SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Trichoderma”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources

PubMed1977

Protoplast fusion of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Auxotrophic mutants of identical mating-type.

Protoplasts of methionine- and lysine-requiring h- mutants isolated from the L972 h- strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were fused. The protoplasts were obtained from the cells with enzymes produced by Trichoderma viride. When a mixture of the protoplasts was treated with 30% PEG 4000 solution containing 10 mM CaCl2, cell fusion and complementation was attained with a frequency of 0.17%. Both fusion partners were recovered among the spores after crossing of the fusion products with the strain M210 ade6 h+. Cytological and haploidization examinations showed that the fusion cells are not heterokaryons, and that the increased amount of genetic material is situated in one nucleus.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1987

Mycoflora and trichothecene toxins of paddy grains from Egypt.

120 species and 38 genera were collected from 64 samples of paddy grains on glucose- and cellulose-Czapek's agar at 28 degrees C. The total count of glycophilic and cellulose-decomposing fungi fluctuated between 216-29760; and 124-11320 colonies/g paddy grains on the two media, respectively. On glucose agar, the most common species were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. sydowi, A. terreus, A. fumigatus, A. ochraceus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. corylophilum, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride and Mucor racemosus. On cellulose agar with pH 5.5 & 8.0, the most prevalent fungi were Stachybotrys chartarum, S. bisybi, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera sativus and Acremonium strictum. Extracts from 64 paddy samples were tested against brine shrimp larvae (Artemis salina). Of these 9 displayed varying degrees of toxicity. Trichothecene-toxins were detected in the extracts of three paddy samples only. Diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin were detected in two samples and only T-2 toxin in the other.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Selective effects of two systemic fungicides on soil fungi.

BAS 317 00F was not toxic to the total count of fungi after 2 days but was regularly significantly toxic at the three doses after 5, 20 and 40 days and toxic at the low and the high doses after 80 days. In the agar medium, it was toxic to the counts of total fungi. Aspergillus, A. terreus, Rhizopus oryzae and Mucor racemosus at the high dose. Only the mycelial growth of Trichoderma viride which was significantly inhibited by the three doses when this fungicide was added to the liquid medium. Polyram-Combi induced two effects on the total population of soil fungi. One inhibitory and this was demonstrated almost regularly after 2, 10 and 40 days and the other stimulatory after 80 days of treatment with the low and the high doses. In the agar medium, this fungicide was very toxic to total fungi and to almost all fungal genera and species at the three doses. Several fungi could survive the high dose. In liquid medium, the test fungi showed variable degree of sensitivity and the most sensitive was Gliocladium roseum which was completely eradicated by the three doses.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1975

[Microflora of the atmosphere in the city of Trujillo (Peru). III. Genera isolated during the year 1971].

There were 1762 fungi isolated from the atmosphere of Trujillo city (Peru) during the year 1971. These isolants belonged to 23 genera of fungi. The most frequently isolated were: Cladosporium, Penicillium, Fusarium, Stemphylium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Aspergillus and Tilachlidium. Nine genera are reported for first time from the air of the city (Tilachlidium, Cephalosporium, Mucor, Aureobasidium, Hormiscium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys, Paecilomyces and Fisidium). Six genera may be alergenic for asthmatic patients of Trujillo city.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed1992

Development of a transformation system for the thermophilic fungus Talaromyces sp. CL240 based on the use of phleomycin resistance as a dominant selectable marker.

A transformation system for the thermophilic cellulolytic fungus Talaromyces sp. CL240 has been developed, using the phleomycin resistance gene from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus (Sh ble) as a dominant selectable marker. The plasmids (pAN8-1 and pUT720) carrying the Sh ble gene under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter, allowed selection of phleomycin-resistant transformants. A new promoter sequence cloned from chromosomal DNA of Trichoderma reesei (pUT737) was also able to drive efficient expression of the Sh ble gene in Talaromyces sp. CL240, resulting in the selection of transformants that were highly resistant to phleomycin.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMed1975

Distributional patterns of mesophilous and thermophilous microfungi in two Bahamian soils.

This study focuses on the characteristics displayed by mesophilous and thermophilous microfungal populations occurring in two tropical monodominant plant communities, a Cocos nucifera grove and a Casuarina equisetifolia forest, that provide distinctly different edaphic conditions. The mesophilous population sampled at 25 degrees C by the dilution plate method and the thermophilous population that developed on soil plates incubated at 45 degrees C consisted of 1693 isolates representing 60 species and 29 genera and 8887 isolates representing 20 species and 10 genera, respectively. The mesophilous propagules averaged 9,990 per gram dry soil in the coconut grove that lacks a litter layer, is low in moisture and organic matter and is subjected to high solar irradiation. The population was characterized by the prevalence of aspergilli and dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and the near absence of mucoraceous isolates. Ascomycetes were common. The only widespread taxa were the three species, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Species diversity was high and 73% of the isolates were cellulolytic. In the casuarina forest, adequate moisture and organic matter and a protecting litter layer provide a mesic environment. The mean number of mesophilous fungi per gram dry soil was 32,800. This figure is considerably lower than ones reported for mesic temperate communities and may be due to more rapid propagule removal through accelerated microfaunal and microbial activity. An abundance of mucoraceous and moniliaceous isolates and penicillia, and the rarity of aspergilli, dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and ascomycetes characterize the population. The infrequency of aspergilli is thought to be due to their poor competitive ability. Eight species, Absidia cylindrospora, Penicillium notatum, Pestalotia cocculi?, Cylindrocarpon heteronema, Gliocladium roseum, Trichoderma viride, Paecilomyces marquandii, and Penicillium funiculosum were widespread in the area. Species diversity equaled that observed in mesic temperate communities. Less than one third of the isolates were cellulolytic. Phytopathogens were common, a feature characteristic of tropical populations. Thermophilous fungi averaged 33 per gram dry soil in the casuarina forest and increased to 943 per gram in the insolated soil of the coconut grove. Thermotolerant forms (94% of the isolates) were abundant and were principally species of Aspergillus and Chaetomium. Thermophilic fungi werur species, Ch. osmaniae, Ch. medusarum, Ch. sulphureum, and Thielavia arenaria, appear to be new records for western hemisphere soils.

Bahamas↗

PubMed1981

[Molds in foods of the Czechoslovak Socialistic Republik (author's transl)].

The mycoflora of 13.527 g of food powders which were normal upon sensory evaluation as well of 22.017 pieces of surface sterilized grains and nuts was examined in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. 147.027 colonies of 44 genera of molds were isolated and identified from samples. Colonies of Penicllium sp., Aspergillus sp., and Cladosporium sp. occured most often, less often or quite infrequently Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Absidia sp., Alternaria sp., Circinella sp., Trichoderma sp., Botrytis sp., Paecilomyces sp., Geotrichum sp., Syncephalastrum sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Phoma sp., Auerobasidium sp., Fusarium sp., Thamnidium sp., Cunninghamella sp., Stemphylium sp., Torula sp., Trichothecium sp., Verticillium sp., Cephalosporium sp., Mortierella sp., Neurospora sp., Ostracoderma sp., Arthrinium sp., Monodyctis sp., Papularia sp., Acremonium sp., Chaetomium sp., Chrysosporium sp., Beauveria sp., Cephaliophora sp., Daktylosporium sp., Drechslera sp., Gliomastix sp., Helminthosporium sp., Humicola sp., Monilia sp., Sepedonium sp., Ulocladium sp., and Wallemia sp.

Food Microbiology↗

PubMed1987

Mycoflora and vitamin content of sun-dried food condiments in Nigeria.

The fungi most frequently isolated (of 20-100% incidence) from fresh okra, pepper fruits and melon seeds are Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma harzianum, Mucor mucedo and Fusarium oxysporum. The major mycoflora of the fruits which had been sun-dried for twenty days are comprised of Aspergillus spp and Penicillium spp which initially had formed the minor components (of less than 20% incidence) of the colonising population. The effect of sun-drying on the fruits was a statistically significant (P = 0.05) decrease in the riboflavin content and a generally small and non-significant decrease in the concentrations of thiamine, niacin, biotin and ascorbic acid. The effect of mouldiness during sun-drying was to further decrease the concentration of the vitamins.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed1995

Fungi inhabiting household environments in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Fungi inhabiting household environments in the West, East and Central localities of Riyadh city were screened. The screened area included bedrooms, drawing rooms, living rooms, kitchens and bathrooms. The common genera of fungi isolated were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cercospora, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Drechslera, Embellisia, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Scytalidium, Trichoderma, Torula and Ulocladium. Two uncommon genera Nodulosporium and Oidiodendron for Saudi Arabian mycoflora were also isolated. In all the localities, the highest number of fungal colonies per plate or per gram were found in the living rooms, followed by bedrooms. The number of colonies per plate or per gram was in general higher in densely populated than in less populated areas.

Allergens↗

PubMed1993

Mushroom worker's lung: serologic reactions to thermophilic actinomycetes present in the air of compost tunnels.

Vast numbers of spores of the thermophilic actinomycetes Excellospora flexuosa, Thermomonospora alba, T. curvata and T. fusca were collected from the air in fermentation tunnels during the spawning of mushroom compost, i.e. over 10(9) CFU m-3 of air. Five different genera of fungi, namely, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Scytalidium, were found at only 10(3) CFU m-3 of air. Agaricus bisporus, used for spawning, was absent. Sera of 10 mushroom growers affected by Mushroom Worker's Lung (MWL) were tested by a qualitative dot-ELISA for antibodies against the spores of these micro-organisms. All 10 were positive for one or more of the actinomycetes E. flexuosa, T. alba, T. curvata and T. fusca. No antibodies were found against Streptomyces thermovulgaris, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and T. sacchari nor against the fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. chrysogenum, Scytalidium thermophilum and Trichoderma viride. Sera of 11 of 14 workers engaged in routine spawning of compost in tunnels reacted positively with 1 or more of the actinomycetes. Their 10log serum titres increased with the duration of employment to an upper limit of 2.5. The sera of 19 non-exposed individuals were negative. Because high numbers of spores of E. flexuosa, T. alba, T. curvata and T. fusca were present in the air that was used for successful inhalation provocation of mushroom workers with MWL and because of the elevated serum titres of these workers, we presume these organisms to contribute in the occurrence of MWL.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1994

Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 in flour production.

This paper discusses the results of investigations of contamination with aflatoxin-producing fungi and aflatoxin B1 affecting 545 samples of wheat grains, 475 samples of intermediate products of wheat grain being milled to flour (like middlings) and 238 samples of flour. A significant contamination with moulds was detected in analyzed samples. Although Aspergillus (34.87%) and Penicillium (32.37%) dominated, other types were also present, e.g., Cladosporium, Fusarium, Mucor, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Absidia and Trichoderma (listed in order of frequency). The presence of Aspergillus flavus, the known aflatoxin producer, was detected in 9.94% of analyzed samples. Isolates of A. Flavus were capable of producing aflatoxin B1 under favourable conditions. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 76.8% of samples contaminated with A. flavus. The highest contamination with aflatoxin B1 was detected in wheat grain samples (mean value of 16.3 micrograms/kg) and in intermediate products of wheat grain being milled to flour (mean value of 11.13 micrograms/kg). Contamination was lower in flour samples (mean value of 4.13 micrograms/kg). With regard to proposed standards given by the FAO and WHO, under which the content of aflatoxin should not exceed 30 micrograms/kg in food products, only two of 96 samples did not meet these criteria.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed2002

Antimicrobial activity of berberine--a constituent of Mahonia aquifolium.

The antimicrobial activity of the protoberberine alkaloid, berberine, isolated from Mahonia aquifolium, was evaluated against 17 microorganisms including two Gram-negative bacteria--Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (both resistant and sensitive), two Gram-positive bacteria--Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, Zoogloea ramigera, six filamentous fungi--Penicilium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium pullulans (black and white strain), Trichoderma viride (original green strain and brown mutant), Fusarium nivale, Mycrosporum gypseum and two yeasts--Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The IC50, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) and minimum microbistatic concentration (MMS) varied considerably depending on the microorganism tested, the sensitivity decreasing as follows: S. aureus > P. aeruginosa S (sensitive) > E. coli S > P. aeruginosa R (resistant) > E. coli R > B. subtilis > Z. ramigera > C. albicans > S. cerevisiae > A. pullulans B (black) > A. pullulans W (white) > T. viride Br (brown) > M. gypseum > A. niger > F. nivale > P. chrysogenum > T. viride G (green).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1999

Occurrence of itraconazole-tolerant micromycetes in the soil and food products.

Unexpected pathogens from the environment represent considerable risk for humans with impaired health. We examined the occurrence of itraconazole tolerant micromycetes in soil and in maize products. Five concentrations of itraconazole (2.5-12.5 micrograms/mL) selected according to known treatment schedules for human patients were incorporated into Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and Rose Bengal and diluted samples were inoculated onto the agar surface. After 7-d growth at 22 degrees C colonies of Alternaria sp., Aspergillus clavatus, A. glaucus group, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger group, A. ochraceus group, A. ochraceus, Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cylindrocarpon sp., Doratomyces sp., Fusarium sp., F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. subglutinans, Marianaea elegans, Mortierella sp., Mucor sp., Myrothecium sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Sepedonium sp., Stachybotrys chartarum, Stemphylium sp., Torula humicola and Trichoderma viride were isolated.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1978

Microbial changes in clover rhizosphere after foliar and soil application of cobalt.

Application of cobalt(II) nitrate to the leaves of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) resulted in a pronounced increase of dry weight and the number of root nodules. Counts of bacteria in the rhizosphere, content of ammonia and production of carbon dioxide in rhizosphere soil were also higher, whereas the content of nitrates decreased. Differences in the counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter, anaerobic bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria in the rhizosphere of control and treated plants were not directly related to the way of application of cobalt. Genera Penicillium, Fusarium and Trichoderma predominated among fungi. The relative occurrence of penicillia was higher after the application of cobalt, the incidence of fusaria was lower. The effects of foliar and soil application of cobalt on rhizosphere microflora were not identical.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1980

Effect of foliar application of antibiotics and gibberellic acid on the rhizosphre microflora of pea, infected with Verticillium dahliae.

A study was made of the effects of foliar spray of bacitracin, chloramphenicol and gibberellic acid on the rhizosphere microflora of pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) infected with Verticillium dahliae. The antibiotics increased fungus and actinomycete counts and reduced the bacterial populations in the rhizosphere. Gibberellic acid at 10 ppm concentration reduced all three groups of microorganisms while at 100 ppm fungi and actinomycetes increased slightly. Invariably the rhizosphere effect was as follows: bacteria leads to fungi leads to actinomycetes. Foliar sprays also affected percentage occurrence of particular genera of fungi in the rhizosphere; for example, Trichoderma spp. were stimulated by all the treatments, the maximum being with 10 ppm gibberellic acid, even though the total fungus count was reduced. The disease severity was markedly reduced by foliar sprays.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed1991

Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass and wastes. Cellulases and related enzymes.

Anaerobic digestion represents one of several commercially viable processes to convert woody biomass, agricultural wastes, and municipal solid wastes to methane gas, a useful energy source. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen, and is substantially less energy intensive than aerobic biological processes designed for disposal purposes. The anaerobic conversion process is a result of the synergistic effects of various microorganisms, which serve as a consortium. The rate-limiting step of this conversion process has been identified as the hydrolysis of cellulose, the major polymeric component of most biomass and waste feedstocks. Improvements in process economics therefore rely on improving the kinetic and physicochemical characteristics of cellulose degrading enzymes. The most thoroughly studied cellulase enzymes are produced by aerobic fungi, namely Trichoderma reesei. However, the pH and temperature optima of fungal cellulases make them incompatible for use in anaerobic digestion systems, and the major populations of microorganisms involved in cellulase enzyme production under anaerobic digestion conditions are various bacterial producers. The current state of understanding of the major groups of bacterial cellulase producers is reviewed in this paper. Also addressed in this review are recently developed methods for the assessment of actual cellulase activity levels, reflective of the digester "hydrolytic potential," using a series of detergent extractive procedures.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2005

Variability of non-mutualistic filamentous fungi associated with Atta sexdens rubropilosa nests.

A survey of the filamentous fungi other than the symbiotic one found in association with Atta sexdens rubropilosa colonies was carried out. Different fungal species (27 taxa) were isolated a few days after treating the workers with toxic baits (sulfluramid; Mirex-S), from 40 laboratory and 20 field nests. Syncephalastrum racemosum (54%) and Escovopsis weberi (21%), Trichoderma harzianum (38%) and Fusarium oxysporum (23%) were the prevalent species in laboratory and field nests, respectively. Acremonium kiliense, Acremonium strictum, E. weberi, F. oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Moniliella suaveolens and T. harzianum were found in both nests' groups. We revealed that many filamentous fungi can co-exist in a dormant state inside the nests of these insects and some of them appear to be tightly associated with this environment.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Cellulase genes from the parabasalian symbiont Pseudotrichonympha grassii in the hindgut of the wood-feeding termite Coptotermes formosanus.

Cellulase genes of Pseudotrichonympha grassii (Hypermastigida: Eucomonymphidae), the symbiotic flagellate in the hindgut of the wood-feeding termite Coptotermes formosanus, were isolated and characterized. The nucleotide sequences of the major cellulase component in the hindgut of C. formosanus were determined based on its N-terminal amino acid sequence. The five isolated nucleotide sequences (PgCBH-homos) had an open reading frame of 1350 bp showing similarity to catalytic domains of glycoside hydrolase family (GHF) 7 members, and primary structure comparison with GHF7 members whose tertiary structures are well-characterized revealed the overall similarity between PgCBH-homo and the catalytic domain of a processive cellulase Cel7A (formerly CBHI) from the aerobic fungus Trichoderma reesei. Functional expression of PgCBH-homos in Escherichia coli, using the carboxymethylcellulose-Congo red assay, demonstrated the actual cellulolytic activity of PgCBH-homo. RT-PCR showed that PgCBH-homos were expressed, from the three flagellates in the hindgut, specifically in P. grassii.

Amino Acid Sequence↗