out the proportion of MRSA and other organisms and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in admitted cases with postoperative wound infections. A total of 50 wound swabs were collected irrespective of age and sex of the patients from National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Rehabilitation (NITOR). The laboratory work was performed in the department of microbiology of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD). Isolation, identification and susceptibility testing was done according to the guideline of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 1998). Out of the 50 samples 34 yielded growths of which 15 had growth of single organism and 19 had mixed growth of 2 to 3 organisms. Four different types of organisms were identified. Highest percentage was Escherichia coli 55.9%, followed by Pseudomonas sp. 52.9%, Proteus sp. 38.2%, and Staphylococcus aureus 17.6%. Of the 6 isolates of S aureus 5 (83.3%) were MRSA. Therefore it can be concluded that MRSA is existing in the hospital premises of NITOR, which can endanger the life of many. This study emphasises that susceptibility testing of all clinical isolates is essential to reduce the morbidity, mortality and longer duration of hospital stay. In addition proper management of the cases can decrease the spread of multiple drug resistant organisms in the community.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Restriction endonuclease fingerprinting of genomic DNA of Staphylococcus species of bovine origin.

Fifty-one staphylococcal isolates from mammary secretions of cows with subclinical mastitis were examined by antibiograms and DNA restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF). DNA REF differentiated closely related strains of each species isolated from mammary secretions of different mammary glands of the same cow and from the same mammary gland at different periods of the lactation cycle. In addition, REF analysis provided evidence concerning persistence of infection in the same or different mammary gland over different periods of the lactation cycle, and occurrence of infection with similar and dissimilar strains of each Staphylococcus species. Antibiograms were of limited value in differentiating closely related strains. The ease by which REF analysis can be performed together with the reproducibility and clarity of REF patterns suggest that this technique is useful for differentiating closely related and unrelated strains of Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mammary secretions.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): the associated risk factors.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections are common among hospitalized patients in whom surgical/medical therapy provides easy and ample opportunity for infection. The present study was conducted to examine the incidence of MRSA amongst patients from burns and orthopaedic units which are high risk units, and to see the correlation of the risk factors associated with these infections. Four hundred and fifty patients from the above two units were included with complete clinical details. Pus samples/swabs were transported in glucose broth and subsequent identification of MRSA was based on standard techniques. The incidence of MRSA infection was found to be 17.5% while the nasal carriage of this pathogen was seen in 2.9% patients. The risk factors which were found to be significantly associated with these infections were prolonged hospital stay, (16.95+6.7d) previous history of hospitalization during the last three months (38%), intake of broad spectrum antibiotics within the last two weeks (39.2%), prior history of intake of any intravenous drug (6.3%) and carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (30.3%) particularly MRSA (61.5%) in nose. Since these risk factors were found to be significant, it is therefore essential to control and prevent these factors to minimize the spread of these multi drug resistant MRSA infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Epidemiology and prevention of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in patients and staff at the Cococy Hemodialysis Center in Abidjan, Ivory Coast].

The purpose of this study was to improve prevention of nosocomial infection due to Staphylococcus aureus in patients treated at the Cocody Hemodialysis Center in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Samples were collected from 56 dialysis patients and 8 staff members. Findings showed that there were 36 transient carriers (64.3%) and 12 permanent carriers (21.4%) in the patient group and 6 transient carriers (75%) and 1 permanent carrier (12.5%) in the staff group. A total of 181 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Forty strains (22%) were resistant to meticillin and 179 (98.9%) were sensitive to mupirocin.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed1992

[Pyomyositis caused by Staphylococcus aureus].

BACKGROUND: An evaluation of the clinical characteristics and profitability of the diagnostic methods of myositis by Staphylococcus aureus was undertaken in favor of earlier diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Twenty-eight cases of pyomyositis by S. aureus attended over the last nine years were studied. Inclusion criteria were: 1) compatible clinical manifestations, 2) demonstration of an abscess in CT and/or surgery, 3) isolation of S. aureus in abscess, hemoculture and/or neighboring tissue. RESULTS: Age: 36 +/- 18 years (limits 9-70). Sex: 23 males (82%). Neighboring pathology existed in 11 cases (39%). 5 sacroiliitis (18%), 4 spondyliodiscitis, 2 osteomyelitis. Favoring/predisposing factors: intravenous drug addiction in 11, staphylococcal sepsis in 6, diabetes mellitus in 4, previous surgery in 3, penetrating muscle injury in 3, and parametritis in 1. Fourteen cases (50%) corresponded to primary pyomyositis. The muscle most frequently involved was the psoas/iliacpsoas, followed by near the forearm muscle, spinal, gluteal, and upper pectoral muscles. In 16 cases (57%), only one muscle was involved, in 10 two muscles, and in 2 three groups. The time of clinical manifestation prior to consultation oscillated between 1.5-30 days, being less in cases of primary pyomyositis (p less than 0.0005). All the patients referred fever and local pain, with functional impotence in 26 (93%), general involvement, shivering and perspiration in 24 (86%). All the patients presented pain upon palpation. In 19 (68%) there was an increase in local temperature and in 18 a palpable mass. S. aureus was isolated in 16 hemocultures (sensitivity 57%), in 12 of 13 cultures of neighboring tissue (92%) and in all those aspirated from abscesses (100%). CT demonstrated muscular (thickening and/or destructuration or abscess) and neighboring pathology (if existent) in all cases. All the patients received medical treatment. Evacuating puncture was carried out in 7 cases, and surgical drainage in 23 (82%). Two cases were cured exclusively with medical treatment. Complications were seen in 8 cases (29%) and two patients died of staphylococcal sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: 1) In myositis by Staphylococcus aureus the percentage of primary pyomyositis is considerable. 2) In secondary pyomyositis the most frequent neighboring processes were sacroiliitis and spondylitis. 3) intravenous drug addiction was the most frequent predisposing factor. 4) The time of clinical evolution is variable although less in case of primary pyomyositis. 5) The performance of hemocultures was found to be greater than described and even greater in primary pyomyositis. 6) Abscess cultures and CT are the most efficient microbiological and imaging techniques in the early diagnosis of myositis by S. aureus.

Adolescent↗